Domestic Solid Waste Research Articles

Improvement of technical means for recycling of technogenic waste to construction fiber

Currently, a very significant environmental problem is the increase in the accumulation of solid domestic and industrial waste, including the polymer composition. There is a need to involve these wastes in processing, including in the production of building materials. On this way, the issue of reducing the energy intensity of grinding technogenic polymeric materials is relevant. For the secondary use of technogenic fibrous waste in construction, it is necessary to use special technological mechanisms that are not currently available. To fill this gap, an apparatus with a multi-link working body was developed, which was the objective of this article. The optimal technical characteristics of the apparatus were determined when modeling the process of complex processing of technogenic fibrous materials with sizes of single pieces of 30–100 mm dimensions of the working chamber L × B × H = (420 × 350 × 400) · 10-3 m, maximum dimensions of the screening openings of the chain cloth l = (20 × 25) · 10-3 m; frequency of rotation of the output shaft of the motor-reducer n = 50–600 rpm; oscillation amplitude of the drive link А = (50–60) · 10-3 m; electric motor power N = 1.1 kW; working length of elements for the intensification of the working process of cutting 50 · 10-3 m; needle 70 · 10-3 m; unit weight m = 55 kg. The technological capabilities of the developed apparatus were established: active movement of material in the working space, high screening capacity, creation of complex spatial shear deformation of the material being processed, the implementation of the self-cleaning effect, a developed working surface, the possibility of removing waste inclusions from the technogenic charge during processing.

GENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH

For growing cities, solid waste management is a serious concern, focusing on household waste because it accounts for a significant portion of municipal solid waste. An accurate estimation of the quantity and characteristics of solid waste mixtures from diverse income levels is required for effective city-wide solid waste management planning. The purpose of this study is to assess the production and characteristics of domestic solid waste produced by different socio-economic groups in three wards (no. 17, 23 and 24) of Khulna city. Moreover, various factors that influence the pace of waste production have been critically investigated. The finding suggests that, household waste generation rate ranges from 0.421 to 5.81 kg/day, average of 1.917 kg/day and 0.476 kg/capita/day. The waste composition analysis depicts that kitchen garbage is the most prevalent component. The waste generation rate has a positive relationship with income level and household size. Nonetheless, the findings and proposed essential steps of this study would be beneficial in assisting policymakers in refining plans for controlling the municipal waste effectively.

Evaluation of the Speciation of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr and As) in the Different Horizons of an Agricultural Soil

This research has enabled the assessment of environmental risk related to potential transfers of metal trace elements such as lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium and arsenic in agricultural soils whose cultivation is nearby barley. From the industrial discharge of the technical discharge center (CET) of the municipality of Oued El Djemaa is located in the Wilaya de Rélizane-Algeria and close to solid domestic waste from industrial discharges. To meet this main objective, several analyzes were carried out, based on the first place on the chemical extraction of heavy metals by treating water. This extraction has highlighted a fairly strong accumulation of cadmium, arsenic and zinc in the soil. If the total levels of heavy metal by lawy water allow for a first state of fixtures, it is more specified according to the method of Tessier which has allowed an estimate of the future of pollutants and a risk approach. The sequential extraction on the ground showed a significant source of pollution by cadmium which is mainly related to the carbonates that makes it mobile and which constitutes a potential threat to the environment. On the other hand, arsenic and zinc are mainly related to the residual phase and the reducible phase respectively so they are little mobile in the soil and do not show threat. This research work has made it possible to access fine knowledge of the fate of metal pollutants (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr and As) in agricultural soil. He also highlighted shadow points requiring multidisciplinary research.

Household Solid WasteManagement in the Dominican Republic: Case of the Municipality of Puñal, Santiago

One of the biggest problems that the Dominican Republic has had in recent decades is the efficient management of solid domestic waste. This problem has worsened in recent years due to the decrease in available areas for the construction of sanitary landfills, the lack of recycling culture in the population, the deficiency in waste collection, and the scarce legal controls aimed at preserving water, air and soil among other factors. The objective of this study is to explore the management of solid waste by the population and the municipality of Puñal, province of Santiago, to evaluate and analyze the situation and generation of solid waste, municipal solid waste management services, and the attitudes of the population regarding recycling projects and waste management. A total of 275 households from 29 localities in the municipality of Puñal were surveyed, which allowed for a significant population sample. According to the results, the most significant type of waste produced by families is organic waste, followed by plastic waste and paper. Of the total organic waste produced in the municipality, 53% of solids wastes are handled through the municipal waste collection system, while 47% is used as plant fertilizers or animal feed. On the other hand, most households receive the municipal waste collection service and pay for this service, through which the municipal government collects, processes, and deposits the waste in different landfills. However, a more efficient waste collection system and the development of programs and projects that allow households to manage the solid waste efficiently they produce would be necessary.

Producing feed protein by bioconversion of domestic and industrial organic solid wastes using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae

The bioconversion of organic solid waste utilizing Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae was used to reduce the unstable domestic supply of feed protein in Indonesia due to currency change dynamics. BSF larvae are a well-known bioconversion agent capable of producing high protein content in their body mass. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a small-scale bioconversion process of domestic and industrial organic solid wastes to produce dry BSF larvae as a protein source for chicken and fish culture. The research was held at Bogor, Indonesia, from March-June 2021, where organic solid waste from a restaurant was bioconverted by BSF larvae in a biopond. After two weeks, the BSF larvae were harvested, dried, and milled to produce the powder. Based on SNI 7548:2009, the quality of pellets from BSF larvae and pupae was appropriate, except for the parameters of fat content in pellet A and water and ash content in pellet B. The results showed that fish pellets mixed with 20% protein flour affected the weight growth of Pangasius sp. Furthermore, when dried BSF larvae powder was applied to one-day-old chickens, they grew somewhat quicker than the standard feed menu. Therefore, organic solid waste, when appropriately managed, produces feed protein.

Residents’ Participation in Solid Waste Management in Solwezi District, Zambia

Purpose: Community participation in solid waste management is currently seen as a determinant of successful solid waste management. Cases of failed solid waste management are common in areas where the waste management is regarded as a responsibility of local authorities while the community remains indifferent. Research has shown that public participation in solid waste management is marginal in most African countries. The study was aimed at analysing the residents’ participation in solid waste management in Solwezi. Results are cardinal in designing more sustainable waste management strategies.
 Methodology: It utilized systematic random sampling to sample 77 households of which 28 were from Kyawama Township, 23 from Stadium and 26 were from Kandundu Townships. Structured interviews, key informant interviews and observations were used to collect data on methods of waste disposal, residents’ perceptions of solid waste management services available, and their willingness to pay for sustainable solid waste management. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Pearson product-moment correlation and content analysis.
 Findings: Results showed that 65 % of the residents felt that they did not participate in any formal waste management practices. The 35 % who admitted to being participants felt they did this through waste separation, reuse and through their engaging a formal waste collector. In Solwezi, burying of waste (44.2 %) was the dominant waste management practice followed by formal waste collection (35 %) and burning (19.4 %)., while informal waste collectors accounted for 2.6 % of waste disposed of and 1.3 % of waste was disposed of through communal rubbish bins. Solwezi had very low participation of the residents in formal waste collection services with some residents not aware of the existence of such a service in the town (31.2 %). Among barriers to community engagement in solid waste management in Solwezi were a lack of knowledge of the existence of formal waste collection systems (35 %), failure by the local municipal council to provide waste bins either in residential areas or streets (13 %), relatively high costs of engaging in formal solid waste management and a lack of alternative cheaper ways of managing domestic solid waste. There was a general willingness by most residents to pay for sustainable solid waste management (57.2 %) with only 2.6 % indicating they felt that the local municipal council should treat waste management as a service that residents do not have to pay for
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In conclusion, the low community participation in solid waste management in Solwezi was attributed to failure to adequately sensitize residents by the municipal council. Residents’ attitudes towards sustainable management of solid waste and community engagement in decisions related to solid waste management by the local authority was token at best. The study recommended sensitization in community participation as well as incentivizing champions of community waste management as a way of improving community participation in solid waste management.

Trash to Energy: A Measure for the Energy Potential of Combustible content of Domestic solid waste generated from an industrialized city of Pakistan

BackgroundThe current study was designed to calculate the approximate energy potential of combustible fraction shared in the overall domestic solid waste stream generated from Faisalabad, the 3rd largest city and an industrial hub of Pakistan through ASTM standards. MethodsCharacterization of samples were collected during the rainy season from June-August 2020 and January-March 2021 from three discrete socio-economic classes (lower income class [Rs. 15,000 (US $100)], middle-income class [Rs. 50,000 (US $350)] and high-income class [Rs. ≥1,00,000 (US $1,000)]) and segregated into 13 different physical components consisting of organic waste, yard waste, wood, cardboard, textile, plastic, paper, metal, rubber, glass, ceramic, diapers, dust, stone and miscellaneous. Significant FindingsMore than 70% of the overall generated solid waste was shared by organic waste in the study area, comprising 64.75% moisture content on average. Among all the physical elements of solid waste, combustible content was estimated at 37% in dry mass with 19.23% of ash content and 80.77% of the volatile organic compound. The results of the study approximate about 27.18 MW of energy generation from the available combustible fraction of 1,155 t of domestic solid waste generated from the city daily which can fulfil the need of almost 5,00,000 houses having an average usage of 500 W electricity on monthly basis. The study concludes the conversion of solid waste into energy is the suitable practice for solid waste generated but needed to make this solution practicable with the help of government officials with the involvement of appropriate private sector which will definitely generate new jobs for unemployed persons. The summary demands appropriate adaptation in current waste disposal practice to convert the combustible fraction of generated waste into energy to combat the shortfall of energy/electricity in the city of industries.

Characterization of groundwater in the 'Tamnean' Plutonic Suite aquifers using hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical evidence: a study in the Garu-Tempane District, Upper East Region of Ghana

The 'Tamnean' Plutonic Suite aquifer is the main public water supply for the Garu-Tempane District. Thus, hydrogeochemical characterization is essential to provide valuable insights into pollution sources and the main controls on groundwater chemistry. In this regard, multivariate statistical methods, conventional hydrochemical graphical methods, and various ionic ratios complemented with PHREEQC geochemical modelling were carried out using 38 groundwater samples collected from the Tamnean Plutonic Suite aquifers, Ghana. The ionic ratio plots, the chloro-alkaline indices, and the graphical diagrams indicate that the major sources of groundwater chemistry are silicate mineral dissolution and cation exchange coupled with the leaching of domestic solid waste and nitrogen-based fertilizers. The Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis reveals three spatial groundwater zones. Groundwater from recharge areas consists of Ca–Na–HCO3 water types in cluster 1. The intermediate zone is characterized by Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3 water types of moderate ionic compositions in cluster 2, and this evolves into a discharge zone in cluster 3 mainly of Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3–NO3 water types. The principal component analysis (PCA) reveals three factors, which account for 81% of the total variance, and this suggests most of the groundwater chemistry had longer interaction with the lithological materials. The PHREEQC geochemical modelling consisting of mineral saturation index indicates that groundwater is mostly supersaturated with respect to dolomite and undersaturated with respect to calcite, anhydrite, fluorite, gypsum, and halite. Based on the water quality index, the groundwater in the district is generally suitable for drinking water purposes. All the samples are within the World Health Organization acceptable limits for drinking water except for lower pH, elevated nitrate and bromide concentrations in some of the wells. About 10.5% of the groundwater samples are contaminated with nitrate, which may pose a health danger to the inhabitants in the communities. The finding of this study will not only contribute to solving the research paucity regarding the Tamnean Plutonic Suite aquifers in the Garu-Tempane District but will serve as a valuable document for water managers and decision-makers in Ghana.

Influencing factors and reduction of domestic solid waste at university dormitory in Shanghai, China

Increasing domestic solid waste (DSW) is becoming one of the most serious challenges for city and regional environment. As an epitome of the society, the investigation on the influencing factors and reduction of DSW of university students can not only provide policy suggestions for the waste management in the university campus, but also can achieve demonstration effect to other communities due to its high social status and wide impacts. This research combined direct weighing, questionnaire surveys, and regression analysis to quantify the influencing factors of DSW at East China Normal University’s dormitory in Shanghai. Direct weighting and questionnaire survey were conducted in 112 randomly selected dormitory rooms. Totally 523 valid questionnaires were collected. It is found that the average waste generation was 0.275 kg/day/cap, in which residual waste accounted for 64% of total, followed by household food waste (29%), and recyclable waste (7%). Regressions based on ordinary least square method suggested that students’ attitude towards waste played the most important role in affecting the waste reduction with its elasticity − 0.195. Lower educational level and better financial condition would lead to more waste generation, whose elasticity was 0.148 and 0.098 respectively. The influences of gender and major varied from waste types. Policies implications for university administration departments for sustainable waste and resource management include developing personalized and humanized waste management policies, enhancing environmental awareness through diverse educational activities, and expanding the publicity role of campus cultural activities on waste reduction.

Assessment of groundwater quality of two selected villages of Nawada district of Bihar using water quality index

Unplanned discarding of industrial effluent, sewage, domestic and industrial solid waste, unwise use of insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizer in agriculture are the major causes of groundwater quality reduction. In the present paper groundwater quality of the two selected village of Rajauli subdivision of Nawada district of Bihar was assessed using water quality index (WQI). The samples were figured out for the parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), chloride, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and fluoride. All the parameters were found below the standard limits of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 2012) except total hardness (328.1mg/l to 346.6mg/l), calcium (105.3mg/l to 122.6mg/l), magnesium (46.1mg/l to 55.7mg/l) and fluoride (4.8 to 4.9mg/l). Fluoride was observed more than 3 times than the standard permissible limit (1.5mg/l). Water quality index (WQI) was also applied on the obtained data to make it easy to understand. Based on WQI (including the fluoride), all the four sites fall in unfit for drinking category (250.79, 258.78, 281.78, 247.30) and in poor to very poor category (80.23, 88.19, 88.59, 64.60) excluding the fluoride from WQI calculation. Both the values of WQI shows that fluoride alone is not responsible for the degraded quality of water but other high concentration of salts is also responsible.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFILM ON POLYURETHANE FOAM AND ITS APPLICATION IN A BIO-TRICKLING FILTER FOR TREATMENT OF ODOR FROM DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE

This study investigates the ability of a self-fabricated bio-trickling filter using commercial polyurethane foam as bio-media for treatment of odor-causing gases (e.g., ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans) under different nitrogen loadings in gas and liquid phases. The experimental results showed that the biological filter operating with a gas flow rate of 11.44 m3/h and an empty bed residential time of 19.67 s could treat the multi-components emitted from domestic solid waste. Ammonia treatment efficiency was achieved in the range of 87.3 to 99.7% with the highest ammonia input concentration of l47.3 mg/m3. The efficiency of mercaptans treatment was from 60.2 to 72.8% with an input concentration of about 8 mg/m3 while the low input and output concentrations of hydrogen sulfide were found (≤ 0.002 mg/m3). Besides, there was a significant difference between elimination capacity of NH3-N (gas phase) and accumulated capacity of NH4+-N and NO3--N (liquid phase) although the ammonia treatment efficiency was very high, which could be attributed to the denitrification process. The results from this study hence suggest using bio-trickling filter for effective treatment of NH3 and other odor in gas generated from domestic solid waste.

Comparison of Conventional and Aerobic Iandfill Simulator Reactors (case study; Kirkuk city, Iraq)

Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, two laboratory-scale reactors were operated. Each reactorwas packed with 8.5 kg of shredded synthetic solid waste (less than 5 cm) that was prepared according to anaverage composition of domestic solid waste in the city of Kirkuk. Using an air compressor, aerobicconditions were created in the aerobic reactor. This study shows that the aerobic reactor was more efficient inCOD and BOD5 removal which were 97.88% and 91.25% while in case of anaerobic reactor, they were66.53%and 19.11%, respectively.

Aspects of Environmental Health in the Control of Emergency Response to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Hospital Emergency COVID-19 the Province of DKI Jakarta

ABSTRACTBackground: Coronavirus Disease Of 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared by the WHO as a pandemic and Indonesia have expressed COVID-19 as a disaster non-natural form of the outbreak of the disease. The increasing cases COVID-19 in Indonesia, The Provincial government of DKI Jakarta building of Emergency Hospital COVID-19. The emergency hospital to consider the health aspects of the environment to minimize the risk of disease transmission. The purpose of this study is to determine the aspects of environment health in Emergency Hospital COVID-19 of Provinsi DKI Jakarta.Objectives: Analyzing the environmental health aspects of the COVID-19 emergency hospital in DKI Jakarta ProvinceMethods: We used descriptive research with secondary data from online seminar by web, guidebook dan regulation about of Environmental Health of Emergency Hospitals COVID-19, issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.Results: Aspects of environmental health at the Emergency Hospital COVID-19 of Province DKI Jakarta such as : Availability of clean water and drinking water at the hospital with assuming a capacity of 3000 patients, the hospital requires 1,500 m3 of water/ day and 15 m3 of drinking water/ day. Available means the toilet and the sink in accordance with the number of units. Domestic solid waste management with temporary storage of Kemayoran with capacity of 280 m3 and the processing of organic waste and inorganic. Medical solid waste management in collaboration with third parties to be destroyed by incinerators. Liquid waste management with wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Vector control and Rodent at the emergency hospital is done make of insect killer, trapping, spraying, and fogging. The provision of a kitchen emergency response chaired by nutritionist and food ingredients always be checked before it is processed.Conclusions: All aspects of environmental health at Emergency Hospital COVID-19 of Province DKI Jakarta have met the requirements according to the Regulation of Ministry of Health of The Republic Indonesia Number 7 at 2019 about Environmental Health in Hospital.Keyword: environmental health, hospital, COVID-19

Landfill Gas as an Alternative Energy Source

Purpose of research. With the increase of population and number of megacities, the consumption of various goods increases and the waste of which eventually turns into garbage. The growing amount of all kinds of waste every year and their negative impact on the environment is a global problem. However, with all existing methods of waste disposal, the least environmentally friendly method of waste disposal is used in our country - disposal by means of burial ground disposal at solid waste landfills. Landfills of solid waste are a source of landfill gas, the uncontrolled emissions of which have a negative impact on the environment. At the same time, the properties of landfill gas make it possible to use it as an energy source. The analysis of the problems рфму showт the relevance of the direction of using landfill gas as an alternative type of gas fuel, as well as the development of devices for its efficient combustion.Methods. The article discusses the impact of solid domestic waste (MSW) on the Earth's biosphere. The analysis of the global problem of waste disposal is carried out, solutions are considered. Based on the methodology specified in GOST 33998-2016 “Gas household appliances for cooking. General technical requirements, test methods and rational use of energy ”, we have carried out a study of the efficiency of the landfill gas combustion process in the developed design of a gas burner device equipped with a thermal splitter.Results. On the basis of experimental studies for a gas burner device of the developed design, the values of efficiency,% of the burner and the content of carbon monoxide (CO, mg / m3) in the combustion products have been obtained, depending on the length of the thermal divider.Conclusion. The results of experimental studies have shown the high efficiency of the original gas burner device when burning landfill gas.

Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa.

Domestic solid waste is rapidly increasing due to accelerated population growth and urbanization. Improper waste disposal poses potential health risks and environmental concerns. Here, we investigated waste disposal practices in relation to household/dwelling characteristics in South African low-income communities. Data for 2014 to 2019 from a community-orientated primary care program were analyzed using logistic regression. Families who reported living in a shack were more likely to dump waste in the street. Households who reported using non-electric sources of fuel for heating/cooking, those who lacked proper sanitation, and those who did not have access to piped water inside the dwelling were more likely to dispose of waste by dumping it in the street/in the yard or burying it. Families living in low-income settlements are at risk of solid waste exposure and this situation is exacerbated by poor access to piped water, proper sanitation, and electricity.

The effectiveness of composter at the integrated waste treatment plant in the campus of engineering faculty Hasanuddin University

The weight of domestic solid waste generation at the Faculty of Engineering of Hasanuddin University is 62.60 kg day−1. The percentage of organic waste generation is 28%, so the weight of organic waste generation on this campus is 17.66 kg. One way to utilize organic waste is by composting. There are three methods for composting, including (1) aerobic methods, (2) anaerobic methods, and (3) combining aerobic and anaerobic methods. The method used in measuring waste generation is the measurement of waste generation in ten buildings located on this campus for eight consecutive days, according to the procedures in the Indonesian National Standard. The data used in this study include primary and secondary data. Primary data in this study are the results of measurements of weight, volume, and composition of waste. Whereas, secondary data in this study is the number of the campus population of the Faculty of Engineering. From the primary and secondary data, composter space requirements, effectiveness, and investment evaluation through the Benefit-Cost Ratio of the three composting methods can be calculated. From the calculation results, the space requirements for aerobic composter are 16.08 m2, 16.08 m2 for the anaerobic composter, and 25.61 m2 for combination aerobic and anaerobic composter. The effectiveness values for each composter method were 98.7%, 98.47%, and 98.9% for aerobic, anaerobic composters, and the combination of the two, respectively. Furthermore, the value of the Benefit-Cost Ratio for each composter method is 1.20, 1.38, and 1.85 for aerobic, anaerobic composters, and the combination of the two, respectively.

An Assessment of the Adequacy of the Methods Of Domestic Solid Waste Management in Kisii Town, Kenya

Urban domestic solid waste is increasingly being generated in many urban centres including middle sized towns. In many urban areas in developing countries there’s a growing need and awakening for meeting the waste disposal for the ever increasing population. This paper examines and analyses the varied treatment and disposal methods of domestic solid waste employed in Kisii town. The specific objective of the study include: to assess the adequacy of the available management systems of handling domestic solid waste (DSW) in Kisii town. A mixed methodology approach was taken into consideration. A sample of 110 households was obtained using the multi stage stratified sampling method. Data collection methods of the sampled size involved the use of questionnaires to 110 householders and direct interviews to 2 county officers in charge of DSW and observation integrated with photography. Data analysis was carried out using methods such as use of tables and graphs through SPSS. The results indicate that the storage facilities are inadequate for the residents, the collection times are not only insufficient but also irregular, the transportation means employed are limited, and disposal and treatment of the DSW is limited to mainly open dumping at the overfilled Nyambera dumpsite. In conclusion, the management methods of the DSW are inadequate and pose severe health risks to the residents of Kisii. It is recommended that, for effective domestic solid waste management adequate bins should be provided in the town, collection should be regular and indiscriminate in all estates, recycling, re-use, reduce and energy recovery should be introduced to move from challenges to opportunities. Finally, an integrated model of integrating CBOs and private groups in management of DSW is suggested to ensure sustainable solid waste management.

Investigation of the Influence of the Physical Properties of Landfill Soils on the Stability of Slopes in the Context of Solving Civil Security Problems

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of the influence of the physical properties of landfill soils on the stability of slopes, namely, the determination of mechanical properties – the angle of internal friction, specific adhesion, and the shear angle of experimental landslide blocks under conditions of different humidity, density and temperature; determination of physical properties – humidity, temperature and density on the fact of shear of the experimental blocks, taking into account the gradual increase in humidity. The results of laboratory tests are processed using the classical statistical method. This made it possible to confirm the reliability of the mathematical model, which includes the solution of individual tasks for assessing the physical properties of landfill soils, and the corresponding methodology developed on its basis for preventing emergencies associated with shear of landfill soils at potentially hazardous burial sites for solid domestic waste.

FEATURES OF HANDLING SOLID DOMESTIC WASTE IN RURAL AREA (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE BAYKIVTSI UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY OF TERNOPIL REGION)

The volume and structure of solid domestic waste in Ternopil region are analyzed. Our research in the Baikivtsi Utc proves that community residents dump less organic waste in containers (about 20%, which is twice less than in the regional center) because they can compost food waste using it as fertilizer for personal use plots (gardens).
 The volumes of organic waste fluctuate significantly throughout the year: the largest amount of them ends up in containers from May to September. The community residents throw out the least of organic waste in winter. One of the reasons is that there is a gradual replacement of last year's harvest with a new one. The habitants of the Baikivtsi Utc throw more paper away during the warmer months. The following types of paper prevail: offset - 33%, newsprint - 29%, coated - 4%, cardboard - 12%, designer - 5%, packaging - 16%, self-adhesive - 1%. In winter, most of the paper is burned to heat buildings. Among the scrap are mostly cans and metal lids (from bottles and cans). Ferrous metal almost never gets into containers due to the fact that it is profitable to sort it out and there are no problems to hand over scrap metal, since scrap collectors often come to the villages and offer quite decent price for it (therefore, there is no need to waste time transporting the metal). The plastic waste of the community includes plastic bottles from water, oil, household chemicals, canisters, plastic bags and ets. Among the various types of plastic: Polyethylene terephthalate or PET - 17%; high-density polyethylene (HDPE) - 29%; polyvinyl chloride or PVC - 4%; low density polyethylene (LDPE) - 34%; polypropylene, PP or PE - 8%; polystyrene, PS - 6% and other - 2%. The research showed that the following types of glass prevail in the structure of the cullet of the Baikivtsi community: window glass - 8%, technical glass - 3%, Plexiglas - 5%, triplex - 3%, glass from chemicals - 1%, ceramics - 10%, bottles - 70 %
 The survey showed that only 3% of the community's residents completely sort garbage, about 80% of them sort it partially, and almost 20% do not sort waste at all (and 12% of them plan to do it in the future). The reasons for the low level of waste sorting are not surprising, since, in addition to the low level of environmental awareness of the residents, there no proper conditions for sorting solid waste.
 The environmental advantages of sorting and recycling solid domestic waste were evaluated. In particular, the volumes of biogas that can be formed from the annual volumes of solid waste accumulation in the Baikivtsi united territorial community of Ternopil region, as well as the assessment of the environmental efficiency of recycling waste paper, plastic, glass were calculated. The cost of the Baikivtsi Utc solid waste as a secondary material resource will amount to UAH 2,051,943 per year, which can be a significant profit for the community.
 Key words: solid domestic waste, united territorial community, sorting, utilization, recycling ecological culture.

Objectivation of the Ecological and Economic Losses from Solid Domestic Waste at the Heating Enterprises

Abstract The aim of this research is to study theoretical and practical aspects of the ecological and economic losses from the use of solid domestic waste (SDW) as energy resources in the heat power industry of Ukraine. The methodical approaches to evaluating the ecological and economic losses caused by solid domestic waste (SDW) comprise: the developed algorithm, which evaluates the ecological and economic losses in the SDW use as fuel and energy resources in comparison with basic and project variant; the investigated morphological composition of SDW in the Ukrainian regions, on the basis of which there is proposed a matrix for further calculations of the ecological and economic loss from atmospheric pollution as a result of the energy-intensive SDW combustion at the power plants by the Ukrainian regions. The efficiency of using SDW as secondary energy resources, which essentially depends on the conventional energy resources combustion, is proved. According to the chemical and morphological composition of SDW, the average amount of harmful substances by their element constituents of SDW is determined. The economic loss from the combusting 1 ton of SDW as energy resources is estimated. Reasonability of using SDW as energy resources, based on the optimal ratio between conventional resources and energy-intensive SDW through minimizing total production costs and possible ecological and economic loss, is grounded. It is proved that while estimating the ecological and economic losses, it is necessary to consider the SDW morphological composition and regional specific features regarding the location of heat and power enterprises and organized storage landfills. It is grounded that the obtained estimates of the ecological and economic losses may be used for identifying the ecological and economic evaluation of the SDW efficiency use in the heat power industry at the regional level.