Solid Cake Research Articles

Morphological characteristics of activated sludge recovered from biological reactors impact on the energy requirement for centrifugal dewatering

The effect of sludge dewatering on handling and transport costs as well as the impact of various parameters like sludge characteristics, the used dewatering equipment and the adopted specific operating conditions, on the efficiency of this step, were considered in the present study. The influence of a laboratory-scale centrifugation for dewatering activated sludge (AS) was also investigated. Additionally, models to describe the relationships between independent variables like centrifugation speed, AS volume and fixed time and dependent variables like the percentage of solid cake (% GS). The used approach was based on the response surface methodology (RSM) along with a central composite design experiment, considering three distinct types of AS: healthy (BS), partially bulking (BF), and deflocculated (BD) sludges. The morphological characteristics of the sludge do have an effect on the operating conditions for the centrifugation, hence the energy consumption for a desired dewatering level. For the case of BS sludge, a centrifugation at 2600 rpm for 10 min, using a 10.3 mL plug, led to a solid cake of 12.65 %, whereas for BD sludge, with a higher centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 17.30 min and a smaller plug volume (8 mL) led to 6.82 %, roughly half of the previous percentage.

Salt production by ignition during the prehistory in the Iberian Peninsula with special focus on the archaeological site of Espartinas (Ciempozuelos, Spain)

One of the prehistoric techniques of salt production consisted of using ceramic vessels, known as briquetage, for the artificial evaporation of salt water. This paper summarizes all the archaeological sites throughout the Iberinan Peninsula where briquetage has been described to date, with special focus on the well-studied archaeological site of Espartinas saltworks. At Espartinas we found the use of two different kinds of ceramics, which points to a two-step process also involving halfah or esparto grass, which may well have been used for transport or/and as an insulating layer between the vessels walls and the mass of salt to facilitate the extraction of whole salt cakes. Palaeoenvironmental conditions at Espartinas have also been described based on local and regional pollen records and compared with the dry conditions associated to the so-called “4.2 cal kyr BP abrupt climatic event”. Despite the reduced amount of radiocarbon dating, the briquetage appears have been present in the studied region from the Late Neolithic to at least the Bronze Age. However, we cannot discard the fact that it might have reached the early Roman period, when salt evaporation ponds replaced this laborious technique. Moreover, briquetage distribution has been compared with evaporite outcrops throughout the Iberian Peninsula and it has been observed a characteristic pattern with a preference for peripheral, near to coast regions, with the exception of from Aranjuez-Getafe lower-Miocene lacustrine evaporites in central Iberia. Briquetage spread also shows a marked correlation with sites characterized by the presence of Atlantic halberds the first true metal weapon ever made in Western Europe and part of the warrior panoply of Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age elites. At least during this period, these findings suggest that briquetage was used to obtain solid salt cakes easily transportable to medium and large distances by Atlantic and intra-Iberian trade exchange networks, which confirms previous studies that associate Bell Beaker phenomenon with salt circulation.

Synergistic Benefits of Combined Application of Manures and Chemical Fertilizers: Enhancing Growth and Yield of Rice and Wheat

The incorporation of compost and manure with chemical fertilizer has become a key concern to sustain soil fertility. Because the nutrients are continuously depleting from the soil and consequently creating a risk to preserving soil health. Aims: This study assesses the response of different doses of cowdung (CD), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), oil cake (OC), and poultry manure (PM), incorporated with fertilizers on the growth, yield and protein content of BRRI dhan49 rice and BARI Gom-24. Study Design: RCBD with 8 treatments and 3 replications. Place and Duration of Study: Field experiment and nutrient analysis were carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. Wheat was grown during the rabi season from October 2018 to March 2019. Again, rice was cultivated during kharif II season from August 2019 to December 2019 on the same field. Then the laboratory analysis was performed till June 2020. Methodology: Eight treatments i.e., T0 Control (no fertilizer), T1 Recommended Fertilizer Dose, T2 (CD + NPK), T3 (MSWC + NPK), T4 (OC + NPK), T5 (PM + N), T6 (MSWC + N), T7: (CD + OC) were accommodated. Data on the growth parameters including grain and straw yields were documented after the harvest of the fully matured crop simultaneously determining the nitrogen (N) and protein content. Results: Adoption of various combinations of compost and manures with fertilizer accorded an increase in yield contributing characters as well as the N and protein content. Integrating MSWC @ 10 t ha-1+N projected the highest grain yield (7.11 t ha-1 in rice; 4.84 t ha-1 in wheat) and straw yield (8.8 t ha-1 in rice; 5.55 t ha-1 in wheat). It also promisingly secured the highest protein content compared to all other treatments. Conclusion: The appliance of MSWC @ 10 t ha-1 with the recommended dose of N may be endorsed for rice and wheat cultivation in the AEZ-9 region and retaining the physicochemical properties of Old Brahmaputra Floodplain soils.

Unravelling caramelization and Maillard reactions in glucose and glucose + leucine model cakes: Formation and degradation kinetics of volatile markers extracted during baking

A large number of volatile compounds are formed during the baking of foods by reactions such as caramelization and Maillard reactions. Elucidating the reaction mechanisms may be useful to predict and control food quality. Ten reaction volatile markers were extracted during baking of solid model cakes implemented with known amounts of precursors (glucose with or without leucine) and then quantified by Thermal desorption–Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry. The kinetic data showed that the level of air convection in the oven had no significant influence on the reaction rates. In contrast, increasing baking temperatures had a nonlinear accelerating impact on the generation of newly formed volatile compounds with a bell–shaped kinetic curve found for most of the markers at 200 °C. The presence of leucine triggered the activation of the Maillard and Strecker routes with a specific and very rapid formation of 3–Methylbutanal and pyrazines. A dynamic model was developed, combining evaporation flow rate and kinetic formation and consumption of reaction markers. It can be used to describe, for two furanic compounds of different volatilities, the vapor concentrations in the oven from the concentrations measured in the model cakes.

Continuous Hydrothermal Carbonization of Olive Pomace and Orange Peels for the Production of Pellets as an Intermediate Energy Carrier

The ever-increasing volumes of food waste generated and the associated environmental issues require the development of new processing methods for these difficult waste streams. One of the technologies that can treat these waste streams directly is hydrothermal carbonization. In this work, olive pomace and orange peels were treated via a mild hydrothermal carbonization process (TORWASH®) in a continuous-flow pilot plant. For olive pomace, a solid yield of 46 wt% and a dry matter content of 58% for the solid press cakes were obtained during continuous operation for 18 days. For orange peels, the values were lower with 31 wt% solid yield and a 42% dry matter content during 28 days of continuous operation. These values corresponded fully with initial laboratory-scale batch experiments, showing the successful transformation from batch to continuous processing. The obtained hydrochar from both feedstocks showed an increase in higher heating value (HHV) and a significant reduction in ash content. Pellets produced from the solids met the requirements for industrial use, demonstrating a large increase in the deformation temperature and a significant reduction in the potassium and chlorine content compared to the original feedstock. These results indicate the excellent potential of these pellets for combustion applications.

Development of a Continuous Hydrothermal Treatment Process for Efficient Dewatering of Industrial Wastewater Sludge

Sludges from the papermaking industry represent a challenging residue stream that is difficult to dewater using conventional processes. The successful development and scale-up of innovative processes from lab- to pilot- to industrial-scale are required to tackle challenges for waste treatment, including paper sludges. Biological paper sludge was treated via a mild hydrothermal carbonization process (TORWASH®) to improve dewaterability of the sludge, including long-duration, continuous testing. Initial lab-scale experiments indicated the optimal treatment temperature for sludge dewatering was 190 °C. Dewaterability improved with increasing temperature, but the obtained solid yield decreased. Scaling-up to a continuous flow pilot plant required a temperature of 200 °C to achieve optimum dewatering. Pilot-scale hydrothermal treatment and dewatering resulted in solid cakes with an average dry matter content of 38% and a solid yield of 39%. This study demonstrates the benefits of hydrothermal carbonization for the dewatering of biological paper sludge without the use of dewatering aids such as fiber sludge or polyelectrolytes. The results also demonstrate the successful adaptation of a lab-scale batch process to a pilot-scale continuous flow process for hydrothermal carbonization of industrial wastewater sludge.

Empowerment of Farmer Groups in Rambahan Village in Processing Palm Oil Mill Waste into Organic Fertilizers for Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Plantation

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri), also known as Iles-Iles or Suweg. In its cultivation, porang has a shade tolerance of 60 percent. But without using shade, it can still be cultivated. Farmers in Jambi usually planted porang among old rubber plants without fertilizing. This causes porang tuber production to be at a minimum below its potential. Porang is only produced without treatment, reducing the size of the tubers, and the konjac glucomannan content in tubers is low. Porang tubers are usually made into chips, and chips will crumble easily if the konjac glucomannan is low. Based on this, counseling and mentoring activities will focus on making fertilizer from the waste from palm oil mills. Palm oil mill waste that is most easily transported and easily decomposed is the cake decanter (DC). In the village of Rambahan, it is known as a solid decanter. The village community had heard but did not know that this waste with specific treatments could be used as organic fertilizer. That this waste, with particular treatments, can be used as organic fertilizer. The treatment is by fermentation with local microorganisms (LOM) from cow urine mixed with MOL from snails (RINMAS). Keongmas are pests and are widely found in farmers' fields. Beef and conch urine are used as LOM. After they are made, the two LOMs are mixed with a ratio of 1: 1 and used as a decomposer to ferment the decanter cake plus for two months. After two months, it can be used as organic fertilizer for porang plants. LOM cow urine and LOM snail (RINMAS) are also used as foliar fertilizers. The technology application activities will be carried out in Rambahan Village at the Mekar Kembali KT and KWT Pokja Alamanda. The target for KT Mekar Kembali and KWT Pokja Alamanda is to increase the area of porang plants, which previously were only intercrops, now every KT, there is an increase in the area of porang plants every KT of 0.5 hectares. Once, farmers and KWT did not know how to make solid and liquid fertilizers. After counseling and DEMPLOT, they could make their fertilizers. Every two months, the farmers produce 100 kg of solid fertilizer decanter cake, urine MOL, and Keongmas MOL as 100 liters of liquid fertilizer per month.

Energetic Study on Jordanian Olive Cake and Woody Biomass Materials

In this work, the potential for energy production in Jordan was explored using four distinct types of biomass samples (olive cakes, woods). The proximate analysis, oil content, and higher heating value were all determined experimentally and compared to other biomass previously published in the literature. The findings appear to be similar to other biomass materials utilized as solid biofuel feed-stock materials. Olive cake and wood samples have lower calorific values than anthracite coal, ranging from 25% to 40% lower. According to the results of this study, olive cake samples had the highest oil extractive content (14.5 wt%), followed by pine and beech woody samples with 8.9 wt% and 3.1 wt%, respectively. The calorific values of the biomass samples tested ranged from 18 to 22 MJ/kg, making them suitable for use as fuel. Moreover, the high volatile matter content (78% to 93%) was appropriate for chemical energy conversion by gasification or combustion process. Jordan can create roughly 8000 tons of pomace oil per year from the waste solid olive cake, based on existing results. Furthermore, the olive cake’s energy potential in Jordan is estimated to be 38 MW based on the higher heating value of the tested samples and the annual quantity of this resource. In the meantime, due to limited annual production, Jordanian firewood has the modest energy potential (2.4 MW).

Morphological analysis of debris obtained from melt coolability experiment using CaO-B<SUB align=right>2O<SUB align=right>3 corium simulant

The present study is focused on debris analysis obtained from melt coolability experiments. Melt gets fragmented upon interaction with water and get quenched while forming a porous debris bed. This debris bed is coolable by natural circulation. Quenching of the melt pool has been discussed in the central region in the test section. The agglomeration of melt debris and the formation of solid cake regions adversely affected the coolability of the porous debris bed. The characterisation study of debris is carried out. The debris size range was found from 1 to 3 cm. The porosity of the debris bed was measured about 53% using the volumetric method. The data represents a systematic study of the debris agglomeration phenomenon and debris size distribution which is necessary for the development of new ways to mitigate agglomerations of debris to enable the prediction of the debris coolability in various melt coolability scenarios.

Diversifying the products from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by producing polyhydroxyalkanoates from the liquid fraction and biomethane from the residual solid fraction

This study describes the diversification of products obtainable from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from the liquid fraction and biomethane from the residual solid fraction. OFMSW samples were taken during the 2021 season from two full field scale plants treating wastes. After solid/liquid (S/L) separation, 80% of initial organic acids (OAs) were released in the liquid stream. OAs were then used as feed for PHA production and residual solid cakes were tested for biomethane production.Complete mass balance and energy balance were calculated. PHAs production was of 115 ± 23 (n = 6) g kg− 1 OFMSW (TS) and residual biomethane of 219 ± 3 g kg− 1 OFMSW TS, (n = 6).Energy balance indicated that nearly 40% of OFMSW energy was recovered as products. This value was lower than that obtained previously when AD was performed before OAs separation (i.e. 64%).

Bioethanol production from Jatropha seed cake via dilute acid hydrolysis and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The interest in using Jatropha curcas L. as a feedstock for the production of bio-diesel is rapidly growing. Available literatures holds [promise for the simultaneous wasteland reclamation capability and oil yields of the plant hence fueling the Jatropha bio-ethanol hopes. This research investigated the bioconversion of cellulose from press cakes of Jatropha oil seeds, which is a byproduct from a biodiesel plant, into ethanol by using the methods of acid pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The process includes the pretreatment method of the finely ground cellulosic solid oilseed cake with dilute sulphuric acid and heating the mixture at a high temperature to break the crystalline structure of the lignocellulose to facilitate the hydrolysis of cellulosic component by dilute acids. About 63.33% ethanol was recovered as confirmed by the infra-red spectroscopy and the investigated physicochemical parameters show that the produced bioethanol holds promise for its use as a possible candidate for replacement for petroleum diesel.

Proximate composition, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity of solid state fermented peanut press cake

The current research was led to assess the influence of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC 3107) on polyphenols, antioxidant activities, and proximate composition from peanut press cake of variety HNG-10. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were calculated for polyphenols quantification whereas DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assay were performed for antioxidant activity. Quantification of polyphenols was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. Maximum value of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content was found to be 25.55 µM/g GAE, 101.17 µM/g QE, and 245.33 µg/g TAE, respectively. The highest inhibition of free radicals scavenging was noticed on the 5th day of fermentation after that decreased gradually with the increase of fermentation time. Significant increase in fat, i.e. 7.05–12.80% and protein content i.e. 44.05–49.60% was observed. Significant difference in proximate composition of fermented and non-fermented press cake concluded that the progressive role of fermentation improved or transformed physico-chemical properties of substrates.

Influence of the presence of open three-dimensional fiber structures on solid liquid cake filtration of limestone

Solid particles in a suspension can be separated effectively through cake filtration where the filter medium is decisive particularly during the initial stage when particle breakthrough can be high. To improve the filtrate quality and throughput, filtration aid additives are used, which are known to alter filter cake structure and thus reduce flow resistance but, in forming clusters, also stabilize fine particles that would otherwise pass through the filter (cake) easily. However, filter aids are costly, increase the complexity of the system and may have adverse effects for subsequent mechanical drying and washing. Instead of supplying additives, four alternative filter media were tested exhibiting an open, three-dimensional structure that reached deeply into the depth of the forming filter cake. An aqueous limestone suspension was investigated in a conventional laboratory test unit. Composite filter medium set-up delivered up to 15% faster filtration. The results indicate that the fiber structures give better performance that reach far into the cake and are oriented not only axially but also radially. In contrary to the initial hypothesis that an axial fiber structure would produce additional drainage channels along the surface of these fibers and thus support but deliquoring, the actual deliquoring performance with air blowing appeared to be slightly less efficient. Although not investigated yet, cake discharge with a 3-D filter layer present poses an additional challenge, rendering the concept of composite filters unpractical.

The influence of steam explosion treatment of green coffee cake on the thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced polypropylene matrix composites

The coffee ripe red bean is a worldwide food commodity consumed mainly as a beverage made from the roasted beans. A secondary product of the coffee industry is the oil extracted from unripe green beans. This extraction generates a solid green coffee cake (GCC) with potential to be applied as polymer composite reinforcement. For this purpose, the GCC must be treated to improve the reinforcing characteristics. The present work investigated initially the treatment of GCC by the steam explosion process and then evaluated the use of treated GCC fibers as reinforcement of composites with polypropylene (PP) matrix. The best GCC/water ratio was first determined in a steam jet reactor in association with thermogravimetric analysis. PP composites incorporated with 2 and 5 wt% by GCC fibers were fabricated by extrusion. Both plain as received and the best steam-blown GCC/PP composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical-mechanical analysis (DMA). The incorporation of treated GCC provided a higher thermostability to the composite, disclosed by DSC, as compared to the plain PP reference sample. It was also revealed that incorporation of treated GCC increased the composite degree of crystallinity. The DMA showed an improvement in the storage modulus in the range of 14–22% and decrease in the glass transition in PP/fiber composites compared to plain PP.

Predicting the performance of pressure filtration processes by coupling computational fluid dynamics and discrete element methods

To obtain a fundamental understanding of the various factors affecting pressure filtration performance, we developed a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) model for simulating the effect of solvent flow through the solid particle cake. The model was validated using data collected by filtering mixtures of spherical glass beads and deionized water through a dead-end cell over a range of applied pressures. Numerical experiments were performed to study the effects of particle properties, liquid properties and operating conditions on filtration performance. The model predicted that the filtrate flow rate could be strongly affected by the mean size of the particles, the presence of small particles (i.e. fines) in the particle distribution, the viscosity of the liquid, and particle deformation leading to cake compression. Our study demonstrated that CFD-DEM modeling is a powerful approach for understanding cake filtration processes and predicting filtration performance.

Utilization of statistical analysis and characterization methods in accordance to evaluate structural changes in biomass during pretreatment with aqueous ammonia

Pretreatment of biomass prior to use for ethanol production is considered as an important step in increasing efficiency of process. Among various procedures treatment with NH 3 is an effective and facile method for delignification of biomass with high lignin content. Solid cake, utilized in this study is a lignocellulosic biomass with rich organic content. Alternative use of solid cake as a biomass source in ethanol production would be beneficial in reducing the costs of olive oil production. Efficient use of this biomass depend on degradation of its high lignin content and the decrease in its cellulose crystallinity. Hence determination of optimum conditions utilized in NH 3 pretreatment is crucial to achieve economic production ethanol. The pathway in NH 3 treatment of olive oil cake was presented with this study. Solid cake was treated at varying times, NH 3 amounts and temperatures and the changes in biomass structure were determined in terms of lignin content and cellulose crystallinity. Effect of parameters was statistically validated and interpreted in accordance with FT-IR and TGA analyses. Chemical treatment of solid cake resulted in lignin degradation which was followed by consecutive hemicellulose decomposition. Cellulose crystallinity decreased at elevated time intervals due to detoriation of its structure. Results indicated the significance of time especially in decreasing cellulose crystallinity. Lignin degradation was stable in investigated regions and it was concluded that mildest conditions such as low temperature and ammonia (NH 3 ) (%) would have been sufficient to achieve successful treatment provided that the procedure be maintained for long time intervals.

Controlled dissolution experiments in the rare earth orthophosphate system: Investigating fractionation pathways during caustic alkali cracking

The orthophosphate system includes two important minerals that represent economic sources of rare earth elements (REE). Monazite, with a monoclinic structure, can accommodate the large trivalent light REE (LREE). Xenotime is tetragonal and preferentially incorporates the smaller trivalent heavy REE (HREE). Through coupled substitutions, significant concentration of Th4+ can also be present, especially within monazite. Due to their refractory nature, caustic cracking using NaOH solution has been used to decompose the orthophosphate minerals. However, this aggressive process is considered as a bulk non-selective approach where all the REE and actinides concentrate in a solid hydroxide cake. In this context, controlled alkali dissolution experiments on synthetic and natural monazite and xenotime crystals were performed in order to evaluate if, through characterization of the evolution of the decomposition reaction, more selective pathways may be identified. Our results indicate that due to a systematic temperature-dependent increase in the relative solubility of the REE hydroxides with decreasing trivalent ionic radii, a more selective expression of the orthophosphate alkali leaching reaction can be defined at temperatures exceeding ≈ 165 °C. Of particular interest, in addition to a solid LREE-enriched hydroxide phase that can be dissolved in a weak HCl solution and an insoluble Th4+(±Ce4+) residue, the HREE are concentrated in an actinide-depleted dissolved fraction that, when preserved, can be recovered separately through precipitation upon cooling of the NaOH solution. Because the observed selectivity is not intrinsic to the orthophosphate decomposition but involves the partial dissolution of the hydroxide, up-front access to such an actinide-free HREE fraction could also be possible during alkali cracking of peralkaline-type refractory ores.

Effect of the cross-linking agent and drying method on encapsulation efficiency of orange essential oil by complex coacervation using whey protein isolate with different polysaccharides

Orange essential oil was microencapsulated by complex coacervation with whey protein isolate (WPI): carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), WPI:sodium alginate (SA) and WPI:chitosan (CH). Effect of pH, protein:polysaccharide ratio and solid concentration on coacervation efficiency were selected for the best coacervation conditions. Tannic acid (TA), sodium tripolyphosphate, oxidised tannic acid and transglutaminase enzyme (TG) were used as cross-linking agents. Highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) for wet coacervated microcapsules ranged from 88% to 94%. Microcapsules were freeze and spray dried to evaluate their effect on its integrity. EE was higher than 80% in freeze dried coacervated microcapsules with and without cross-linking agent, but they formed a solid cake. Spray-dried samples formed a free fluid solid (10–20 µm), where the systems WPI:CMC and WPI:CH cross-linked with TA and TG, respectively showed the highest EE (47% and 50% respectively), representing 400% improvement compared to the samples without cross-linking.

Green Biorefinery of Giant Miscanthus for Growing Microalgae and Biofuel Production

In this study, an innovative green biorefinery system was successfully developed to process the green biomass into multiple biofuels and bioproducts. In particular, fresh giant miscanthus was separated into a solid stream (press cake) and a liquid stream (press juice) using a screw press. The juice was used to cultivate microalga Chlorella vulgaris, which was further thermochemically converted via thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis, resulting in an approximately 80% conversion. In addition, the solid cake of miscanthus was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid and used as the feedstock for bioethanol production. The results showed that the miscanthus juice could be a highly nutritious source for microalgae that are a promising feedstock for biofuels. The highest cell density was observed in the 15% juice medium. Sugars released from the miscanthus cake were efficiently fermented to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, with 88.4% of the theoretical yield.

Bio Gas Plant Green Energy From Poultry Wastes In Singapore

Singapore is a land scarce nation where farming space is very limited competing with other critical uses for a growing population. Farms taking up large tract of land and generate wastes face many unsurmountable difficulties and regulatory compliances on sustainability issues. Poultry farm is not the best type of industry due to polluted wastes generated and foul smell emissions. Yet an 800,000 chicken egg-producing farm in the last bastion of farming land in Singapore called Lim Chu Kang has evolved to overcome the space constraints, environmental regulatory, sustainability demands, production efficiencies and green energy push in lowering the carbon footprint. This company has been the first successful farm in Singapore to convert chicken wastes into biogas as fuel to generate electricity. In doing so, it has reduced the polluted wastes and transform it into energy toward self-sufficiency, recovering waste heat from the turbine exhaust for drying of chicken feed. The power generated is up to 1 MW while the waste water in the aerobic digester is treated and extracted the sludge into dried cake for agricultural fertilizers. Excess energy could also be sold to the Singapore Power Grid as income. This company in its CSR efforts has invested this waste-to-green energy technology as a creative first mover while increasing food security, fighting food scarcity promoting safe eggs for the people of Singapore. Further initiatives on achieving international green energy recognition and improving on green energy efficiencies would be the steps forward for the benefits of Singapore. Green energy production is an essential way of meeting energy needs as the inevitable depletion of non-renewable energy sources coupled with climate change are now global challenges. It adopted a zero-waste policy to reduce its waste stream and air pollution with an anaerobic digester and a biogas power plant fuelled by 50 tonnes of chicken manure per day. The biogas is used to generate heat and electricity power the farm’s infrastructure, including its new co-generation feed dryer. The digester liquor is treated and treated water is recycled for the initial dilution of manure to enhance the digestion process. Sludge undergoes a belt press to separate solids and liquid resulting in bio solid cake used for making fertilisers. This integrated system ensures that by-products can be reused, minimizing waste and reducing emission of greenhouse gases by adapting biogas for green electricity production.