Abstract
In this work, the potential for energy production in Jordan was explored using four distinct types of biomass samples (olive cakes, woods). The proximate analysis, oil content, and higher heating value were all determined experimentally and compared to other biomass previously published in the literature. The findings appear to be similar to other biomass materials utilized as solid biofuel feed-stock materials. Olive cake and wood samples have lower calorific values than anthracite coal, ranging from 25% to 40% lower. According to the results of this study, olive cake samples had the highest oil extractive content (14.5 wt%), followed by pine and beech woody samples with 8.9 wt% and 3.1 wt%, respectively. The calorific values of the biomass samples tested ranged from 18 to 22 MJ/kg, making them suitable for use as fuel. Moreover, the high volatile matter content (78% to 93%) was appropriate for chemical energy conversion by gasification or combustion process. Jordan can create roughly 8000 tons of pomace oil per year from the waste solid olive cake, based on existing results. Furthermore, the olive cake’s energy potential in Jordan is estimated to be 38 MW based on the higher heating value of the tested samples and the annual quantity of this resource. In the meantime, due to limited annual production, Jordanian firewood has the modest energy potential (2.4 MW).
Highlights
Biomass is biologically obtained from living, or recently living organisms and is the world’s fourth-largest source of energy
The energy potential of the olive cake in Jordan has been evaluated at 1.213 × 109 MJ, which is equivalent to 38 MW, based on the average higher heating value presented in Table 1 (22.046 MJ/kg) and the yearly output of this source (55,000 tons)
Pine and beech woody samples were analyzed using Soxhlet extraction unit, bomb calorimeter and proximate analysis in order to elucidate their characteristics as fuels
Summary
Biomass is biologically obtained from living, or recently living organisms and is the world’s fourth-largest source of energy. Jordan could have great chances to utilize biomass obtained from crop residues, industry, and homes, its agricultural biomass has poor energy potential due to the country’s arid climate [2]. Because of the high quality and demand, Jordan’s government has initiated numerous agricultural projects to enhance the proportion of olive trees (10.5 million trees), in the previous three decades [4]. Jordan became the tenth-largest producer of olive oil in the world, selling to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Japan, and the United States [4]. Forest land area was predicted to be 1.3 million Dunum (1.3 × 109 m2) at the end of 2018, accounting for about 1.5 percent of Jordan’s total area [5]
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