Sole Owner Research Articles

Dynamic capabilities in sole proprietorships: theoretical model through grounded theory

The purpose of this study is to identify the model that explains the process of creating dynamic capabilities of the sole proprietorships in the music industry. Following the design of the constructivist grounded theory, the cross-sectional study was carried out with 20 sole proprietorships in the music sector, with participants residing in 10 different countries. The study was conducted under inductive and abductive reasoning through the technique of the semi-structured interview. Through the comparative analysis, groups of businesses were identified as either resistant or dynamic, depending on their relationship to the components of dynamic capabilities. It was seen that sole proprietorships having greater interaction with these components were better adapted to the dynamic environment of the industry. Likewise, it was observed that the emotional factors of the owners are relevant for the development of dynamic capabilities in this type of business. This study proposed a substantive theory about the processes of development of dynamic capabilities in sole proprietorships. The contribution of the study is theoretical, practical, and methodological. A theoretical model is presented of the structure of the dynamic capabilities that are proposed as an adequate methodology for the design of grounded theory and the practical application by sole proprietorships. It is concluded that the sole proprietorships that develop the four components of the proposed model are able to develop dynamic capabilities and are distinguished by the actions taken in these processes and by their favorable results.

Sole companies: analysis and feasibility in Iran and the United States of America

The purpose of the article was to analyze the legislation governing sole proprietorships in Iran. Although the new draft commercial law and the existing laws in European and American companies indicate the possibility of forming a sole proprietorship, it is not possible in Iran to form a sole proprietorship under the existing regulations, especially the existing commercial law. Methodologically in the essay, based on a comparative study on American commercial law and through analytical issues, we point out that, from the analytical (not legal) point of view, the formation of such corporations not only does not face any strong obstacles, but also, it can be beneficial in various ways. We then present the benefits of the Single Corporation and finally discuss the administration and liquidation of these Corporations. Everything allows us to conclude that, the idea of forming a sole corporation is unusual in Iran, but it is also accepted by the state-owned companies. Therefore, the Iranian legislator can develop this idea and apply it to private business enterprises. However, it is noted that permission to run such companies should be considered while ensuring the rights of third parties.

Micro financing Sole proprietorships in Narasapura and Kuppam

Sole enterprises are those that are run by single business owners. They employ around two to five assistants to help them manage their businesses .The single owner has unlimited liability and is responsible for all his profits and losses. In the era of market economics, where liberalization, globalization and privatisation has played a critical role in shaping the Indian economy, sole enterprises assumes special significance. Its more so in the smaller towns and areas situated closer to villages. In single enterprises the family members can also look after the business along with the main owners. But what was their main source of finance? As sole proprietorships were owned and controlled by a single businessman or business women the debts and losses was faced by themselves. So all the liability is their personal responsibility.So has micro finance come as boom to the deprived classes and uneducated masses to earn a livelihood. These are small loans for which a small around of interest is changed where the loan amount starts from 50,000 Rs and way extent to a cross or more. They charge a interest rate of 18% per annum .The main purpose of studying was to find out the impact of micro finance on the businesses of single proprietors. The other objective was to get an insight into socio economic status the wage rates and employment creation of single businesses. The research gap pertained to whether micro finance has fulfilled its objective of creating better financing options for sole enterprises.They are thoseentreprenuershipsthat are run by single business owners. They employ around two to five assistants to help them manage their businesses .The single owner has unlimited liability and is responsible for all his profits and losses. In the era of market economics, where liberalization, globalization and privatisation has played a critical role in shaping the Indian economy, sole enterprises assumes special significance. Its more so in the smaller towns and areas situated closer to villages. In single enterprises the family members can also look after the business along with the main owners. But what was their main source of finance? As sole proprietorships were owned and controlled by a single businessman or business women the debts and losses was faced by themselves. So all the liability is their personal responsibility.So has micro finance come as boom to the deprived classes and uneducated masses to earn a livelihood. These are small loans for which a small around of interest is changed where the loan amount starts from 50,000 Rs and way extent to a cross or more. They charge a interest rate of 18% per annum .The main purpose of studying was to find out the impact of micro finance on the businesses of single proprietors. The other objective was to get an insight into socio economic status the wage rates and employment creation of single businesses. The research gap pertained to whether micro finance has fulfilled its objective of creating better financing options for sole proprietorships.

FEATURES OF THE FINANCIAL AND TAX ACCOUNTING OF THE VALUE ADDED TAX IN THE TRANSITION TO THE SIMPLIFIED TAXATION SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARITAL STATE IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article. To systematize changes, innovations and peculiarities of financial and tax accounting of VAT during the transition to a simplified taxation system in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The following research methods were used for the purposes of the research: content analysis, comparative analysis, and logical generalization methods were used by the authors to formulate the chosen topic and purpose of the research, critical analysis of scientific and specialized literature; the method of scientific abstraction was used in order to highlight the peculiarities of financial and tax accounting in the conditions of martial law; methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction were used to analyze the main changes and innovations in legislation, the impact on the formation of accounting and tax reporting; the method of qualitative comparison was used to highlight the effects of legislative changes on different groups of economic entities The analysis of changes and innovations in the financial and tax accounting of VAT made it possible to systematize the features of a simplified taxation system, which has a number of advantages over the usual form of taxation, namely: a reduction in the tax burden on enterprises that worked on a single tax system (3% of income + payment of VAT or 5% of income), up to 2%. However, those legal entities and sole proprietorships that supplied goods, works and services taxed at a zero rate do not belong to the above; deferment to the VAT payer for up to 6 months, after the cancellation of martial law, submission of reports, payment of tax and registration of PN/RK in a single register of tax invoices; introduction of preferential VAT rates, namely 7%, for enterprises engaged in the import and sale of fuel and oil products in the domestic market of Ukraine; suspension of fines and penalties both for enterprises and organizations that have not timely paid or submitted relevant reporting documents, and for the state for late reimbursement of VAT from the country’s budget. The obtained research results, compared to similar ones, contain selected changes and innovations, appropriately systematized by the authors. The proposed systematization of changes and innovations in the financial and tax accounting of VAT in relation to the application of a simplified taxation system can be useful both for scientists and specialists who deal with this issue, and for teachers and students of HEI specialty 071 “Accounting and taxation”.

Detecting Change in Professional Conduct Using Information from the Internet

Increasing reliance on the Internet's perpetual memory has raised concerns regarding how dated information that would otherwise be forgotten or inaccessible can unduly or disproportionally influence current assessments and decisions. I investigate aspects of this topic for two major business entity types: one-person businesses (i.e., sole proprietors) and firms. Results show that one-person businesses tend to be more severely impacted by past adverse information than firms, and furthermore their improvement trends over time are more likely to be dismissed as noise than recognized as signals of change. While firms can offset old unfavorable conduct by engaging in new favorable behaviors, a sole proprietor's current favorable operations can remain dominated by decades-old actions. Results also indicate that decision makers perceive firms as more capable of truly changing. Moreover, while only decision makers with certain personality characteristics recognize signs of positive change from a sole proprietor, all decision makers detect and appreciate such changes in a firm's conduct. This study finds that limiting access to adverse past information is likely to be more helpful (or necessary) for one-person businesses, or more generally for individuals, than for firms.

Does fishing venture matter for reducing post-harvest loss? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh

The study was conducted to estimate the post-harvest loss (PHL) of inland capture fisheries in Bangladesh based on the fishing venture i.e., sole proprietorship, partnership and cooperatives using Questionnaire Loss Assessment Method (QLAM). A total of 1339 fishermen were selected using stratified random sampling where 792, 485, and 62 were involved in the sole proprietorship, partnership, and cooperatives types of fishing venture respectively. The data were collected from thirty-nine districts across six divisions through the direct interview method covering 92 fish species. The results indicated that Ashar (June–July) to Agrahayon (November–December) was the peak fishing period for every fishing venture. The study revealed that the high volumes of fishes were caught from haor for partnership and cooperatives while river was for sole proprietorship. The study accounted lower PHL for cooperatives than that of sole proprietorship and partnership and found significance differences among them from Tukey's pairwise test. The estimated PHL was higher for Puti (Puntius chola) in sole proprietorship and partnership whereas Tengra (Gagata cenia) in cooperatives venture. The study suggests to expand the cooperatives fishing ventures widely in Bangladesh where the predominant factors (i.e., longer harvesting duration, delaying in marketing the fishes and temperature, excess supply, and etc.) of causing PHL in this venture should be taken under consideration.

Особенности деятельности управляющей компании индустриального парка

One of the instruments of industrial policy are industrial parks that combine the interests of business and territorial entities, integrating various types of business in the free territories of industrial complexes and/or territorial entities, providing not only an increase in the efficiency of industries, but also solving social issues by creating new jobs, increasing budget revenues. One of the most important issues of creating such integration associations is the organization of an industrial park management company. The article discusses the problematic issues of choosing the functionality of a management organization depending on the type of individual entrepreneur. The performance indicators of randomly selected operating sole proprietors are considered, a comparative analysis of these indicators is given depending on the type of sole proprietor with the linking of the main functionality of the managing organization (coordinator, landlord, investor, complex manager). The performance indicators of the industrial park are proposed.

Laying the Foundation of the Interest-Free Building System as an Alternative Model to Housing Finance Systems

Bilinen temel gerçeklerden biridir ki hammaddenin ana kaynağı yeryüzü, onun yegane sahibi ise Allah Teâlâ’dır. Ancak zamanla Allah Teâlâ’nın bahşettiği taş, toprak ve demirden oluşan yapılar Allah’ın yasakladığı yöntemlerle üretilip bunlara O’nun yasakladığı yöntemlerle sahip olunmaya başlanmıştır. Allah Teâlâ alışverişi helal faizi haram kılmıştır. Faiz her yönüyle insanlığa zararı olan bir müessesedir. Naslar tarafından kat’i olarak haram olduğu ortada olan faiz, değişen dünya düzeni ile iktisadi bir ürün olarak ön plana çıkmış, bankalar aracılığıyla kurumsallaşarak hayatın her alanına girmiştir. Katılımcı gözlemciliğimiz sonucunda günümüzde faizin beslendiği en belirgin kanallardan birisinin, insanların bir an önce sahip olmak istedikleri mallara karşılık, olmayan bedellerini veresiye yolla temin ederken düştükleri ikilem olduğu kanısına varılmıştır. Kanaatimizce gelişen dünyada insanlara “ev sahibi olmayın!” demek mümkün değil ise bunun çözümü faize, faizin nemalandığı finans merkezli alternatifler yerine yapı merkezli alternatifler üretilmesidir. Bu sayede insanların caiz olmayan ile alternatif olan arasındaki kafa karışıklığını doğrudan bilindik ve helal olanla gidermekte mümkün olacaktır. Buna karşılık İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinden günümüze doğru İslâm iktisadında ortaya konulan ev finansmanı sistemleri için ön görülen çözümlerin asıllardan çok fer’i yöntemlerle üretilen çözümler olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Zira faiz, akitte ileri sürülen fasit ve haram şarttır. İslâm iktisadında en belirgin yasakların başında faiz gelmekle birlikte İslâm iktisadı sadece faiz haramından ibaret olmayıp akde sürülecek pek çok fasit ve batıl şart akdi kerihlik ile iptal arasında bir yere konumlandırabilir. Öyleyse bir akitte faizi bertaraf etmek için İslâm iktisadının pek çok esasını çiğneyip dolaylı yollarla muğlak kabuller gören unsurlarla hareket etmenin o akdi faizsiz kılmakla birlikte kâmil anlamda meşru hale getirdiği söylenemez. Günümüzde pek çok faizsiz finans sistemi kendisinde faizin cereyan etmediği ancak diğer fasit şartlardan müteşekkil sistemlerden oluşmaktadır. Faizsiz ev sisteminin çözümünün aslında faizsiz yapı sistemine dayandığını bunun ise murâbaha değil mudârebe temelli, murâbaha destekli, modern ticaret ve yapı sistemlerini dikkate alan bir mekanizma ile mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ev finansmanı sistemlerine alternatif olarak kurgulanan faizsiz yapı sistemi basitçe ifade etmek gerekirse konut, işyeri vb. yapıların oluşum ve edinimlerini her aşamasında faizli kredilerden uzak bir şekilde ve gerekli hukuki, teknik ve iktisadi şartnamelere dayalı olarak alma ve satmayı sağlayan kompleks bir modeldir. Diğer bir tabirle müteahhitlik sözleşmesi ile oluşan yap-sat modelinin modernize edilmiş şeklidir. Bir nevi kooperatifçiliğin çağa ayak uydurur şekilde yeniden teşekkül etmiş halidir. Faizsiz yapı sisteminin, faizsiz finansman sağlayan günümüz yöntemlerinin İslâm hukukunun asli ilkelerinden uzak ve dolambaçlı yolları yerine, asıllarla hareket eden, insanların aklına ve vicdanına sığan ve emek-sermaye dengesine dayalı bir çalışma prensibiyle hareket etmesi hedeflenmektedir. Alternatif finans kanallarının tamamı faizsiz ve helal yapıyı mudârebe yoluyla kullanmaya hem müsait ve hem de bu sistemin oturabilmesi için alt yapısı teşekkül etmiş bir güçtür. Bu sistem üretim esnasında alıcının ya da yatırımcının doğrudan işin içinde olduğu, aracı kurumların paranın işletilmesinden çok işletmenin yürütülmesinden, takibinden, emek ve üretimden kâr elde ettiği bir sistemdir. Faizsiz yapı temelleri helal yapıya dayanması kaçınılmaz olan ve bu sayede üretimin daha başlangıç aşamasında faize sebebiyet verecek şartları bertaraf eden bir sistemdir. Faizsiz yapı sistemi, yapıyı inşa edenin veya satıcının akdin bir tarafını alıcının ise diğer tarafını oluşturmalarına binaen akitlerin bağlayıcılığını zedeleyen sorunlara neden olmayacaktır. Bu sistem diğer bazı ev finansmanı sistemlerinden farklı olarak İslâm iktisadının temel meselelerinden, zahiren de bâtınen de akdi ifsat edecek niteliğe sahip olan sorunları ortadan kaldıracaktır. Diğer taraftan aktif mudârebe ile hareket eden faizsiz yapı sistemi saha tecrübesi ile fakihe doğru ictihadın oluşumunda katkıda bulunacak ve toplumda İslâm iktisadının temel esaslarına uyma bilinci oluşturacaktır.

Systemic Performance Analysis on Zoning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Service Delivery

A zoning approach that divides an area of interest into multiple sub-areas can be a systemic and strategic solution to safely deploy a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for package delivery services. Following the zoning approach, a UAV can be assigned to one of the sub-areas, taking sole ownership and responsibility of the sub-area. As a result, the need for collision avoidance between units and the complexity of relevant operational activities can be minimized, ensuring both safe and reliable execution of the tasks. Given that the zoning approach involves the demand-server allocation decision, the service quality to customers can also be improved by performing the zoning properly. To illuminate the benefits of the zoning approach to UAV operations from a systemic perspective, this study applies clustering techniques to derive zoning solutions under different scenarios and examines the performance of the solutions using a simulation model. The simulation results demonstrate that the zoning approach can improve the safety of UAV operations, as well as the quality of service to demands.

Niepublikowane archiwalia dotyczące Fabryki Fajansu, Porcelany i Naczyń Kamiennych w Ćmielowie oraz naczynia z ćmielowskich serwisów porcelanowych Druckich-Lubeckich w zbiorach Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Unpublished archives concerning the Faience, Porcelain and Stone Vessels Factory in Ćmielów and vessels from the Drucki-Lubecki porcelain services in the collections of the Jagiellonian University Museum The first part of the article discusses a so far unpublished notarial deed of sale in 1845 by the Pusłowski brothers: Xawery Pusłowski (1806–1874), Wandalin Pusłowski (1814–1884), Franciszek Pusłowski (1800–1859) and Władysław Pusłowski (1801–1859), to Duchess Teresa of Drucki-Lubecki, Countess Scipio del Campo, half of the Ćmielów estate with annexes and appurtenances they inherited from their father, Wojciech Pusłowski, who died in 1833. The deed recorded in the register of documents of the Warsaw Notary Office has not survived. All the more valuable is a document held in the Manuscripts Department of the Jagiellonian Library, the second main extract of a deed of sale, drawn up in Warsaw on 29 May 1845 by Marcin Ciechanowski, scribe of the records of the Kingdom of Poland and regent of the Land Registry of the Warsaw Governorate. The first main extract, given to Teresa of the Drucki-Lubecki Dukes, Countess Scipio del Campo, was not preserved in the Szczuczynski Archives of the Drucki-Lubecki Dukes, held in the Czartoryski Library in Krakow. The second part of the article presents 39 pieces of Ćmielów porcelain vessels from five Drucki-Lubecki family services ordered in the Ćmielów factory at a time when the Drucki-Lubecki dukes were co-owners or sole proprietors of the Ćmielów estate and the faience, stoneware and porcelain factory in Ćmielów. Particularly valuable are dishes from the service dating from 1839 to 1851, bearing the monograms MD.L., Duchess Maria Drucka-Lubecka, wife of Duke Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. The marks used on Ćmielów porcelain previously unknown in the literature were published. Basis on entries in the French press, the names of three French specialists (Auguste Teissonnière, Jules Teissonnière, Louis Delagnier) have been determined, which have so far been incorrectly reported in the literature.

Emerging technology and auditing practice: analysis for future directions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of emerging technology (technology adoption, perceived benefits, technological challenges and ease of use) and the auditing practice of accounting professionals.Design/methodology/approachThe primary method of data collection was a questionnaire directed to newly practicing chartered accountants who are partners of sole proprietorship or partnership firms in India. The data were analyzed by using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsThe findings revealed that there is a positive and significant relationship between characteristics of emerging technology (technology adoption, technological challenges and ease of use) and auditing practice, while factors of the perceived benefits had a negative relationship with auditing practice.Research limitations/implicationsThe study model would aid technology enabled audit research by giving a platform for a new study to investigate further detailed solutions to emerging information technology determinants.Practical implicationsThis study illustrates how tools technique perceived benefit motivates sole proprietorship practicing auditors to adopt emerging technology- enabled auditing software for auditing client's financial statements. Further, this study has added to the information technology auditing literature and might add benefits to the numerous other audit firms to adopt in emerging technology tools their audit firm.Social implicationsAudit firms, generally sole proprietorship and partnership firms, should be given enough awareness about the latest audit software tools to carry out their audit tasks efficiently.Originality/valueThe study findings highlight benefits of emerging technology-enabled auditing practice among owners/partners of the sole proprietorship or partnership firms, which is not extensively discussed in the prior studies. Furthermore, it broadens knowledge of perceived benefit, technological challenges and ease of use in technology-enabled audit software in the auditing and accounting literature.

Civil Liability for the Establishment of a Micro, Small, and Medium-sized enterprise sole proprietorship

The author discussing legal liability in the civil sector for the establishment of a sole proprietorship as one of the branches of a limited company which has begun to be established by individuals as a result of the birth and enactment of the Job Creation Act. Where the purpose of the research is to identify and provide an explanation regarding to the problem of the legal status of sole proprietorship if it is explored about the fulfillment of the elements in limited company as a legal entity in order to see the legal consequences of civil liability imposed on the establishment of an individual limited liability company in terms of articles 1365, 1366 and 1367 of  Burgerlijk Wetbook. This research is a normative research using statutory approach and historical approach. The conclusions of this study are: first, the regulation of a sole proprietorship according to the research conducted by the author couldn’t called as limited company because it does not meet the initial philosophy of the limited company, namely sero which means the sharing of shares that form into a single entity so as to make the company, apart from Apart from that, the exception that excludes the provisions in a limited liability company against the establishment of an individual is in fact also contrary to the prerequisites for a business to be referred to as an UMKM. So seeing this situation, it might be better if a sole proprietorship is not referred to as a limited company but rather an individual company. Second, the regulation regarding the civil liability of a private company is the same as the form of liability carried out by an individual company where the form of liability is the responsibility carried out by the directors individually and can also be carried out jointly and severally. Meanwhile, the Company's shareholders are not personally responsible for the engagements made on behalf of the Company and are not responsible for the Company's losses in excess of the shares owned. The provisions in this article emphasize the characteristics of the Company that shareholders are only responsible for the amount of the deposit for all shares and do not include their personal assets.

ALTERED HEART RATE DYNAMICS AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHM IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND/OR HEART FAILURE

TYPE: Late Breaking Abstract TOPIC: Obstructive Lung Diseases PURPOSE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) both exhibit time-of-day variations in symptoms. While changes in circadian rhythms (e.g., dipping patterns) have been described with blood pressure, day-night differences in heart rate variability (HRV) have been largely ignored. We aimed to describe heart rate dynamics and circadian patterns in patients with COPD/HF to provide insight into day-night autonomic regulation in cardiopulmonary disease. METHODS: Using 24-hour ECG data from patients with COPD/HF (n=16, mean age 68.4±8.9 years) and healthy controls from the same age range (n=42, mean age 61.6±9.1 years), we examined the profile of heart rate dynamics, day-night differences, and circadian patterns using conventional time/frequency domain HRV indices and multiscale-entropy-based complexity index. RESULTS: 24-hour long-term HRV indices showed significant between-group day-night differences on △LF/HF (-0.3±1.3 in patients vs 1.1±2.5 in controls, p=0.042), suggesting non-dipping or reversed day-night differences in the patient group. Healthy controls had higher complexity compared to patients (1.24±0.12 vs 1.01±0.27, p<0.001) and showed a dipping pattern (1.4 in the day vs 1.1 in the night). However, patients with COPD/HF showed a reverse-dipping pattern (0.9 in the day vs 1.3 in the night), suggesting non-restorative cardiopulmonary function at night. CONCLUSIONS: Day-night differences and circadian patterns of heart rate dynamics are altered in patients with COPD/HF, similar to blood pressure patterns indicating clinically relevant autonomic dysregulation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Circadian patterns of HRV and complexity may be of potential importance in informing risk stratification and therapeutic considerations in cardiopulmonary disease. DISCLOSURE: We would like to acknowledge the support from the National Institutes of Health (NCCIH T32AT000051, K24AT009465, K24AT009282). Dr. Peter Wayne is the founder and sole owner of the Tree of Life Tai Chi Center. Dr. Wayne's interests were reviewed and manage KEYWORD: cardiopulmonary dysregulation

E&amp;P Notes (June 2022)

E&amp;P Notes (June 2022)

Financial system of Ukraine during the martial law

The paper is a study of the functioning of the financial system of Ukraine under martial law. In particular, it was found that the structure of the financial system is quite complex, and with the help of the financial system, the state accumulates and uses resources to maintain its apparatus. It was found that in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine of February 24, 2022, a martial law regime was imposed on the territory of Ukraine for 30 days and later it was extended. With the beginning of a large-scale invasion of the aggressor country, the National Bank of Ukraine adopted the necessary decisions, including the NBU resolution of February 24, 2022 №18. It was determined that these actions are important in order to ensure the reliable and stable functioning of the financial system of the country, as well as to ensure the activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the smooth operation of critical infrastructure. It was found that on April 13, 2022, the Law of Ukraine №2180-IX "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Ensuring the Stability of the Deposit Guarantee System for Individuals" came into force, which introduces a 100% guarantee on bank deposits of individuals and sole proprietors. It is investigated that in case of liquidation of the bank, the state on whose behalf the Individual Deposit Guarantee Fund (DGF) acts, reimburses depositors within the guaranteed amount. It was determined that the NBU Council approved the "Basic Principles of Monetary Policy for Martial Law". This is a very important document, which not only opens up new opportunities for the implementation of relevant measures of the NBU, but also creates opportunities to create appropriate conditions for postwar reconstruction. In addition, it was found that a number of changes were made to the budget legislation, which was adopted during the martial law. In particular, changes were made in the functioning of local budgets under martial law. Thanks to the Office of the President of Ukraine, the Government, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and other central authorities, a number of quick, effective and prompt decisions were made.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ДИНАМІЧНОЇ ТАРИФІКАЦІЇ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ТЕХНІКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ MICROGRID НА ЛОКАЛЬНИХ РИНКАХ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГІЇ

Features of development of electric power industry of Ukraine from the point of view of the formation of the perspective structure of generating capacities of UES of Ukraine and development of renewable energy sources (RES) are characterized. In the analysis of the problem of introduction of RES in the energy system of our country and the use of advanced tariff systems, three levels are identified: the highest level - the UES of Ukraine; middle level – regional energy companies; lower-level - local energy supply systems. It is shown that the study of choosing a strategy for better implementation of dynamic electricity prices, as well as trends in business models for local electricity markets with a combination of physical, communication, information, and business levels are relevant. The peculiarities of Microgrid development as a basic element of the functioning of local electricity markets under the condition of formation of optimal modes of generation and consumption of electricity using dynamic charging, which can provide a significant part of imbalance compensation due to the widespread introduction of RES. The article considers the formation of dynamic prices at the level of local power systems (Microgrid), which have features of both the operation and implementation of business models. The elements of the business model for the local electricity market, which is proposed for the sole owner of all generators and consumers, are analyzed when Microgrid is considered as an independent element of the local market, where a dynamic balance between supply and demand. It is determined that at the level of local energy supply systems charging must be based on dynamic models that will take into account the dynamic nature of generation and regulation of electricity consumption in the system and stimulate appropriate desired actions by the consumer. It is proposed to use the tariff calculation not for the time interval, but for the state, as well as to control the optimal levels of generation and consumption of electricity to use the reference tariff and the formation of reference profiles of generation and consumption of electricity. Modified Frieze reactive power was used to estimate the discrepancy between current and optimal power regimes. References 37, table 1.

The Contribution of Abu-Hamid al-‎Ghazali to Shaping Businesspeople's ‎Personalities

As a Sufi figure, al-Ghazali developed moral Sufism as part of his desire to provide ethics in dealing with worldly activities so that they are more focused and run. This study is structured in the form of a library research project based on a character's thoughts at a specific time. This study also employs a descriptive technique approach, which is a type of study that describes existing phenomena. This method was chosen because the goal of this research was to provide an in-depth picture of the subject of the study, namely how the process of the concept of akhlaqi Sufism should be and its relevance to business actors according to Imam Al-Ghazali. Sufism al-akhlaqi Ghazali teaches Tawhid, which holds a significant position in Islamic business ethics, according to his research findings. Every Muslim is born with two consciences as a result of this monotheism. First and foremost, everyone must recognize that this nature was created by Allah SWT for the benefit of humans and that Allah is the sole owner. All natural resources, or factors of production in economic parlance, are Allah SWT's absolute property. Human ownership, on the other hand, is a relative concept. Second , humans were created in this world to serve God, and any worship performed by humans will be considered worship. Internalization of these two perspectives will have an impact on Muslim commercial activities. Every business owner must recognize that their work is also an act of worship to Allah SWT.

Retail System Scenario Modeling Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

A retail business is a network of similar-format grocery stores with a sole proprietor and a well-established logistical infrastructure. The retail business is a stable market, with low growth, limited customer revenues, and intense competition. On the system level, the retail industry is a dynamic system that is challenging to represent due to uncertainty, nonlinearity, and imprecision. Due to the heterogeneous character of retail systems, direct scenario modeling is arduous. In this article, we propose a framework for retail system scenario planning that allows managers to analyze the effect of different quantitative and qualitative factors using fuzzy cognitive maps. Previously published fuzzy retail models were extended by adding external factors and combining expert knowledge with domain research results. We determined the most suitable composition of fuzzy operators for the retail system, highlighted the system’s most influential concepts, and how the system responds to changes in external factors. The proposed framework aims to support senior management in conducting flexible long-term planning of a company’s strategic development, and reach its desired business goals.

The value of land redevelopment in different types of properties: Considering the effect of hold-out problems on the development probability

Housing price combines the building value and land value of real estate, in which the building value can be measured using its reconstruction cost minus its depreciation. For land value, the future redevelopment value of the land should be considered in addition its present use value. However, the uncertainty of land redevelopment is often high because the development probability is influenced by the benefit of redevelopment and whether an agreement can be reached between landowners. If the influence of these two factors on the likelihood of redevelopment is incorrectly assessed, the land value may be overestimated or underestimated. Hence, this study adopts a real option model to solve the endogenous value of land with redevelopment opportunities. Furthermore, by considering the conflicts of interest between landowners, this study infers that the prices of different types of properties may reflect the land redevelopment value differently. Our inference is that landowners with solely owned houses can redevelop their land at the optimal time without interference from exogenous factors; hence, their land prices should include the redevelopment value calculated based on real options. In contrast, when land ownership is distributed among multiple individuals; hold-out problems emerge, landowners may choose not to undertake redevelopment, and forfeit of the land redevelopment value is plausible. Accordingly, the land value of such real estate can only be estimated based on the cash flow in the current condition. To verify the inferences of this study, in the empirical part of the paper, we use transaction samples from Taipei occurring between 2015 and 2020, which include three types of housing—townhouses (sole ownership of land), apartments (land ownership shared among a few individuals), and high-rise condominium units (land ownership shared among numerous individuals). Using these three types of housing for estimation reveals whether the land redevelopment value of houses is included in their corresponding housing prices, under various ownership concentrations. Subsequently, by using a threshold regression model, the study demonstrates that the likelihood of the existence of land redevelopment value increases with ownership concentration, which contributes to higher housing prices of older houses over time.

The Phenomenon and Regulation of Internet Anchor’s Tax Evasion by Setting Up Sole Proprietor

The Phenomenon and Regulation of Internet Anchor’s Tax Evasion by Setting Up Sole Proprietor