Sole Owner Research Articles

Patents as a Competitive Advantage? Analysis of the German Watch Manufacturer Junghans

This paper investigates the relevance of patents as a competitive advantage with regard to the luxury industry. Within the framework of an explorative research design, more than two thousand patents were analyzed, using the international patent classification (IPC) to cluster those patents. The analysis shows that the sole ownership of patents as a resource is not sufficient to achieve business success. In addition, the findings suggest a two-sided relevance of patents within the luxury goods industry as two main groups can be identified: First, traditional manufacturers focusing more on craftmanship, secrecy, and tradition than on novelties and patents. Second, large business groups and high technology businesses dominating the IPC group G04 and emphasizing on the latest technology as well as on patents. Furthermore, the internationalization is also reflected in the patent applications: European patents within category G04 have gained in importance over the last 20 years, while national patents have declined.

Does the legal form matter for firm performance in the MENA region?

AbstractThis paper attempts to examine the relationship between firm legal form and firm performance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) database. As per our analysis, it was determined that open shareholding, closed shareholding, partnership, and limited partnership companies have an advantage in terms of annual sales and annual productivity growth rates over sole proprietorship firms and that medium‐sized and large‐sized firms also demonstrate an advantage over small ones. Furthermore, our analysis shows that foreign ownership, exporting activities, the usage of the web in communication with clients and suppliers, and the presence of full‐time workers have positively affected firm performance. These findings are deemed robust when running the analysis for firms with female participation in ownership. This paper provides directions for strategists targeting at improving the performance of firms.

Impact of Information Communication Technology Competency Among Auditing Professionals

The objective of this study is to find out the influence of Impact of Information Communication Technology competencies and Information Communication Technology Training among auditing professionals. This paper proposes a defined set of survey questionnaires to measure Information Communication Technology (ICT) competency and ICT Training variables. The sample size focuses on junior qualified professional auditors who were selected based on their experience in the field of accounting or auditing. The sample of population consists of individual practicing auditors from small audit firms in Kerala. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling approach (PLS-SEM). Expectedly, ICT competencies among auditing professionals and their ICT training are imperative among junior auditing professionals for auditing in a computer-based environment. The impact of audit efficiencies, ensuring client's fair financial statements, and timeliness of audit tasks were achieved by auditing professionals with ICT competencies and ICT training. This is important not only for junior staff, but also for lead auditors who have the authority to sign audit reports. The value of the research studies lies with a comprehensible examination of findings of various previous studies and enlightened commentaries on ICT enabled audit practice by sole proprietorship practicing audit firms, mainly in rural locations. In addition, such scientific method of understanding the implications of ICT enables auditing which involved in auditing professional policy makers intervention.

Analysis on Factors Influencing the Achievement of Break-even Point among the Creativity and Skill-based Sole Proprietors

Purpose - The break-even point refers to the point where total profit and total cost coincide, and from this point on, the entrepreneur’s decision-making takes a different route. Strategic decisions can be made for more efficient operation and eventually for more likelihood for growth and sustainability if a startup figures out when it recoups the investment and switches to a net profit. Design/methodology/approach 748 creativity and skill-based sole proprietors in manufacturing industry were examined to demonstrate the effect of the entrepreneur’s entrepreneurial experience and education level, the business launch preparation time, or the self-financing on the achievement of break-even point. Findings While the business launch preparation time lowered the likelihood of reaching a break-even point, self-financing increased the likelihood. As a result of further analysis by subdividing into subgroups according to skill level, only the business launch preparation time was statistically significant in the highly skilled industries. In the low skilled industries, in addition to the business launch preparation time, the CEO’s education level and the self-financing were statistically significant. Research implications or Originality - The longer the business launch preparation time, the higher the start-up cost, which increases the burden of initial cost recovery, and the agile response to market changes is thereby delayed, resulting in the business idea losing its appeal. Self-financing not only provides stability and strong motivation for the business operation but also promotes careful spending which contributes to the achievement of break-even point. In particular, it is found that practical experience is more useful than theoretical knowledge in low skilled industries. Due to the limitation of secondary data based on the recollection, the time required to reach a break-even point, percentage of financing sources, etc. may include cognitive errors. In addition, variables are not included that explain the characteristics of creativity and skill-based sole proprietorship, so it is necessary to exercise caution with the actual application

Socio-economic functions of priority development areas and their implementation in the ecosystem of the Russian Far East

Subject. We investigate the functions of priority development areas created in the subjects of the Russian Far East. Objectives. The study aims to determine the functional purpose of such areas and assess how they fulfill their socio-economic functions. Methods. We employ methods of generalization, systematization, sampling and grouping of socio-economic indicators of organizations and sole proprietors that have been granted the status of residents of priority development areas, methods of statistical, economic, correlation, and regression analysis. Results. The analysis shows that the regions of the Russian Far East have been intensively developing over the recent years. This leads to changes in the volume of investment, GRP and its structure, fixed assets, and created jobs. The paper identifies the main functions of priority development areas and includes findings on their implementation. Conclusions. At the initial stage of advanced development regime, there have been positive trends associated with a growth in investment inflows (Amur Oblast, Primorsky Krai), increased labor resources and employment expansion (Primorsky Krai, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), export orientation of projects (Amur Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai), production ramp-up in manufacturing (Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast), modernization and renewal of fixed assets (Sakhalin Oblast, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

JURIDIC ANALYSIS OF INDEPENDENT COMPANY ESTABLISHMENT POST GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 8 YEAR 2021

Abstract An individual company is a business entity that is a legal entity and is independently providing a glimmer of hope for the community in the form of convenience in the establishment, change, revocation of the company, and the legality of an individual company. In article 1 number 1 of Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021 it is stated that individual legal entities meet the criteria for micro and small businesses as stipulated in article 2 paragraph 1 letter b that the establishment of an individual company can be established by 1 (one) person by taking legal action in the form of making an electronic statement of the establishment to the minister, research problems on how to change the company, dissolution of an individual company after Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021, what is the legality and position of a sole proprietorship after Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021.

The content analysis of regional entrepreneurship

Subject. The study determines directions for developing the business activity in the Russian regions. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of statistical, neural network and cluster analysis. Results. I review the current aspects of the regional business development when business rules are changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The article scrutinizes the concept of entrepreneurship in terms of historical development and legal status. Having conducted the content analysis of the business activity in a lagging region of the Russian Federation, I found its highest concentration, with small businesses (and microbusinesses) taking the lead and maintaining the employment. Businesses tend to trade in goods of other producers, thus decreasing the average headcount for smaller businesses, including microbusinesses. Studying the hierarchy of economic activity types small businesses engage in by share of investment in the capital stock (in terms of new and imported fixed assets), I note the unprofitable investment n such foreign trade activities, such as Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries and fish farming, and Construction. The dynamism of small businesses drops earlier, longer and deeper if compared to sole proprietors. In a lagging region, smaller business forms can evolve only if they deal with trade. Conclusions and Relevance. The content analysis of the Russian regional business gave an understanding of its development limits from perspectives of a lagging region, which determines the growth rates of business activity in Russia. The content analysis reveals high growth rates of trade in goods that smaller businesses sell, without being their producers. The findings contribute to the knowledge and competence of specialists working for the Russian Ministry of Economic Development to make consistent managerial decisions concerning the distribution and redistribution of investment resources.

Addressing Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health Through Healthy People 2030.

The evolution of Healthy People reflects growing awareness of health inequities over the life course. Each decade, the initiative has gained understanding of how the nation can achieve health and well-being. To inform Healthy People 2030's visionary goal of achieving health equity in the coming decade, the Secretary's Advisory Committee on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2030 (Secretary's Advisory Committee) provided the US Department of Health and Human Services with guidance on key terms, frameworks, and measurement for health equity. Conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age influence health and well-being outcomes, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks and are mostly responsible for health inequities. No single individual, organization, community, or sector has sole ownership, accountability, or capacity to sustain the health and well-being of an entire population. The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States highlights underlying inequities and disparities in health and health care across segments of the population. Contributing factors that were known prior to the pandemic have led to major discrepancies in rates of infection and death. To reduce health disparities and advance health equity, systems approaches-designed to shift interconnected aspects of public health problems-are needed.

“Thou maiest inforce my body but not mee”: Racializing Consent in John Marston’sThe Wonder of Women

“Thou maiest inforce my body but not mee”: Racializing Consent in John Marston’s<i>The Wonder of Women</i>

ИННОВАЦИОН ИҚТИСОДИЁТ ШАРОИТИДА АҲОЛИ БАНДЛИГИНИ ТАЪМИНЛАШДА КИЧИК БИЗНЕС ВА ХУСУСИЙ ТАДБИРКОРЛИКНИНГ ЎРНИ

This article highlights the role of small business and private entrepreneurship in providing employment.At the same time, the article focuses on small business and sole proprietorship, which shows that this type of business can quickly explore the needs of a compact hidden market, produce a variety of products to meet local needs and offer them to markets at a low cost

Umowa wspólnego rachunku bankowego i dziedziczenie zgromadzonych na nim środków

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest ocena obowiązujących regulacji dotyczących umowy rachunku wspólnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problemu dziedziczenia udziału zmarłego współposiadacza. Zmierzono się z odpowiedzią na pytanie, czy obowiązujące przepisy rozstrzygają kwestię losów takiego rachunku po śmierci jednego z posiadaczy oraz zaproponowano kierunki zmian legislacyjnych w tym zakresie. Zasygnalizowano również potrzebę nowelizacji przepisów w przedmiocie rozszerzenia kręgu posiadaczy rachunku wspólnego o kategorię osób prawnych.

Program for the development of small and medium—sized enterprises, individual entrepreneurs and self—employed in the regions of the Russian Federation in modern realities

In this article, the author outlines the issues of enterprise development of small and medium–sized enterprises, individual entrepreneurs and self–employed in the regions of the Russian Federation in modern realities». The author presents the directions of development of this sector of the economy according to the national project on the development of small and medium–sized enterprises, the dependence of their development on many causes is shown, including from the development of territories, urban development projects, tax regimes, support programs, and other factors. Data on concessional loans issued to small and medium–sized businesses, including sole proprietors, are presented starting from 2019 to 2020, and the planned loan volumes for them from 2021 to 2024 by Federal Districts of the Russian Federation, law on integrated development of territories, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the Professional income tax. The importance of the development of subjects is indicated of enterprise development of small and medium–sized enterprises, individual entrepreneurs and self–employed as a strategic task for the development of the country’s economy.

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: BASIC THEORETICAL APPROACHES

The article presents the results of empirical research on the main theoretical approaches to the concept of educational services. It is determined that the concept of educational services in the system of higher education has certain features in terms of interpretation and adaptation of accordingly defined goals, functions and approaches. After all, educational services have an economic, social and cultural component. Therefore, we can conclude about the complex nature of educational services, namely: as a symbiosis of public and personal well-being. The specifics of educational services are also determined, including the impossibility of demonstrating educational services; inability to allocate educational services; ability to change; storage is impossible; lack of sole ownership; long performance; receiving deferred benefits. Key words: higher education; educational services; quality of educational services.

Examination of key positions and forms of employment in the private security sector

According to the most recent data mining survey in the private security sector, including employment data, at the end of 2019 there were 4,300 corporate companies active in the sector. The number of employees in corporate and sole proprietorships has exceeded 60,000, more than 88,000 people have valid security guard ID or private investigator ID, the Chamber of Personal, Property, and Private Investigators holds 4,499 members. The workers of the sector got the highest educational attainment from primary and secondary school as well as from higher education, they are often employed in atypical forms of employment in addition to traditional employments. In my paper, I analyse multiple data sources using online document analysis, online observation of participants, text mining and expert interviewing to provide an accurate picture of key positions and forms of employment, and to provide a grounded summary about the innovation potential and the future, focused on the domestic private security sector.

Large Shareholder Premium

We develop a theoretical model to study investors' trading behavior in the presence of large shareholders' influence on a firm's equity. We show that, for a good stock, large shareholders may invest a higher proportion of their wealth in the firm than smart small investors, although they predict the same equity return. Insight is also cast into the impacts of board structure on the firm's equity when the firm possesses several large influential shareholders: (i) the large shareholders collude in trading, and each tends to invest more aggressively as other large shareholders do, and (ii) firms with sole ownership can outperform those with dispersed ownership, if the impact coefficient of the former case exceeds or coincides with the aggregated impact coefficients of the latter.

Turning the Tables in Research and Development Licensing Contracts

Research and development (R&amp;D) collaborations between an innovator and her partner are often undertaken when neither party can bring the product to market individually, which precludes value creation without a joint effort. Yet, the uncertain nature of R&amp;D complicates the monitoring of effort, and the resulting moral hazard reduces a collaboration’s value. Either party can avoid this outcome by acquiring the capability that is missing and then taking sole ownership of the project. That approach involves two types of risks: one related to whether the other party’s capability will be acquired and one related to how well it will be implemented (if acquired). We find that the extent of these two risks determines the optimality of delaying contracting or of signing contracts with buyout and buyback options, a baseball arbitration clause, or a novel reciprocal option. Baseball arbitration and reciprocal option clauses are unique in two ways. First, unlike typical options with predetermined strike prices, they allow either party to determine the buyout price at the time of their offer. Second, they allow the offer’s recipient to “turn the tables” on the other party. Although baseball arbitration and reciprocal option contracts both address inefficient joint development and product allocation, they exhibit their own inefficiencies that stem from the two parties’ strategic behavior. The best choice of contract is determined by trade-offs between these inefficiencies. Our model explores the similarities between the baseball arbitration and reciprocal option clauses, and we propose a modification to the reciprocal option contract that would increase its profitability. This paper was accepted by Terry Taylor, operations management.

Financial and Non-Financial Obstacles to Innovation: Empirical Evidence at the Firm Level in the MENA Region

Innovation, in all its forms, has become a central activity in companies. Moreover, innovation is considered as the engine of growth in several countries. The main objective of this paper is to study the determinants of innovation (product and process) in firms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region via concentrating on the impact of financial and non-financial obstacles. The empirical study refers to row data collected by the World Bank’s Survey of Enterprises (WBES) between 2013 and 2020 in 10 MENA countries. The empirical results of the probit model estimation show that international quality certification, women’s participation in ownership, and investment in research and development (R&amp;D) have a positive impact on all types of innovation. Nevertheless, small firms, sole proprietorships, and firms managed by women are found to be less innovative. The problem of endogeneity between innovation and financial obstacles is controlled thanks to the use of the instrumental regression method (IV-probit). The results confirm that the variable measuring the financial obstacles is endogenous, and it impacts all types of innovation negatively. The results of the IV-probit regression show that the non-financial obstacles related to the business environment which negatively affect innovation are: business licensing and permits, corruption, access to electricity, labor regulations, political instability, and the practices of competitors in the informal sector.

From remote work to digital nomads: tax issues and tax opportunities of digital lifestyle

Abstract With spread of remote work, digitalization of economy and gig economy, a new class of entrepreneurs arose – digital independent workers. Its ulterior form so far is digital nomads, who travel the world with limited or no fixed abode – and this is not a marginal group. Existing tax rules based on residence criteria do not suit these well: remote work severs ties between budget revenues from personal income tax and budget spending on local infrastructure, gig economy disrupts PAYE system, and digital nomads are at risk of being tax residents nowhere, and may not enjoy the same tax regimes as regular settled employees. This paper estimates the tax potential of digital independent workers, reviews their income structure, personal tax issues related to digital lifestyle and the solutions various countries employ to tax the income of these digital independent workers. The PAYE taxation of income of digital independent workers proposed by Russian politicians and internet companies seems to disregard the variety of that income. Digital independent workers prefer to register as sole proprietors or self-employed and enjoy special tax regimes where possible, but further research is necessary to manage their tax behavior, improve relevant tax control and solve double taxation issues.

Innovative component as a necessary factor for providing enterprises` development

The article examines negative trends and issues of the tourism industry in the world, and in Europe in particular and studies the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus on the functioning of tourism and hospitality agencies and firms. Travel and tourism's direct contribution to GDP in the World was approximately 2.9 trillion U.S. dollars in 2019. It was found that United States’ travel and tourism industry contributed the largest sum at 580.7 billion U.S. dollars in 2019. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Q1 2020 was 67 million fewer international tourist arrivals, 80 US$ billion lost in exports, 100% destinations with travel restrictions. All parts of the industry have been affected, from hotels, motels and resorts, to bed and breakfasts and home-sharing platforms like Airbnb. It was found that rural tourism is one of the factors that can be a fundament for economic recovery and development not only in EU, but in Ukraine as well. Ukrainian tourism and hospitality faced losses from quarantine and pandemics at $ 3-5 billion. Approximately 80% of hospitality establishments in Ukraine were small businesses, sole proprietors, that didn`t survive the quarantine. The number of nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments in rural areas for 2014-2019 in European Union and some most popular tourist destinations showed a slightly increase from 2014 till 2016 and from 2017 till 2019. In 2019, over 3,5 million domestic tourists and almost 900 thousand international tourists stayed in rural accommodations in Spain. Preventive measures and suggestions for the application of crisis management were submitted in this investigation aimed at increasing innovative flexibility within the enterprise, developing preparatory plans to avoid crisis situations and precautionary measures for their implementation were proposed in the article.

Оцінювання якості надання автотранспортних послуг

Recently, the sphere of providing motor transport services has become more and more widespread and developed. The number of enterprises and sole proprietors in the market of motor transport services is constantly increasing. At the same time, the level of competition between motor transport service providers is growing, which makes it necessary to improve the quality of motor transport services. After all, a high level of quality allows us to occupy a leading position in this sector of the economy. There is an urgent need to assess the quality of motor services, and it is important to assess their quality from the standpoint of consumers of these services. Distinctive features of methodical bases of carrying out quality assessment at the enterprises of motor transport are defined. In the course of research both group, and individual indicators of quality assessment are established. Quality assessment is the result of the course of perception of quality, which is formed in the process of providing services to the user and is accompanied by a specific assessment of the quantitative degree of compliance of the received service with his expectations. Analysis of existing indicators revealed assessment of service quality. The stages of quality assessment, consistent provision of their implementation and the main basic provisions are determined, based on which a set of methodological approaches to assessing the quality of road transport services can be improved. The levels of evaluation of motor transport services and their content are established. An approach to assessing the quality of road transport service and the implementation of the course of providing services to users, which is based on its identified values in three stages: standardized, consolidated and expanded. The signs of the quality of the course of providing services to users on the basis of "points of conflict" with them are substantiated by two classes of signs: "effective" and "instrumental".