Sole Medium Research Articles

Use of Modified Lactobacillus Selective Medium and Bifidobacterium Iodoacetate Medium for Differential Enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. in Powdered Nutritional Products

Modified Lactobacillus selective agar (APT agar + sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid; mLBS) was compared to selective modified Lactobacillus selective medium (LBS agar + tomato juice and acetic acid; mLSM) and nonselective de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar for the enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic-containing powdered nutritional products. The mLBS agar was equivalent to MRS agar and superior to the mLSM agar for enumerating L. acidophilus in products stored in sealed cans at 22°C. When samples were analyzed for L. acidophilus concentration after high temperature storage in sealed cans or storage in open cans at high relative humidity, the mLBS and MRS agars were highly correlated (r2 = 0.93). Modified Bifidobacterium iodoacetate medium (12.5 mg iodoacetic acid/liter; mBIM) was compared to MRS agar + bile, cysteine, and dicloxacillin (MRS + BCD) for enumerating Bifidobacterium infantis or Bifidobacterium lactis in the nutritional products. The two media were equivalent for enumerating B. infantis in product stored at 22°C in sealed cans. However, the two media were poorly correlated (r2 < 0.50) for enumeration of B. infantis and B. lactis in products stored in sealed cans at high temperature or in open cans at high relative humidity. The mLBS medium has potential industry application as a relatively inexpensive, convenient differential enumeration method for L. acidophilus. The mBIM medium cannot be recommended as a sole medium for enumeration of probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. in powdered nutritional products stored under high temperature and/or high relative humidity conditions.

Moses versus die Messias: 'n Samaritaanse tradisie

Moses versus the Messiah: a Samaritan tradition: Eschatological expectations among Jewish and Samaritan groups offer a vast field of study. One of the intriguing aspects is the way in which the profile of messianic figures is influenced by the expectations of opposing groups. In orthodox Samaritan theology Moses, being revered as the sole medium of God's revelation, is put up against figures like Dositheus. Messianic claims of the Dositheans are countered by the laudation of Moses. The same trend isfollowed in the controversy against the Christian messiah: Epithets of a polemic nature in the honor of Moses are encountered in abundance. Even theologumena like the pre-existence of the messiah are attributed to Moses. A poem called "The hymn of the birth of Moses" from the Samaritan Liturgy offers a text-book example of this polemical profiling of Moses, the absolute Prophet.

Praxis and Addiction: A Reply to Galliher

Galliher suggests my paper is guilty of four failings: (1) it is an attack on Alfred Lindesmith that is ideologically consistent with those mounted by Harry Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, (2) it misleadingly casts the intimate between physical reactions and human learning [in Lindesmith's theory of addiction] as a [mindbody] dualism, (3) it ignores the variable impact of drugs on the human actor depending on the cultural and symbolic context, and (4) it erroneously asserts that Lindesmith's commitment to the Blumerian position that humans are . .. free from psychological determinism is theoretically irreconcilable with Lindesmith's policy position that addicts' actions and interpretations are beyond their control. Let me rebut each of these claims in turn. Harry Anslinger was an early and active proponent of a federal war on drugs, and his attacks on Lindesmith were based on his commitment to prosecuting drug users as criminals rather than providing addicts with therapy. My article does not even vaguely imply an endorsement of this policy or the federal war on drugs. As did Lindesmith in his day, I abhor the prosecutorial frenzy embodied in the war on drugs and its transparently repressive, racist, and classist consequences. I favor socially sensitive modalities over strictly medical modalities of addiction treatment and feel that a praxiological understanding of human learning offers sounder theoretical grounding for such modalities than does Lindesmith's exclusively symbolic understanding of human learning. No doubt, Lindesmith's theory of addiction was a watershed achievement in American sociology. By demonstrating the centrality of meaning and social learning to the addiction process, Lindesmith took enormous theoretical strides beyond the biologically and psychologically reductionist theories that had hitherto held the day. Unfortunately, however, Lindesmith's Blumerian social psychology prevented his making conceptually rigorous sociological contributions to our understanding of the visceral, or prereflective and nonsyvmnlbolic, features of drug use, druginduced experience, and addiction. Galliher acknowledges that Lindesmith's theory of addiction posits an intimate between physical reactions and human but, oddly enough, he rejects my assertion that Lindesmith's presumption of such a relationship logically requires a categorical distinction between brute physical reactions and human learning processes. To argue that Lindesmith never explicitly endorsed a mind-body dualism in the abstract is irrelevant. Lindesmith's theory of addiction is logically incoherent unless one accepts the view that human experience consists in two categorically distinct forms of perceptionbodily perception and mental perception. According to this view, bodily perception consists in brute sensations that arise as unmediated outcomes of physical stimuli and are pristinely immune to social influence. Conversely, mental perception consists in the voluntary projection of linguistic categories onto brute sensations and is the sole medium for the meaning, social learning, and practical relevance we find in human experience. This is

'There Must Be Something Undiscovered Which Prevents Us From Doing Our Work Well': Botswana Primary Teachers' Views on Educational Language Policy

In a small-scale survey of Botswana primary teachers' views on educational language policy there was overwhelming support for English as the medium of instruction. The survey forms part of a wider research project (Arthur, 1995), in which classroom observation revealed classroom communication difficulties created by the use of English, which is effectively a foreign language for the majority of Botswana teachers and pupils. This paper discusses the apparent paradox of teachers' support for English medium, taking account both of the symbolic role of English as the language of educational achievement and its practical role in the national examination system. Parallels are drawn with the reasserted prestige of ex-colonial languages in other African countries over the last decade. Despite the clear overall support for English, the opinions of the teachers surveyed were by no means monolithic. There are variations in the findings which appear related to the language background of respondents. Speakers of minority languages, while acknowledging the prestige of English, apparently experience a conflicting need for access through the education system to Setswana, the politically dominant national language. There is also some evidence that younger teachers may be less in favour of English as the sole medium and more open-minded towards alternatives such as a language-by-subject option.

APPLICABILITY OF EVALUATING THE ABILITY OF MICROBES ISOLATED FROM AN OIL SPILL SITE TO DEGRADE OIL

Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were isolated byenrichment techniques from soil and water samples collectedfrom an oil spill site in the Niger delta area of Nigeria. Theisolates included species of {it Micrococcus, Pseudomonas,Bacillus, Aeromonas, Serratia, Proteus, Penicillium,Aspergillus, Candida, Geotrichum} and {it Rhizopus}. Oilbiodegradation potentials of the isolates were evaluated usingNigerian Forcados blend crude oil as sole carbon source inmineral salts medium. There were quantitative changes in theoil content due to microbial degradative activities.Degradation was more pronounced with mixed cultures than withsingle cultures of the microorganisms. The growth responses ofselected isolates to varying concentrations of crude oilshowed that while the growth of {it Pseudomonas, Micrococcus,Aspergillus} and {it Candida} species was not inhibited byincreasing concentrations of the crude oil, that of {itSerratia} and {it Rhizopus} was significantly ({it p} <0.05) suppressed.

Effects of auxins, cytokinins, carbohydrates and amino acids on somatic embryogenesis induction from shoot apices of pea

Studies were conducted to test the effects of various auxins, cytokinins, carbohydrates and amino acids on somatic embryogenesis from shoot apices of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultured on a sole medium. Picloram (4.5 μM) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (45 μM) were the most effective auxins. Addition of cytokinins (benzyladenine, zeatin, kinetin) to auxin-containing medium reduced embryo production. Amino acids (glutamine, alanine, proline) did not improve somatic embryogenesis. Carbohydrate seemed to be a critical factor. Embryogenic efficiency and embryo development were promoted by high carbohydrate concentration. The best results were obtained with fructose (252–504 mM); the number of somatic embryos per cultured explant was 3- to 4-fold higher compared to the control (84 mM sucrose). From these results, an optimized induction medium is proposed.

Osteogenic protein-1 promotes growth and maturation of chick sternal chondrocytes in serum-free cultures

We examined the effect of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, or bone morphogenetic protein-7), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family, on growth and maturation of day 11, 15 and 17 chick sternal chondrocytes in high density monolayers, suspension and agarose cultures for up to 5 weeks. OP-1 dose-dependently (10-50 ng/ml) promoted chondrocyte maturation associated with enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased mRNA levels and protein synthesis of type X collagen in both the presence and absence of serum. In serum-free conditions, OP-1 promoted cell proliferation and chondrocyte maturation, without requiring either thyroid hormone or insulin, agents known to support chick chondrocyte differentiation in vitro. When grown in agarose under the same conditions, TGF-beta 1 and retinoic acid neither initiated nor promoted chondrocyte differentiation. The results demonstrate that OP-1, as the sole medium supplement, supports the maturation of embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes in vitro.

The use of African languages as medium of instruction in Mozambique: problems and possibilities

According to the figures released after the 1980 census, about 75.6% of the Mozambican population does not speak Portuguese and only 1.2% of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. The rest of the population either speaks it as a second language or as a third language, yet Portuguese is the sole medium of instruction in the Mozambican formal education. This may be responsible for the poor performance in schools. The main objective of this article is to propose a suitable language policy for Mozambique which takes into consideration the linguistic situation of the country and the experiences of other African countries.

Visual Thinking in the English Department

On first glance, the application of Rudolf Amheim's work to the English classroom may seem a surprising one. After all, Amheim's work would seem more relevant in a classroom in the art department than in the English department. In fact, Arnheim's work fits very well into English studies, particularly in those classes enrolled in by students majoring in composition and rhetoric, technical and creative writing, and English education. It is there where writers, steeped in the tradition of verbal communication, come, sometimes unwillingly, to acknowledge that language is not the sole medium of thought and expression. This is a new and, at times, unsettling idea to most English students; after all, their facility with words has brought them considerable rewards. Thus, the value that they place on verbal thought and expression is considerable and is, in fact, central to their view of themselves and their work.

If Only she Didn't have Negro Blood in her Veins. The Concept of Métissage in German Colonial Literature

Compared to the span of activity of the other European powers, Germany's mere 35-year colonial commitment in Africa -from 1884 to 1918-was quite short. Nevertheless, it was sufficient to leave behind its legacy, particularly for German literature. For not only did the production of colonial literature survive the actual period, but, fostered by the patronage of National Socialist officials, this literature also achieved a veritable boom during the Third Reich. Crucially, this literature was, if not the sole medium, then the predominant medium in disseminating knowledge of the socalled Dark Continent and, therefore, it was capable of determining decisively the image of Africa for its contemporaries and later readers and authors.' One quite neglected aspect in researching German colonial literature in general and the German colonial image of Africa in particular is the depiction of Mischlinge, the offspring of the union married or unmarried -between Europeans and Africans. To be sure, representatives of this minority did enter German literature before Germany's appearance as a colonial power. This line may be traced as far back as, for example, the figure of Feirefiz in Parzifal or Toni in Die Verlobung in St. Domingo (The Betrothal in St. Domingo). But unlike these earlier portrayals, those in colonial literature are founded upon totally new assumptions. With the acquisition of Togo, the Cameroons, German East Africa, and

The CLED agar option in urine culture routine: A prospective and comparative evaluation

Current recommendations for routine urine culture are still inoculation of specimens in a combination of solid media, usually blood agar (BA) plus MacConkey agar (MK). We have performed a prospective blind study comparing the accuracy of CLED agar (C), as the sole medium, with classic procedure (BA + MK). We included 1157 urine samples plated on the three culture media simultaneously. After incubation for 20–22 hr at 37°C, the cultures were read by two of the authors independently. The cultures were evaluated according to standard criteria (BA + MK) considering a count above 10 4 CFU/ml as significant. The numbers of positive, negative, and contaminated cultures were 233, 764, and 160, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of CLED were 98% and 99%, respectively. Fastidious microorganisms were accurately detected on C agar as well as on BA + MK. Morphologic differentiation of colonies was easier with C agar, and time required for inoculating and reading the plates was logically less in the C group. As the productivity of C is similar to that of standard procedures, its economy and convenience make it a medium worth using for routine culture of urine samples.

Language in education: The case of Indonesia

Although over 400 languages are spoken in Indonesia, by 1986 60% of the population had some competence in the Indonesian national language, a substantial increase over 1971. Bahasa Indonesia was declared the state language in the 1945 constitution, and reformed spelling was agreed in 1972. It is the sole medium of instruction, except in the first three grades of elementary school in nine regions, where vernaculars may be used transitionally. Thereafter vernaculars are taught as school subjects. Bilingualism, and even multilingualism in Indonesian and one or more vernaculars and/or foreign languages is increasing, and despite the use of Indonesian for official documentary purposes at all levels it does not appear that vernaculars are dying out, although their spheres of use are restricted. Bahasa Indonesia fulfils the four functions: cognitive, instrumental, integrative and cultural, while vernaculars are only integrative and cultural. The curriculum of Indonesian, established centrally, is pragmatic or communicative. It is expressed in a standard syllabus for course books. This approach equally applies to foreign languages, which are introduced at secondary level, although here receptive reading is given more weight than productive skills. A full description of the syllabus organization of the various languages is given. Nonformal language learning also takes place, in the national basic education and literacy programme, which teaches Bahasa Indonesia, and in vocational courses in foreign languages for commerce.

A study of three blood culture media for isolating genital mycoplasmas from obstetrical and gynaecological patients

Mycoplasma species are often found colonising the female genital tract. Their ability to become invasive and pathogenic, however, is often ignored, since attempts may not be made to culture these organisms from the bloodstream. We have investigated the ability of three types of blood culture media to support the growth of genital mycoplasmas. The media studied included brain-heart infusion broth, brain-heart infusion broth supplemented with 30% V/V sucrose and fastidious anaerobe broth. Genital mycoplasmas were cultured from the latter medium only. Since this was the sole medium which was liquoid-free, the inhibitory effects of liquoid on Mycoplasma spp. is discussed. This study comprised an investigation of 75 patients in obstetric and gynaecological wards with postpartum or post-operative fever. Genital mycoplasmas were isolated from five (6.7%) patients, four with Ureaplasma urealyticum and one with M. hominis. The value of considering these organisms in the differential diagnosis of fever in 'at risk' patients and of including appropriate media for their isolation is emphasised.

The school as a bargaining point in language politics: The Belgian language law of 1932

Abstract It is commonly held that the French‐speaking population of Flanders, living mostly in the Brussels area, lost out heavily when Dutch was made the sole medium of instruction in their primary and secondary schools in 1932. The French speakers, it is argued, accepted the linguistic defeat out because in non‐linguistic terms it was also a victory for them, as political Liberals, over conservative Catholicism, since private Catholic schools would be treated no differently from state schools in the enforcement of Dutch‐medium instruction under the new legislation. The interpretation assumes that linguistic preferences are absolutes on which there is no compromise without the intervention of non‐linguistic considerations. But a closer analysis of primary sources suggests that the French‐speaking population of Flanders did envisage linguistic compromise, i.e. bilingualism, and used the Liberal vs. Catholic issue to win concessions for French in the emerging realignment of languages.

Nitrogen metabolism in the blue mycelia ofNeurospora crassa isolated from copper toxic cultures

The toxicity of copper on a sole nitrate medium containing KH2PO4 as the phosphate source has been studied inNeurospora crassa. Iron counteracted the copper toxicity by suppressing the copper uptake and restored complete growth at a lower iron-copper molar ratio. Nitrite reductase activity was inhibited (75%) in copper toxic cultures, while the nitrate reductase activity was unaltered. Nitrite accumulated in the medium; this indicated decreased conversion of nitrate to ammonia. Alanine transaminase was also inhibited in copper toxicity, resulting in an accumulation of keto acids. Iron could restore the nitrite reductase and the transaminase activities to about 70% of the control value. The accumulation of both nitrite and keto acids disappeared under conditions of reversal of copper toxicity by iron.

On the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in a Keynesian model

One of the central problems in macroeconomics is the comparison of the effectiveness of various monetary and fiscal policy measures for regulating output and employment. Opinions on this issue are quite varied. This paper analyses this controversy in the framework of a non-Walrasian model with price rigidities. It studies a monetary economy where money is the sole medium of exchange in the model ‘money buys goods and goods buy money; but goods do not buy goods’. The works of Benassy, Dreze, Malinvaud and Younes are utilised for constructing a model of Keynesian unemployment equilibrium.

Languages of instruction in Ireland 1904–1977

Since 1922 governments in the part of Ireland now called the Republic of Ireland have a policy of maintaining and spreading the Irish language. 26.6% of the population declared themselves speakers of Irish at the 1971 census, but probably only 0.98% live in areas where it predominates in everyday communication. No Irish-speaking area survives in Northern Ireland and there are no official figures available to indicate knowledge or use of the language. There has been considerable language development over the past hundred years: vocabulary extension has been steady though somewhat uncoordinated. The spelling and grammar standards of the Dublin Government's Translation staff (published between 1946 and 1961) have become accepted norms in both states. Under British rule teaching Irish in schools was permitted in 1878 and through the medium of Irish in 1904. In the state ruled from Dublin between 1922 and 1960 teacher training and school organisation aimed at establishing a completely Irish-language primary school environment both in Irish speaking and English speaking areas, but since 1965 this policy has been abandoned in practice. At secondary level English is now the sole medium of instruction in the vast majority of schools and the percentage of all-Irish-medium secondary schools is lower than at any time since 1924. The use of Irish at tertiary level is minimal. Administrative lack of commitment to the official policy is a plausible explanation of present trends in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland Irish is taught as a subject in 13% of the primary schools, 38% of secondary intermediate schools, 39% of grammar schools. There is one private all-Irish primary school. Irish is used as the medium of instruction for Irish language and literature courses at the New University of Ulster.

BILINGUAL SCHOOLING THROUGH THE ELEMENTARY GRADES: THE ST. LAMBERT PROJECT AT GRADE SEVEN1

This is the seventh annual report of a longitudinal study of the progress of two different groups of children following an educational program designed to develop proficiency in a second language by using that language as the sole medium of instruction in the early elementary years and as the major medium of instruction in the later elementary years. The two groups were in grades seven and six respectively at the time of the present testing. In May 1973, they were tested for achievement in English‐language skills, mathematical abilities, French‐language skills, and cognitive development. When possible their progress was compared with that of appropriate French or English control groups; otherwise, their progress was measured using norms from standardized tests. On all measures, the children in bilingual classes showed that this form of education has had no detrimental effects upon their academic, linguistic, or cognitive development. Furthermore, we saw that the pupils could communicate effectively, using their second language, with French Canadian agemates on a new task of communication skills.

On the Major Slutsky Properties When Money is the Sole Medium of Exchange

On the Major Slutsky Properties When Money is the Sole Medium of Exchange

Well Completions for Waterflood Operations

Abstract Reservoir conditions in Permian sand fields of West Texas present problems in waterflood operations unique to that area. These are caused by upper water-bearing formations; a series of sand lenses in the producing zone separated by shale, sandy shale and dolomite stringers and gas sands above the producing oil zones. In some fields bottom-hole water is present in the down dip area in the principal oil-producing oil zones. pointed out that the most satisfactory methods used to overcome these problems could apply to any area where an open hole completion would be possible. The paper presents a discussion of current completion practices for injection and producing wells. The methods by which properly completed wells help to solve the problems of thief zones, injection rates, maintaining properly treated water, and isolation of the sands to be flooded are presented. A method for completion of cable tool holes, where the operator may chip core and shoot the producing zone before running casing is discussed in detail. Introduction The essence of water flooding is to inject water continuously into the pore spaces of an oil reservoir at a rate that will result in the production of the maximum amount of commercially recoverable oil. Any mechanical, chemical, or biological processes that assist or detract from this endeavor are of vital importance. In its simplest aspect the problem then resolves itself into injecting the most suitable water available into an oil bearing formation at the right pressure. This involves spacing, pattern, water treating and well completions. Pore spaces refer to any openings through which fluid could pass. The scope of this paper concerns itself with well completions. Injection well completion is the most critical factor to waterflooding success. This for the simple reason that the injection well is the sole medium for directing the water to its function. In like manner producing wells must be completed so that all waterflood oil can be produced. It is an economic waste to continually attempt to work over a completed injection well, and it is a hazard to try to solve all problems by increasing injection pressures.