Solar Tracking Research Articles

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for Dual-Axis Solar Tracking Photovoltaic Systems

This research presents the design and implementation of an intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller for dual-axis solar tracking photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed controller integrates an advanced MPPT algorithm with a dual-axis solar tracker mechanism to optimize energy extraction from PV panels. Sensor data is utilized to dynamically adjust the solar tracker's orientation and the PV array's operating point simultaneously. The system's hardware and software components are developed, including a microcontroller, sensors, motor drivers, and control algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate improved energy yield and efficiency compared to conventional fixed-axis or single-axis tracking systems. Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking, Dual-Axis Solar Tracking, Photovoltaic Systems, Intelligent Control, Energy Optimization

Simulation and experimental study of grid-connected photovoltaic power plants in a hot desert climate with fixed and dual-axis tracking

ABSTRACT This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the performance of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants situated in a hot desert climate. The study employs a combination of simulation models and experimental data to assess the impact of two tracking systems – fixed and dual-axis – on the overall efficiency and energy yield of the PV installations. Through detailed simulations, we analyze the dynamic behavior of the PV systems under varying solar irradiance and the atmospheric conditions typical of hot desert environments. The dual-axis tracking system is compared against the conventional fixed-mount system to evaluate its effectiveness in maximizing energy production and improving the overall efficiency of the PV power plants. Experimental data collected from an actual grid-connected PV facility in a hot desert region is incorporated to validate the simulation results and enhance the accuracy of the study. The observed performance metrics include energy output, system reliability, and the impact of environmental factors on long-term sustainability. In general, in all weather conditions, solar tracking provides better yields than a fixed solar module, generating about 32% and 12% more energy in sunny and overcast weather conditions, respectively. Under sunny weather, the two-axis sun tracking system and a fixed tilt angle produce 333.228 kWh and 247.56 kWh of energy, respectively. The energy yield generated on a partly cloudy day by a two-axis sun tracking system and a fixed tilt angle PV system is 281.496 kWh and 257.856 kWh, respectively. In addition, the highest electricity gain for two-axis solar trackers versus fixed PV plants was found to be 34.6%, and the lowest value was found to be 9.16%. The experimental analysis shows that the efficiency of the polycrystalline PV module is 12% and 14% on sunny days and cloudy days, respectively. The comparison between fixed and dual-axis tracking systems contributes to the optimization of PV installations, enabling more informed decisions for sustainable energy production in regions characterized by high temperatures and intense solar radiation. To support the expanding applications of grid-tied PV systems with a sun tracker in the same or comparable location and climate conditions (Saharan environment), these studies have the practical utility of advising and offering helpful feedback to engineers, system designers, contractors, and investors.

Solar photovoltaic automatic tracking device based on IoT and BDS

Solar photovoltaic automatic tracking device based on IoT and BDS

Wave Tank Experiments Of A Novel Floating Photovoltaic System

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy, alongside other renewables, is expected to lead the energy sector. However, large-scale ground-mounted PV generation requires a significant amount of land, prompting conflict with other uses. On these grounds, floating PV (FPV) technology is gaining interest (Rosa-Clot and Tina, 2020). While commercial FPV is already being deployed on freshwater bodies, efforts are being undertaken towards harnessing solar energy on the untapped surface of the ocean (Oliveira-Pinto and Stokkermans, 2020). The main challenge is to develop a cost-effective technology capable of withstanding extreme environmental conditions whilst ensuring platform stability, to minimize misalignment of the solar panels that could result in significant efficiency loss (Claus and López, 2022). Several marine concepts have been proposed, with most of them leaning towards flexible design strategies, similar to those applied in freshwater (Claus and López, 2023). Researchers at the University of Oviedo, Spain, are developing a novel FPV system that is specifically designed for marine conditions, following a rigid design approach (Figure 1). The concept leverages the combination of two distinct elements: a double-axis solar tracker, maximizing solar energy generation, and a tension-leg platform (TLP), ensuring structural performance and stability. This research showcases the wave tank experiments, under regular wave action.

Solar Panel Sun-Rays Tracking and Cleaning System for Improvement in Power Efficiency

There is an increasing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and find more environmentally friendly ways to power the planet. An estimated 4 billion years will pass before the sun stops shining, making it a renewable natural power source. A sustainable method of generating electricity from the sun's energy is offered by solar power systems. In comparison with single axis solar tracker, a dual axis solar tracker tracks the sun at every instance hereby increasing the efficiency by 30-35%. In this system we have a solar panel which tracks the position of the sun and always try to remain perpendicular to sun rays. It will track the sun in all four directions i.e east-west and north-south. This paper focus more on Design of Dual tracking system, which includes installation of GPS and RTC system, stored energy usage for application , periodic cleaning in order to maintain efficiency of panel and comparative analysis of stored energy. Alternative, less expensive options have been suggested because the solar tracking equipment is expensive to manufacture.The goal of this effort is to create a solar dual tracking system model that includes solar panel cleaning as well.

Low Cost Low Power TEG Based Generator Including Passive Solar Tracking and Passive Cooling Processes

This study designs and investigates thermoelectric generators (TEGs) as a means of using solar energy to produce energy. The sun’s rays were concentrated on a generator using a Fresnel lens to produce a system that can produce energy suitable for low-power applications. The system was designed to generate energy during the mid-day period when solar radiation is most intense. Solar tracking systems can be used to follow the movement of the sun to maintain output; however the energy required by the tracking system can be a significant proportion of the energy produced by the system. The tracking system developed in this study is based on a linear mechanism with low energy consumption. Four serially connected TEGs were used and the sun’s rays were made to fall continuously on a surface material to which the hot surfaces of TEGs were connected. The TEGs were cooled using an passive cooler. The system was found to produce a maximum power of 13.31 W at a voltage of 9.78 V.

Energy Production Optimization by Positioning of Solar Panels and Surveillance System with Cleaning of Panels

The pursuit of efficient and sustainable energy generation has led to the widespread adoption of solar panels. However, the optimal performance of these panels can be hindered by factors such as dirt accumulation, suboptimal orientation, and security concerns. To address these challenges, we propose an integrated Solar Panel Tracking, Cleaning, and Surveillance System (SPTCSS). Our system employs advanced tracking technology to optimize solar panel orientation, ensuring maximum exposure to sunlight throughout the day. Additionally, it incorporates automated cleaning mechanisms, utilizing water and brushes to remove dust, debris, and other contaminants, thereby maintaining peak efficiency. Furthermore, the surveillance aspect of the system provides real-time monitoring and security features, safeguarding against theft, vandalism, and unauthorized access. Through a network of sensors and cameras, any anomalies or suspicious activities can be promptly detected and addressed. By integrating tracking, cleaning, and surveillance functionalities into a single system, our solution offers a comprehensive approach to enhancing the performance, longevity, and security of solar panel installations. This not only maximizes energy generation but also minimizes maintenance requirements and mitigates risks, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and reliable renewable energy infrastructure

Solar Tracking Methods: A Comprehensive Survey

Abstract: In the pursuit of maximizing solar energy utilization, solar tracking systems have emerged as indispensable tools for enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This comprehensive survey delves into the multifaceted landscape of solar tracking methods, elucidating the diverse techniques and strategies employed in optimizing solar panel orientation relative to the sun's position Solar tracking systems are classified into two primary categories: single-axis and dual-axis tracking. Single-axis tracking systems adjust solar panels along one axis, typically the azimuth axis, while dual-axis tracking systems dynamically alter both azimuth and elevation angles to accurately follow the sun's apparent motion across the sky.Within the realm of solar tracking, passive and active tracking methods are explored. Passive tracking mechanisms rely on natural phenomena such as gravity or thermal expansion to adjust panel orientation, whereas active tracking systems employ mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic actuators driven by motors or other means to actively adjust panel angles based on real-time tracking algorithms.A pivotal aspect of solar tracking systems is the selection and implementation of tracking algorithms. Various algorithms, including sun position algorithms, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and predictive algorithms, are analyzed for their effectiveness in accurately predicting and optimizing solar panel orientation.Furthermore, this survey scrutinizes the role of sensor technologies in solar tracking, encompassing GPS-based tracking, light-intensity-based tracking, weather-based tracking utilizing meteorological sensors, and horizon tracking techniques. These sensor-based methodologies offer different advantages and trade-offs in terms of accuracy, cost, and reliability. To provide a comprehensive understanding, comparative analyses are conducted, evaluating the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and energy yield of different tracking methods. These comparative assessments offer valuable insights into the performance characteristics and suitability of various tracking methodologies across diverse applications and environmental conditions.In conclusion, this survey serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers involved in the design, development, and optimization of solar tracking systems for renewable energy applications. By synthesizing the latest advancements and comparative analyses, this survey facilitates informed decision-making and fosters the advancement of sustainable solar energy technologies.

Fixed non-random orientation to the Sun (conversotropism) in two window-flowered greenhood orchids, Diplodium spp. (Orchidaceae: Pterostylidinae); implications for other window flowers and pollinator behaviour

Abstract Many plant species orient their flowers to the Sun. Such orientations may be dynamic (heliotropism or solar tracking) or static, adopting fixed non-random azimuths to points on the daily arc of the Sun (conversotropism as defined herein). Two cauline greenhood orchid species, Diplodium reflexum and D. ampliatum (Pterostylidinae), are shown to be negatively conversotropic and non-heliotropic. Cauline greenhoods are trap and window flowers having large translucent light panels that glow when backlit flowers are viewed from the front. Conversotropism in greenhoods is thought to maximize light transmission through the window panels to manipulate the behaviour of fungus gnat pollinators. Conversotropism is so far documented in only seven species in five plant families, but is likely to be more widespread. The general characteristics of conversotropism are summarized and a new two stage model of window function in greenhoods is proposed. Window flowers in the Lady Slipper orchids (Cypripedium) and in Arums of the genus Arisaema are also predicted to be conversotropic. The evolution of conversotropism in cauline greenhoods highlights the importance of floral windows in these orchids. The highly unusual trap flowers may use light both as a pollinator attractant and repellent at different stages of the pollination process. Greenhoods appear to exploit the instinct of flies to escape confinement and the behaviours enabling it. This probably also applies to other trap flowers and adds insect escape behaviours to the many other drives, instincts, and behaviours exploited by plants for pollination.

The Solar Tracker Prototype Based on Arduino Uno

The placement of solar panels to capture solar energy is generally installed in a certain and fixed position (static). The dynamic change in the sun's position from east to west at any time means that the solar panels absorb less energy. So, installing an automatic driving device on the solar panel to adjust its perpendicular position to the sun's rays is very necessary. This Solar Tracker tool has 4 light sensors that function to identify the intensity of sunlight as a signal entered by the Arduino Uno microcontroller. This information is then processed to become a signal to drive horizontal and vertical servo motors. The shaft of this motor is connected to the mechanical circuit of the solar panel via a gearbox to carry out movement. A comparator will compare sunlight information and a reference voltage to control the rotation of the servo motor which can determine the time needed for the motor to rotate or stop. The research results on solar panels using a tracker were that the best voltage and current values were obtained between 12.00 – 13.00 WIB with an average voltage value of 11.45 V and an average current value of 0.49A.

Optimal energy collection with rotational movement constraints in concentrated solar power plants

In concentrated solar power (CSP) plants based on parabolic trough collectors (PTC), the sun is tracked at discrete time intervals, with each interval representing a movement of the collector system. The act of moving heavy mechanical structures can lead to the development of cracks, bending, and/or displacement of components from their optimal optical positions. This, in turn, diminishes the overall energy capture performance of the entire system. In this context, we introduce two combinatorial optimization problems of great interest to PTC plants. The minimum tracking motion (MTM) problem is aimed at detecting the minimum number of movements needed while maintaining production within a given range. The maximal energy collection (MEC) problem seeks to achieve optimal energy production within a predetermined number of movements. Both problems are solved assuming scenarios where the energy collection function contains any number of local maximums/minimums due to optical errors of the elements in the PTC system. The MTM and MEC problems are solved in O(n) time and O(n2mω∗) time respectively, where n is the number of steps in the energy collection function, m the maximum number of movements of the solar structure, and ω∗ the maximal amplitude angle that the structure can cover. The advantages of the solutions are shown in realistic experiments. While these problems can be solved in polynomial time, we establish the NP-hardness of a slightly modified version of the MEC problem. The proposed algorithms are generic and can be adapted to schedule solar tracking in other CSP systems.

An experimental study of the effect of solar tracking technology on the performance of a single phase open thermosyphon: a case study

ABSTRACT Recently, an increase in the demand for evacuated tube solar water heaters has been observed in Iraq due to their acceptable thermal efficiency, which reduces the dependence on electrical energy to heat water for domestic uses. The efficiency of the evacuated tube increases with the amount of received solar radiation. Therefore, in the present work, the evacuated tube has been installed at the center of the parabola cylinder to focus more sunlight on its surface. Since the sun has a relative movement concerning the earth, which is variable from one season to another, and during the day from sunrise to sunset, heating water with an evacuated tube solar water heater (ETSWH) has fluctuating temperatures. An effective technique for increasing the efficiency of a solar water heating system is solar tracking technology, which exploits solar radiation continuously during the day. The LDRs were utilized as sensors, and a 12 V linear actuator have been used to guide the position of the modified trough solar water heater (MTSWH). A microcontroller board (Arduino Uno) implements the program code (software part). The MTSWH was experimentally tested, and the results showed that installing a single-phase open thermosyphon evacuated tube at the focus of the parabolic cylinder (MTSWH) increased the thermal efficiency by 16.5%. Moreover, the implementation of solar tracking system led to an increase in the outlet water temperature by 32% and ensured a continuous supply of water throughout the day at high temperatures compared to the conventional trough solar water heater (CTSWH). This study revealed that the MTSWH performance results showed good agreement with previous studies.

Contribution to the Optimization of the Energy Efficiency of Fixed Collector Panel and Solar Tracking Systems Aimed at Technical-Economic Forecasting

Contribution to the Optimization of the Energy Efficiency of Fixed Collector Panel and Solar Tracking Systems Aimed at Technical-Economic Forecasting

Performance Evaluation of a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Module at Different Solar Irradiance

Abstract The existing and available fossil energy sources may not be enough to even out the increasing energy demand. These fossil sources are also depleting and may be exhausted sooner than later. The easiest to access energy source is solar energy. It requires no maintenance and is non-polluting. However, the inefficient conversion of photovoltaic (PV) modules in a PV system remains a major concern. This downside is substantially impacted by the amount of solar irradiance. Using a solar tracking system, the output of solar PV systems can be boosted mechanically or electrically. Their temperature and solar irradiance greatly influence the efficiency of PV modules in various configurations. These operating factors also contribute to the high costs of establishing an optimum PV system power output. In this research was utilized to model and simulate a solar photovoltaic (PV) module at different solar irradiance. This gives the P-V and I-V plots used for performance evaluation. Results of the simulation show that the current drop with the decrease in solar irradiance and the maximum and minimum power by the photovoltaic (PV) module is at 1000 and 400 respectively at a constant temperature of 25OC. The results also revealed a higher significant short-circuit Isc compared to the open-circuit Voc when employing standard test condition (STC) parameters for various PV modules at different operating conditions.

Solar Tracker Enhances Energy Yield by Over 35%

Solar Tracker Enhances Energy Yield by Over 35%

Improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaics by means of geothermal cooling: A year-long test campaign

Heating up of photovoltaic modules during operation results in a significant power output reduction. This effect is especially relevant in regions with the highest photovoltaic potential, where irradiance and ambient temperature are particularly high. In this paper, a novel low enthalpy geothermal cooling system that improves the efficiency of a commercial solar module is described and experimentally validated. Two heat exchangers, one attached to the backside of the module, and another introduced inside a 15 m deep borehole, are connected in a closed circuit. A water-based coolant is pumped through the system, evacuating the excess heat from the module, and dissipating it underground in a clean and efficient manner, without additional water consumption after filling the system.The performance of the cooling system was experimentally tested by implementing it, for the first time, in a single-axis solar tracking isolated photovoltaic facility. Extensive tests were carried out in Spain, between September 2021 and August 2022 under a wide variety of environmental conditions. The efficiency improvement system has demonstrated its technical feasibility over a one-year period, showing a peak net efficiency improvement up to 13.4 %. Moreover, a positive net efficiency improvement has been demonstrated all year long, even during the winter months.

Raspberry Pico Based Dual Axis Smart Solar Tracking System

One of the most critical global concerns is the energy crisis, which has led to a growing emphasis on renewable energy solutions. Solar panels have become increasingly popular in recent years as they efficiently convert solar energy into electrical energy. Their affordability and minimal environmental impact make them a preferred choice. Solar panels release electromagnetic radiation during electricity production. The primary objective is to develop an effective autonomous solar tracking system that constantly adjusts the solar panel's position to remain perpendicular to the sun's rays. In this system, a photoresistor serves as the sensor, detecting sunlight to facilitate automatic adjustments. Both horizontal and vertical axes on the dual-axis solar panel are rotated to enhance device efficiency. This dual-axis mechanism provides precise control over the panel's elevation relative to the sun, ensuring optimal energy capture. Solar tracking systems are specifically designed to maximize solar panel efficiency by aligning them with the sun's position throughout the day. These systems utilize sensors and motors to continuously adjust the panel's orientation, resulting in increased energy production and a better return on investment compared to fixed solar panels.

Solar Powered Air Purification and Cooling

This paper presents a pioneering approach to address indoor air quality challenges in urban residential spaces through the integration of solar power and advanced technology. The developed system leverages dual-axis solar tracker technology for efficient energy harvesting and storage, ensuring continuous operation. Automation driven by energy-efficient algorithms orchestrates indoor air filtration using sensors and advanced filters to remove dust and toxic gases effectively. A key innovation is the integration of renewable energy with air purification, contributing to sustainable urban practices and healthier living environments. Central to this system is an intelligent air quality monitoring framework, based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller, facilitating real-time assessment of indoor air quality. Rigorous testing and residential experiments validated the system's capability in accurately monitoring air quality indicators. The findings highlight the potential impact of this system in mitigating the transmission of airborne viruses and pollutants, thereby enhancing indoor air quality significantly. This project represents a crucial step towards creating sustainable and healthier urban living environments. Key Words: indoor air quality, solar power, air purification, intelligent monitoring, urban sustainability.

Optimizing solar panel maximum power point tracking and parasitic parameter extraction in partial shading with Enhanced Slime Mold optimization

Solar energy offers several environmental, economic, and energy security advantages. Parasitic parameters and shading on solar panels can reduce efficiency. This paper presents a bio-inspired Enhanced Slime Mold (ESM) algorithm search strategy to find near-optimal power points by simulating the behaviour of slime molds in a virtual environment. In a solar panel, proposed ESM provides not only for parameter extraction but also serves as Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) during Partial Shading Conditions (PSC). The proposed ESM dynamic behaviour is examined under solar irradiation and various temperature conditions. The effectiveness of proposed technique has been validated by extracting parameters from conventional polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules in the form of a 5 S–5P arrangement. In the instance of MPPT operation, the proposed ESM algorithm is compared with Ant Bee Colony and Perturb& Observe (ABC-PO) to determine its efficacy. Moreover, during extraction of unknown parameters of solar cell ESM is compared with existing optimization algorithms such as Artificial Bee Swarm Optimization (ABSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Covariant Matrix (CM), Ant Bee Colony (ABC), and Advanced Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO). In this connection, proposed ESM algorithm is superior to the above-mentioned algorithms due to high accuracy, a smaller number of computations, and minimum computational time.

An open-loop control algorithm for improved tracking in a heliostat

The growing energy demand and its relation to climate change have driven the search for sustainable alternatives, such as concentrated solar energy. In this context, heliostats play a crucial role by reflecting and concentrating solar light onto a receiver. However, traditional control approaches based on geographical data have limitations. This study introduces an autonomous control system for heliostats that eliminates the need for preloaded geographical data. The approach is based on communication between the heliostat and the solar tracker, with two configuration modes: map calibration and automatic. Centralized and autonomous heliostats are distinguished, with the latter being the focus of the study. Autonomous heliostats have their own control system and can make decisions regarding positioning and safety. The methodology involves a mathematical algorithm that calculates the optimal rotation and tilt of the heliostat to redirect light toward a target. Simulation and physical prototype testing validate a remarkable consistency between simulated and experimental data. A key result is the surprising similarity of 97.9% between the obtained data, validating the algorithm's effectiveness. This study provides a robust approach for designing autonomous heliostat control systems, integrating simulation and experimentation. These results support the algorithm's precision and ability to direct solar radiation effectively. Expanding towards autonomous control and complete heliostat system evaluation facilitates the path toward more efficient and sustainable concentrated solar energy.