Solar Control Research Articles

Analysis of Saving Electrical Load Costs With a Hybrid Source of PLN-PLTS 500 Wp

Short-term and long-term energy needs and consumption in the provision and use of sustainable energy nationally, require strategic directions and steps to achieve. The strategic directions and steps are contained in the National Energy Policy (KEN) which has been stipulated in PP. 79 of 2014 concerning KEN. KEN is an implementation of the mandate of Law no. 30 of 2007 concerning Energy. Apart from being used as primary energy for power generation, NRE is also being developed as energy that is used directly by the user sector. At this time the type of EBT that is most widely used by users is PLTS, in addition to its simple construction and heat sources can be obtained anywhere, this is also the government's recommendation to achieve the PLTS development target. In fact, until now, consumers are still very less willing to use PLTS in meeting their electrical energy needs, this is due to several problems, including the high cost of PLTS construction, besides that the material costs are also relatively expensive. In this study, an overview of the calculation of how much cost can be saved or saved if the energy source used is a Hybrid between PLN and PLTS 500 Wp which is used alternately in supplying the electrical load of a simple house. with specifications of 2 solar panels of 250 wp each, 2 batteries of 100 Ah each, 130 solar panel control and 1300 watt inverter. The cost of electricity charges paid monthly before using PLTS Roof ranges from 300 to 400 thousand rupiah, After using PLTS Roof, the monthly electricity costs are 200 to 300 thousand rupiah, the average monthly savings is 100 thousand rupiah, if you take into account the investment costs will return in 1 year, the average material life of PLTS is around 20 years. The cost savings in electricity costs are around Rp. 22.800.000,- in 20 years. Economically, this value is still very small, but it has succeeded in saving electricity costs per month, and increasing the use of Renewable Energy

Modeling and Performance of a Buck Converter Based on ‘Fuzzy Logic Soft Computing Technique’ for Low Voltage Operations

This present paper details a ‘fuzzy logic soft computing technique’ of designing a controller for a buck converter operating at low voltages. The dc – dc buck converters find applications in solar energy technologies where they are used in solar control charging systems, battery charging systems, drones, in the automotive industry where there is integration of the engine and dc-dc motor drives resulting in hybrid electric drives or vehicle’s. Conventional controllers that is the proportional derivative control (pid) have dominated the control engineering field from the time of invention, however, these controllers present increased overshoot and a long time to achieve steady-state conditions. In this regard since fuzzy logic has intelligent capabilities, then a fuzzy logic soft computing-based controller is proposed in this paper. A mathematical analysis of the dc-dc buck design is also given and the modeling of the fuzzy logic control algorithms that avoids mathematical analysis is also discussed. Fuzzy control is one of the soft computing tools that consists of the observation made by people and their decision based on non-numerical information is also discussed. The performance analysis of the fuzzy controller is determined under constant load and variable decreasing voltage conditions. The analysis and simulation of the dynamic response in closed-loop frequency response are conducted in the Simulink platform in Matlab. The proposition of control is executed on a dc-dc step down converter for an input of 12V. This proposed fuzzy logic control technique provides a dc – dc buck converter system with increased overall operating efficiency and a very stable output.

Energy modelling and saving potential of polymeric solar-responsive thermochromic window films

Windows are often considered the weakest components in the thermal envelope driven by their low thermal resistances and static transmittances to solar gains. While low-E coatings improve the former, climate-responsive coatings that adjust their thermo-optical properties in response to changing boundary conditions are promising to address the latter. In particular, thermochromic films are passive technologies that rely on intrinsic material properties to adapt to varying ambient conditions and are more accessible with simpler structures than their active counterparts; hence, they prevail for solar control applications. However, the nature of current building energy simulation tools imposes limitations on evaluating their performance. In this article, a 1-D transient heat transfer model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the annual heating and cooling energy performance of thermochromic glazing while overcoming several limitations of current building energy simulation tools by accounting for spectral-selectivity, gradual transmittance change, hysteresis behaviour, and delayed switching time. The model was benchmarked against EnergyPlus, and the annual energy performance of a representative room was then evaluated for several double-glazing configurations, window-wall ratios, and exposures in the cold and hot climates of Toronto, ON and Abu Dhabi, UAE, respectively, while quantifying the effects of varying the hysteresis width and switching time. The results showed that commercial thermochromic glazing outperformed clear and low-E windows for both climate conditions. In particular, for a window-wall ratio of 80 % and compared to clear reference glazing, annual energy use intensity reductions up to 6.3 kWh/m2 and 12 kWh/m2 were realized in Toronto and Abu Dhabi, respectively, utilizing a glazing configuration that combined exterior thermochromic and interior low-E coated panes, where the latter helped in increasing the former’s temperature causing it to switch at lower ambient temperatures.. While the typical 30-minute switching time of thermochromic coatings was found to increase the annual energy use intensity by up to 0.5 kWh/m2, a 5 °C hysteresis reduced the annual cooling energy use intensity by up to 0.2 kWh/m2 in Abu Dhabi. Less significant effects and savings were found for lower window-wall ratios, particularly in Toronto, where the coating rarely reached temperatures higher than 45 °C.

Study of the Optical, Structural and Morphological Properties of Electrodeposited Copper Manganese Sulfide (CuMnS) Thin Films for Possible Device Applications

Semiconductor thin films of CuMnS have been deposited onto conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate using an electrodeposition method to investigate their properties for possible applications. Copper sulfate, manganese sulfate and Thiourea were precursors used for sources of copper, manganese and sulphur ions respectively. The concentration of manganese ions was varied while keeping deposition voltage and time constant at 0.6 and 100 s, respectively. The films were characterized for optical, structural and morphological properties. The results obtained showed that the absorbance of the films is high in the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions but decreases towards NIR. The films transmittance is low in the VIS but increased in the NIR regions. The extinction coefficient is low in the VIS and NIR regions and decreases as concentration of manganese ion increased. The refractive index is high and initially increased slightly from 4.49 to 4.68 in the mid-VIS region while manganese concentration increased from 0.05 to 0.15 M and then decreased to the value of 2.73 as concentration of manganese ion increased further. The optical conductivity is high throughout the VIS and NIR regions while the optical bandgap energy is in the range of 1.5 to 2.05 eV and increases as manganese ion concentration increased. The XRD analysis showed that the deposited thin films of CuMnS are crystalline with average crystallite size and micro-strain in the range of 15.86 - 24. 45 nm and 3.97×10–3 - 6.13×10–3, respectively. The SEM results showed that the films are composed of particle sizes that are spherical in shape, uniform in sizes and densely packed together and consequently make the film surface rough. These properties exhibited by the films make them good materials for applications in photovoltaic calls, solar control coatings, photothermal applications and many other electronic devices that require high temperatures.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 This paper focused on the study of the effect of manganese ion concentration on the chalcogenide semiconductor thin films of CuMnS for possible device applications
 Electrodeposition method was used to fabricate the semiconductor thin films of CuMnS
 Optical, Structural and morphological properties of the thin films were characterized
 The deposited thin films of CuMnS were found to have good applications for photovoltaic cells and other optoelectronic device fabrications
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Site-Selective Ion Intercalation Controls Spectral Response in Electrochromic Hexagonal Tungsten Oxide Nanocrystals

The electrochromism of tungsten oxide occurs through electrochemical reduction, providing active solar control to smart windows, but control over the spectral response is limited and largely empirical. To determine how specific chemical changes result in the optical absorption processes responsible for coloration, we pair structurally well-defined electrochromic nanocrystals (NCs) with cations of varying ionic radii to limit intercalation into specific crystallographic sites. The localized surface plasmon absorption of hexagonal cesium-doped tungsten oxide (Cs:WO3) NCs is enhanced, and new absorption features appear, depending on how the cations intercalate into various interstitial voids. These differences were rationalized using X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies to reveal the chemical and structural changes leading to the observed variations in the electrochemically induced absorption spectra. Smaller cations, Na+ and Li+, can access additional interstitial sites, leading to a secondary, polaronic mechanism of electrochromism, accounting for enhanced visible light absorption.

Electrical Switching of Nematic Plasmonic Nanocolloids for Infrared Solar Gain Control

AbstractControlling solar gain is essential to reduce the energy consumption by residential and commercial buildings, which are responsible for ≈40% of all energy generated globally. However, the dynamic control of solar gain in the near‐infrared that corresponds to ≈50% of the overall Sun's energy at the Earth's surface, separately from the visible spectral range has been a challenge, albeit commercial coatings provide passive control while retaining highly visible transmission. To address this problem, in this paper switchable silver colloids (SSCs) are demonstrated, colloidal analogs of the common silver coatings used for solar gain control. When dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal, orientations of such plasmonic silver nanoplates are controlled by ≈1 V low‐voltage electric fields, allowing for sub‐second switching of the near‐infrared‐based solar gain. Installed and retrofit products made from thin films of such nanoplate dispersions confined between glass and plastic substrates, respectively, exhibit electrically controlled infrared‐based solar gain while retaining high visible‐range transparency, low haze, and high color rendering index. This study's findings reveal a great potential of soft‐matter systems in addressing energy‐related problems.

Experimental Evaluation of Thermal and Lighting Performance Using Double Dynamic Insulated Glazing

Designing windows in hot climates that allow occupants to easily control their preferences in a smart home is of considerable importance. This paper aims to contribute to this topic by examining the potential of a smart window system that has double dynamic insulated glazing (DDIG) in preventing heat gain and maximising daylight indoors, considering smart privacy protection during both the day and the night. A small-scale model was developed to examine the proposed window system. Test cell temperature, glass surface temperature and indoor illumination lux were investigated. The results showed that the DDIG had high solar heat control inside the test cell, with a significant reduction of 2.5 °C compared with the common glazing of translucent glass used in Najran City, Saudi Arabia. At high solar irradiation intensities, no significant differences in controlling the heat gain to the test cell were found between coloured DDIG (DDIG-colo) and transparent DDIG (DDIG-trans). A graded reduction between DDIG-trans and DDIG-colo was found with decreasing solar intensity, which was found to be 15%, 10% and 8.7% at irradiation intensities of 200, 400 and 600 W/m2, respectively. The DDIG transparencies maintained the illumination lux with higher reduction under low solar irradiation. The DDIG also provided privacy protection and granted user preferences for outdoor connections.

Contactless Inline IV Measurement of Solar Cells Using an Empirical Model

The current–voltage measurement is the most important measurement in solar cell quality control. As the contacting process of cells results in mechanical stress and consumes a significant amount of measurement time, this work presents an IV characterization based on contactless measurements only. An empirical model is introduced that can derive the full IV curve and IV parameters as the open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and efficiency. As a basis, a series of photoluminescence and contactless electroluminescence images and spectral reflectance measurements are used. An advantage of the model's convolutional neural network design lies in the semantic compression of local image structures across the input data. Within an ablation study, it is shown that the empirical model is well suited to combine these data sources, which is the optimal input configuration for contactless IV derivation. The accuracy, e.g., with an error in efficiency of and correlation of over 99%, is similar to comparing two contacting IV measurement devices. The contactless IV curves also have a close fit to their contacted counterparts. Within simulations on module level, it is demonstrated that contactless binning performs as well as contacting binning and does not result in any additional mismatch loss.

Solar Powered Water Pumping System Automation and Control Using a Microcontroller for Aquaculture

This work represents an automated solar-powered water pumping system for a fish farm located off-grid in a rural area of Pakistan. The ultrasonic water level sensor is used with the microcontroller Arduino UNO to automate the pumping system. The water level sensor is connected to the microcontroller based on the sensor programming and sensor data extraction from the water ponds of the fish farm. The microcontroller controls the water pump automatically to switch ON/OFF. This solution is very cost-effective for local farmers, and no human is needed on the site to monitor and operate the water pumping system for the fish farm. The designed system can reduce labor costs and effectively provide fish farms a smooth automated water pumping system.

The Role of Light Shelf and Window Size on Daylight Performance of an Architecture Studio

Daylight affects our health and comfort. Recently, occupants face thermal and visual comfort problems due to the lack of solar control elements and improper design decisions of glazed surfaces. Recent studies show that solar control systems and window-based variables are some of the most significant variables which influence daylight performance. This study aims to test various combinations of window sizes and light shelf scenarios for a uniform distribution of daylight and visual comfort of occupants in two architecture studios in the İzmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH) Campus. In scenarios; window size and location, exterior and interior light shelves’ height, incline angle, and materials are tested. It is concluded that variables significantly improved the uniform distribution of daylight of both studios and sun patch areas of the south/east-oriented studio. Also, the artificial light requirement of the south/west-oriented studio is improved by 29.36% and 31.75% for the 21st of June and December respectively.

On the Optical Characterization of Architectural Three-Dimensional Skins and Their Solar Control Potential

The use of second building skins is becoming a trademark in modern architecture, opening for innovative solutions, such as three-dimensional (3D) systems. This paper explores the potential of these systems to provide adequate solar protection to glazed façades by means of an advanced optical characterization. Spectral transmittance and reflectance of fourteen samples, belonging to several technological families, are measured with a built-in spectrophotometer, suitable to accurately characterize complex semi-transparent systems. Solar and lighting properties are then calculated. The normal optical properties strongly depend on the openness factor, thus the geometry primarily affects the performance. A total of 11 samples exhibit normal solar transmittance in the 40–53% range; the value decreases to 20% for the plissé metal grid and increases to 70% on average for metal meshes. The angular transmittance depends on the system texture geometry and its self-shading capabilities. It was found that such systems underperform as static conventional shading systems; however, one of the metal meshes, the plissé grid and the plastic grid exhibit relevant angular selectivity, with transmittance decay at 60° in the 58–72% range compared to the normal incidence value. The results show that some of the selected 3D systems provide adequate solar protection. The developed dataset can be used for early-stage design analyses, as well as for energy performance model input and validation.

Improvement of power quality in grid-connected hybrid system with power monitoring and control based on internet of things approach

Purpose. This article proposes a new control monitoring grid connected hybrid system. The proposed system, improvement of power quality is achieved with internet of things power monitoring approach in solar photovoltaic grid system network. The novelty of the proposed work consists in presenting solar power monitoring and power control based internet of things algorithm, to generate DC voltage and maintain the constant voltage for grid connected hybrid system. Methods. The proposed algorithm which provides sophisticated and cost-effective solution for measuring the fault and as maximum power point tracking assures controlled output and supports the extraction of complete power from the photovoltaic panel. The objective of the work is to monitor and control the grid statistics for reliable and efficient delivery of power to a hybrid power generation system. Internet of things is regarded as a network comprising of electronic embedded devices, physical objects, network connections, and sensors enabling the sensing, analysis, and exchange of data. The proposed control technique strategy is validated using MATLAB/Simulink software and real time implementation to analysis the working performances. Results. The results obtained show that the power quality issue, the proposed system to overcome through monitoring of fault solar panel and improving of power quality. The obtained output from the hybrid system is fed to the grid through a 3ϕ voltage source inverter is more reliable and maintained power quality. The power obtained from the entire hybrid setup is measured by the sensor present in the internet of things-based module. In addition to that, the photovoltaic voltage is improved by a boost converter and optimum reliability is obtained with the adoption of the perturb & observe approach. The challenges in the integration of internet of things – smart grid must be overcome for the network to function efficiently. Originality. Compensation of power quality issues, grid stability and harmonic reduction in distribution network by using photovoltaic based internet of things approach is utilized along with sensor controller. Practical value. The work concerns a network comprising of electronic embedded devices, physical objects, network connections, and sensors enabling the sensing, analysis, and exchange of data. In this paper, internet of things sensors are installed in various stages of the smart grid in a hybrid photovoltaic –wind system. It tracks and manages network statistics for safe and efficient power delivery. The study is validated by the simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink software and real time implementation.

Paleo-vegetation and climate variability during the last three millennia in the Ladakh, Himalaya

Unlike other parts of the world, the high-resolution past climate (monsoonal) record of Northwestern Himalaya is limited and such paucity of data on climatic records hinders the past climatic understanding which further reduces the possibility of future prediction. In this study, high-resolution centennial to millennial-scale regional vegetation changes and associated climatic variability (Indian Summer Monsoon) is being reconstructed from a sedimentary profile of Shakti Wetland, Ladakh Northwestern Himalaya deposited during the Late Holocene. The reconstructed climate and vegetation record is based on a multi-proxy approach which are pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), stable isotopes (δ13Corg, δ15Nbulk), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) derived from sedimentary profile spanning the last ∼ 3200 cal yr BP. A substantial variability in the ISM strengths was found throughout the profile covering the time span of ∼ 3230–740 cal yr BP. The peak warm and wet condition occurred during ∼ 2890 to 2630 cal yr BP, inferred from the rise in an alpine meadow, dry steppe, and marshy taxa. This interval is characterized by relatively lower δ15N suggesting increased nitrification. The first evidence of Cerealia pollen indicated that human settlement near the study area might have initiated around ∼ 2700 cal yr BP. Pollen data show a mixed forest type vegetation from ∼ 2630–2130 cal yr BP. The increase in alpine taxa suggests a wet phase from ∼ 1280 to 740 cal yr BP which globally corresponds to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). In addition, spectral analysis on the δ13C proxy shows multiple periodicities during the last ∼ 3200 cal yr BP reinforcing the idea of solar control on climate variability of Ladakh.

Study of Natural Ventilation and Solar Control Strategies to Improve Energy Efficiency and Environmental Quality in Glazed Heated Swimming Pools in a Dry Mediterranean Climate

This paper studies the energy behavior of several public heated swimming pools with semi-transparent covers located in southeastern Spain with high consumption of their air-conditioning installations. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the influence of solar radiation on the energy performance of this type of building and to demonstrate that the use of passive systems such as natural ventilation and solar control enhance the energy efficiency in glazed heated swimming pools in a warm semi-arid climate. The methodology used consisted of on-site measurements of current hygrometric behaviour and a study of alternative solutions by simulation of virtual models with improved hygrothermal conditions. In the on-site measurements, thermographic images were used to analyse the thermal envelope and hot-wire probe measurements to determine the temperature distribution and air velocity inside the pool enclosure. For the study of alternative solutions, simulations were carried out, including an analysis of incident solar radiation and different natural ventilation and solar control solutions. The results obtained showed that the current hygrothermal behaviour of the interior spaces does not comply with the regulations on the thermal quality of the indoor environment. The results show that the proposed natural ventilation and solar control solutions substantially improved the hygrothermal properties and energy savings of the pools analysed. This work offers an alternative solution that avoids the implementation of costly air conditioning systems and the energy consumption of installations, promoting more sustainable renovations that contribute to improving the indoor comfort of users with interventions that are compatible with existing buildings.

Towards the scale-up of solid-state, low-emissive electrochromic films, fabricated on a single substrate with novel electrolyte formulations

This experimental work reports the activities of design, fabrication and characterization of an innovative solid-state electrochromic device, deposited on a single substrate with high transparency in the bleached conditions and a wide modulation of transmittance (ΔT of 60% at 750 nm) both in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. A tailored formulation of the solid electrolytes, based on sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymer dispersions and the accurate design of a suitable layer of porous tin oxide nanoparticles provided high coloration and bleaching kinetics and recovery of the pristine conditions, even after 500 complete cycles. Devices were scaled-up to 10 × 10 cm2 size, without mechanical and aesthetic defects and relevant homogeneity, throughout the coloration and bleaching processes. Furthermore, this device shows the further feature to be a low-emissivity dynamic solar control film, highly compatible with integration within insulated glazed units.

Controlling the Deposition Process of Nanoarchitectonic Nanocomposites Based on {Nb6-xTaxXi12}n+ Octahedral Cluster-Based Building Blocks (Xi = Cl, Br; 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, n = 2, 3, 4) for UV-NIR Blockers Coating Applications.

The antagonism between global energy needs and the obligation to slow global warming is a current challenge. In order to ensure sufficient thermal comfort, the automotive, housing and agricultural building sectors are major energy consumers. Solar control materials and more particularly, selective glazing are part of the solutions proposed to reduce global energy consumption and tackle global warming. In this context, these works are focused on developing new highly ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) absorbent nanocomposite coatings based on K4[{Nb6-xTaxXi12}Xa6]. (X = Cl, Br, 0 ≤ x ≤ 6) transition metal cluster compounds. These compounds contain cluster-based active species that are characterized by their strong absorption of UV and NIR radiations as well as their good transparency in the visible range, which makes them particularly attractive for window applications. Their integration, by solution processes, into a silica-polyethylene glycol or polyvinylpyrrolidone matrices is discussed. Of particular interest is the control and the tuning of their optical properties during the integration and shaping processes. The properties of the solutions and films were investigated by complementary techniques (UV-Vis-NIR spectrometry, ESI-MS, SEM, HRTEM, etc.). Results of these works have led to the development of versatile solar control coatings whose optical properties are competitive with commercialized material.

Performance of Solar Control Films on Building Glazing: A Literature Review

Buildings with a high window-to-wall ratio tend to suffer from excessive solar gains/losses that usually result in high energy demand and discomfort for occupants. Solar control films (SCFs) are a passive solution with the potential to increase the performance of new or refurbished glazing they are applied to. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the performance of SCFs applied to glazing systems of buildings. Research studies with experimental, analytical and computer simulation approaches were gathered and analyzed, identifying glass and film systems, climatic conditions, energy savings and comfort performance. The research approaches and main findings of existing research studies were compared and discussed. The presence of SCFs significantly reduced indoor solar radiation and illuminance levels, particularly with reflective films applied to south-oriented glazing (northern hemisphere). Glazing systems with SCFs were reported to promote cooling energy savings compared with clear glazing in hot climates. Few studies have explored the visual and thermal comfort performance of SCFs, concluding that these films promote thermal comfort, and reduce excessive illuminance and potential glare. Furthermore, this paper helps to highlight areas of guidance for future studies on the topic.

STUDY OF THE THERMAL AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A TRANSLUCENT AEROGEL GLAZING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Aerogel is an innovative superinsulating material with extremely low thermal conductivity. Currently the cost of aerogel insulation is much higher than the cost of conventional insulation materials, which hinders their widespread application in buildings. In this research, an economical translucent aerogel glazing unit consisting of two clear boundary glass panes and a composite aerogel interlayer was developed, and its thermal and energy performance was studied numerically and experimentally. The results demonstrate that a translucent aerogel glazing with a 8 mm thick composite aerogel interlayer can perform better than a high performance double pane glazing, a typical double pane glazing and the corresponding opal glazing for heating load reduction under a shaded condition, but can only notably outperform an opal glazing for improving building energy performance in heating dominated climate zones, and in the heating period. It also reveals that applying the translucent aerogel glazing is a viable energy efficiency measure mainly for shaded glazing areas, or the glazing areas requiring solar radiation control to prevent sunlight glare. The outcome of this research can give engineers and architects a whole picture about translucent aerogel glazing, especially about the appropriate means of incorporating them into a low energy building.

Solar exoskeletons – An integrated building system combining solar gain control with structural efficiency

We propose the use of solar exoskeletons, an integrated building system that combines material efficiency in structural load transfer with passive solar gain control. This offers an impactful way to respond to the UN climate goals, as the architecture and engineering disciplines face the challenge of delivering low carbon buildings. While reducing operational and embodied emissions is often considered independently, we can show how approaching them in tandem, through a novel building system, can offer significant savings. With large spans for maximum spatial flexibility and full glazing maximizing daylight, high-rise buildings are often suboptimal in terms of their material usage from steel frame construction and cooling demand from uncontrolled solar gains. We view solar exoskeletons as a sustainable pathway for future high-rise structures – combining solar gain control through external shading with a highly efficient structural system optimized for lateral loads in tall buildings. We present an automated workflow that combines parametric modeling of architectural elements and structural simulation with Radiance-based annual radiation simulations and an operational energy model in EnergyPlus. Evaluating embodied carbon and energy use intensity of midrise and tower buildings in timber and steel, we compare hundreds of iterations for a prototypical building in Phoenix, USA. Our results show that exoskeletons can lead to embodied and operational carbon reductions in the lateral load-resisting structural system of 37–80% and 24–48%, respectively, vis-à-vis conventional construction techniques. Adding photovoltaic modules to the external shading system can lead to net zero building solutions for the buildings investigated in this case study.

New Solar MPPT Control Technique Based on Incremental Conductance and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization

Solar energy is highly dependent on climatic conditions and swings sporadically, making photovoltaic integration into power systems difficult. In order to improve the design of power infrastructure and the successful deployment of decentralized and renewable energy sources, a new paradigm for the energy supply chain is established, leading to the creation of microgrids. Intelligence should be introduced at all levels of the grid, and it should act over a long period. This article introduces new research tools and methodologies to help utility engineers better understand the grid's potential impact from these new power sources. Therefore, this research proposes a novel PV solar system control method. The strategy is an innovative Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology for solar systems. Designing an effective controller capable of lowering Power Stress inside the PV System is critical in this respect. In this research, the Proportional Integral (PI) controller has been utilized in conjunction with a heuristic technique termed Genetic Algorithm (GA) in order to regulate and stabilize the MPP of the power supplied by the PV system. Then the GA technique has been utilized to identify the ideal settings, based on the four performance indices of Integrated Squared Error (ISE), Integrated Absolute Error (IAE), Integrated Time Absolute Error (ITAE), and Integrated Time Squared Error (ITSE) (Kp, Ki). The simulation results show that the PV system can successfully monitor the required MPP.