Solanum Malacoxylon Research Articles

Balanço de minerais e desempenho em frangos de corte aos 21 dias de idade alimentados com rações contendo Solanum malacoxylon

ResumoEstudou-se o desempenho produtivo e as quantidades de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnésio (Mg), potássio (K) e sódio (Na) nas excretas e carcaças de frangos de corte aos 21 dias de idade alimentados com adição de Solanum malacoxylon (SM) nas rações. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos: 0,0, 2,5 e 5,0g de SM/kg de ração, sendo cinco repetições e quatro aves por unidade experimental. O uso de 5,0 g de SM/kg de ração reduziu o ganho de peso e piorou a conversão alimentar, embora o consumo não tenha sido influenciado. A inclusão da planta não afetou (p>0,05) os teores de cálcio, magnésio, potássio e sódio nas excretas e, consequentemente, na absorção desses minerais. A composição mineral das carcaças foi alterada, sendo as concentrações de Na, Mg e K, influenciadas. Recomenda-se a adição de até 2,5g de SM/kg de ração para frangos de corte até 21 dias de idade.

Intoxicação natural por Solanum glaucophyllum (Solanaceae) em búfalos no Pantanal Matogrossense

Descreve-se a ocorrência de calcinose enzoótica em búfalos no município de Poconé, Mato Grosso, associado ao consumo de Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) [=Solanum malacoxylon]. Os casos foram observados entre os anos de 2007 e 2009. Em um rebanho de 40 búfalos, cinco apresentaram emagrecimento progressivo, dorso arqueado, marcha rígida, por vezes com dificuldade para se levantar e locomover, permanecendo apoiando sobre os carpos.Três animais recuperaram-se parcialmente e dois foram eutanasiados in extremis. Os principais achados de necropsia foram calcificação de tecidos moles, principalmente em artérias de grande e médio calibres. A presença de S. glaucophyllum nas pastagens, os sinais clínicos, além dos achados ultrassonográficos e patológicos envolvendo múltiplas calcificações de tendões e outros tecidos, são compatíveis com intoxicação por Solanum glaucophyllum.

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) activates sterol pathway and affects vitamin D3 metabolism in Solanum malacoxylon cell cultures

Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), a particularly efficient inducer of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was developed as an immunizing agent to sensitize various crop species against pathogen infections. Recent works highlighted its activating effect on different metabolic pathways, concerning both primary and secondary metabolites. In this study, we investigated the effect of BTH treatment on sterol levels and vitamin D(3) metabolism in Solanum malacoxylon cultures. Calli of S. malacoxylon were incubated in Gamborg B5 liquid medium alone or added with 50μM BTH for different times (one, two or three cycles of light). Histocytochemical investigations performed on our experimental system using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) detection and phloroglucinol for lignin staining showed that BTH causes H(2)O(2) accumulation and lignin deposition in treated calli. Gas chromatographic analysis of principal cell membrane sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol) showed that BTH transiently increases their cellular levels. Callus cultures were found to contain also cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, the putative precursor of vitamin D(3), and the hydroxylated metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. BTH treatment enhanced 7-dehydrocholesterol while reduced cholesterol. HPLC analysis of sample extracts showed that BTH does not affect the cell content of vitamin D(3), though results of ELISA tests highlighted that this elicitor moderately enhances the levels of 25(OH)D(3) and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) metabolites. In conclusion, BTH treatment not only causes cell wall strengthening, a typical plant defence response, as just described in other experimental models, but in the same time increases the cellular level of the main sterols and 7-dehydrocholesterol.

CALCINOSE ENZOÓTICA EM BEZERROS NO AGRESTE MERIDIONAL DE PERNAMBUCO - RELATO DE DOIS CASOS

Enzootic calcinosis has been reported around the world and is associated with ingestion of calcinogenic plants. In Brazil, Nierembergia veitchii and Solanum malacoxylon have been found to affect sheep in Rio Grande do Sul and cattle in Mato Grosso's Pantanal, respectively. The active principle of these plants is similar to vitamin D. Cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation of unknown etiology are often observed in Mato Grosso State, affecting both cattle and sheep. This work discusses two cases of enzootic calcinosis that ocurred in March 2008 in CBG – UFRPE. They were based on clinical and pathological analysis of two semi-extensively reared calves from the hinterland of Pernambuco State. Clinical findings revealed hindquarter incoordination, quickly evolving to prostration in a period of 10 days, and progressive weight loss that resulted in cachexia, hypophonesis, and tachycardia. Many kinds of treatment were used, such as polivitaminics, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs, and mineralization, all of which were not successful in relieving symptoms.

CALCINOSE ENZOÓTICA EM BUBALUS BUBALIS NO PANTANAL NORTE MATOGROSSENSE, BRASIL

This study reports the epidemiological, clinical and biochemical analysis as well as postmortem and histological changes observed in buffaloes with weight loss, which were raised in a farm in northern Pantanal region, in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. These results were consistent with the diagnosis of enzootic calcinosis. Solanum malacoxylon was found in the pastures. During rainy seasons, female buffaloes developed locomotion abnormalities and reduced milk production. Other evidence included arched backs and difficulty as regards rising, kneeling while rising, and feeding. Two out of four female buffaloes revealed high serum concentrations of phosphorus. Severe changes were observed, such as poor body condition and large rigid arteries with irregular intimal surface. Histological exams detected extensive chondroid metaplasia and discreet signs of calcification along the aorta.

Active Vitamin D-Like Substances in Solanum malacoxylon and Other Calcinogenic Plants

Active Vitamin D-like Substances in Solanum malacoxylon and Other Calcinogenic Plants Get access R. H. Wasserman, Ph D R. H. Wasserman, Ph D Dr. Wasserman is Professor of Physical Biology at the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 33, Issue 1, January 1975, Pages 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb07074.x Published: 01 January 1975

Solanum malacoxylon, a New Natural Host of Stolbur Phytoplasma

Abstract Stolbur phytoplasma infection has been reported, for the first time, in a new host, Solanum malacoxylon, growing in the Botanical Garden of Milan University. This shrub, native of South America, synthesizes vitamin D compounds, important for biomedical and biotechnological purposes. Pathogen detection was performed by light and transmission electron microscopy, and confirmed by molecular diagnosis, based on PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) analysis of the phytoplasmal 16S rRNA and tuf genes. By means of enzymatic restriction and phylogenetic analysis on these genes, it was found that the phytoplasma belongs to the Stolbur group, taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII‐A, thus indicating S. malacoxylon as an additional host for this pathogen. Solanum malacoxylon could be then involved in the natural Stolbur phytoplasma spreading throughout South American areas, where this wild plant grows endemically.

The Mineralocorticoid Receptor-How to Get Away with Promiscuity: Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation. Science 312: 97-101, 2006.

The Mineralocorticoid Receptor-How to Get Away with Promiscuity: Evolution of Hormone-Receptor Complexity by Molecular Exploitation. Science 312: 97-101, 2006.

ナス科Solanum malacoxylonにおけるvitamin D3化合物生産に関する研究

ナス科Solanum malacoxylonにおけるvitamin D3化合物生産に関する研究

Bone changes caused by experimental Solanum malacoxylon poisoning in rabbits

The aim of this study was to describe the bone changes observed after a daily oral administration of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon (syn. S. glaucophyllum) (Sm) during 9 days. The Sm-poisoned rabbits had an increase of bone resorption in the endosteal surface of the cortical zone and also in the surface covered by osteoblasts of the primary and secondary spongiosa of the trabecular bone compartment. Moreover, the epiphyseal growth plates in long bones appeared narrower than in the control rabbits, with reduction of the proliferative and hyperthrophic chondrocyte zones. The electron microscopic study revealed a significant decrease of proteoglycans in the hyperthrophic chondrocyte zone evidenced by a significant reduction of rutenium red positive granules in the poisoned rabbit. Altogether, these data suggest that cell differentiation may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Sm-induced bone lesions.

Assessment of the perinatal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon in rats

A perinatal study was performed to verify the toxic effects of Solanum malacoxylon, which contains a glycoside conjugated to Vitamin D 3. In the gestational study, female rats received S. malacoxylon leaves in the diet at 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1% from days 6 to 21 of pregnancy. At 21 days of gestation, blood samples were taken from the dams for evaluation of serum Ca and P. A laparotomy was performed and the rats were examined for standard parameters of reproductive performance. Fetuses were examined for skeletal changes and histopathologic evaluation. In the second trial, dams were fed diets containing 0 or 0.1% S. malacoxylon leaves during the gestation and lactation periods. After weaning, all animals were euthanized and biochemical and histopathologic evaluations were performed. The biochemical evaluation showed increase in Ca and P levels in females from all experimental groups; however, this effect did not occurred in a dose-related manner. Pups from dams exposed during gestation and lactationi also showed increased Ca and P levels. Fetal data suggested a delay of fetal development manifested by decreased body weight and skeletal alterations. There was also a reduction in live fetuses. Histopathologic study revealed alterations of the soft tissue in litters from dams given 1% dietary S. malacoxylon during pregnancy and 0.1% during pregnancy and lactation. These findings support our hypothesis that Vitamin D 3 glycoside crosses the placenta and suggests milk transfer of this substance.

Effects of elicitors and Ca2+ deprivation on the levels of sterols and 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 in cell cultures of Solanum malacoxylon.

1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], the hormonal form of vitamin D3 that is essential for the maintenance of calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in birds and mammals, has been found in several plants. In order to study the metabolic role of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in plant cells, we monitored the changes of cellular levels of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in cell suspension cultures of Solanum malacoxylon Sendt. under different experimental conditions. We also measured the levels of cholesterol, the assumed precursor of vitamin D3, and other end-product sterols such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. It was found that when cells are incubated in a calcium-deprived medium, the level of 1α,25(OH)2D3 increases markedly within a few hours. Treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJ), a linolenic acid-derived compound that accumulates during wounding stress, was found to reduce the cellular level of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and to promote its secretion into the culture medium. After treatment with cellulysin, a cellulase of fungal origin, the metabolite was no longer detectable, either in the medium or in the cells. Calcium deprivation in the medium and treatment with the elicitors MeJ and cellulase lowered the cellular level of all the sterols tested. The possible role of 1α,25(OH)2D3 is discussed in light of these results.

Evaluation in rabbits of the fetal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum malacoxylon.

A study was performed to determine the possible toxic effects on the young of does that had been fed during the gestational period on a ration containing Solanum malacoxylon (Sm), a calcinogenic plant that contains a vitamin D3-glycoside conjugate. Experimental animals received a ration containing 0.03% or 0.04% of Sm leaves on days 6 to 30 of gestation. The levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in their sera, as well as their feed intake and body weight, were evaluated weekly. The does were euthanized 3 days after parturition and paraffin sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were prepared from their heart, lungs, kidneys and aorta for histopathological examination. The young from does in the Sm 0.03% group were euthanized 3 days after birth and biochemical and histopathological determinations were performed, as described for the does. The does in both experimental groups showed decreased feed consumption and those in the Sm 0.04% group showed lower body weights throughout their gestation. Animals treated with Sm 0.04% presented a high incidence of abortion and stillbirth. There were biochemical and histopathological alterations in both experimental groups, which were more prominent in the does in the Sm 0.04% group. Litters from does treated with Sm 0.03% showed mineralization of soft tissue and an increase in phosphorus and calcium levels. These findings indicate that the vitamin D3-glycoside passes through the placental barrier to the fetus.

Effect of calcium and cell immobilization on the production of choleocalciferol and its derivatives by Solanum malacoxylon cell cultures

S. malacoxylon cell cultures synthesize vitamin D 3, 25-OH D 3 and 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 under different experimental conditions. Reduction of the Ca ++ concentration in culture medium stimulates the accumulation of D 3 and hydroxylated metabolites. Cell suspension cultures of Solanum malacoxylon cultivated in standard B5 medium containing 1 mM CaCl 2 accumulated larger amounts of both vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and 25-OH D 3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) than cells in medium containing 10 mM CaCl 2. The amount of vitamin D 3 in calcium-free medium was similar to that in standard medium, while the 25-OH D 3 level was 50 time greater; 1α,25(OH) 2 D 3 (calcitriol) was detected only in chloroform extracts of cells cultivated in standard medium. It was found that immobilized cells accumulated vitamin D 3 and 25-OH D 3 for prolonged culture periods (up to 30 days) and were able to biotransform vitamin D 3 when it was supplemented as an exogenous precursor. S. malacoxylon suspension cell cultures were able to synthesize vitamin D 3, 25-OH D 3 and 1α,25(OH) 2D 3 under different experimental conditions, therefore suggesting the presence of enzyme systems able to hydroxylate vitamin D 3 at positions C-25 and C-1. In Solanum malacoxylon, as in animals, the concentration of calcium may have an effect on the regulation of vitamin D 3 synthesis and the production of its hydroxylated metabolites.

Plantas tóxicas para suínos

Revisam-se as intoxicações por plantas que ocorrem em suínos no Brasil, Uruguai e Argentina. Descrevem-se a intoxicação por sementes de Senna occidentalis, que causa necrose muscular segmentar e lesões hepáticas, e a intoxicação por sementes de Aeschynomene sp., caracterizada por áreas de degeneração focais e simétricas na substância branca do cerebelo. Mencionam-se, também, a intoxicação por Wedelia glauca e Xantium spp., que causam necrose centrolobular no fígado; a intoxicação por Amaranthus spp., que produz necrose tubular tóxica; a intoxicação por Solanum malacoxylon, caracterizada por calcificação dos tecidos moles; a intoxicação por frutos maduros de Melia azedarach, que causa sinais nervosos, digestivos e musculares; e a intoxicação por Crotalaria spectabilis, estudada experimentalmente no Brasil como causa de hepatite crônica.

Alterações ultra-estruturais do miocárdio na intoxicação experimental de coelhos pela planta calcinogênica Solanum malacoxylon

Seis coelhos com cerca de três meses, de ambos os sexos, receberam via sonda gástrica, extrato aquoso de Solanum malacoxylon equivalante a 100 mg de folhas dessecadas por kg de peso vivo. Dois animais não receberam o extrato e serviram como testemunhas, sendo sacrificados ao final do experimento. Entre 48, 72 e 120 horas após o início do experimento, todos os outros coelhos foram sacrificados e fragmentos do miocárdio foram processados para microscopia óptica e eletrônica. As alterações macroscópicas mais importantes foram estrias esbranquiçadas no miocárdio, particularmente no átrio esquerdo. Em microscopia óptica, grupos de células musculares mostravam sarcoplasma tumefeito, com perda das estriações, discreta basofilia e eventualmente vacuolizaçõesdo sarcoplasma. Estas células geralmente estavam rodeadas por macrófagos, células mesenquimais e alguns polimorfonucleares neutrófilos de permeio com material necrótico. No interstício foi evidenciado material basofílico finamente granular. A reação de vonKossa nestes locais revelou depósitos de cálcio no sarcoplasma dos míócitos, no interstício e, eventualmente, ao redor de células musculares aparentemente não lesadas. Os vasos coronários exibiam mineralização da média. Na ultra-estrutura foram observadas: ativação dos cardiomiócitos e das células intersticiais, deposição do cálcio no interstício e no sarcoplasma das células musculares cardíacas e no citoplasma de células intersticiais. Em fases mais avançadas observou-se nécrosé dos cardiomiócitos, com mineralização das células e lise celular. Alguns polimorfonucleares neutrófilos e macrófagos fagocitando material necrótico mineralizado são também vistos nestes locais. O aspecto morfológico do miocárdio surgere que as lesões de nécrosé e calcificação são o resultado da ação direta do 1,25(OH)2D3 contido na planta sobre as células do miocárdio. Os animais testemunhas não exibiram alterações no miocárdio.

Isolation of 7-dehydrocholesterol from cell cultures of Solanum malacoxylon

The presence of cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3) and its hydroxylated metabolites, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D 3) and 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1α,25-diOH D 3), was demonstrated in cell cultures derived from sterile leaves of Solanum malacoxylon. When celli were grown in the dark, 7-dehydrocholesterol was found and identified on the basis of its chromatographic and spectroscopic properties. The analysis of calli grown in the light revealed the presence of vitamin D 3 and 25-OH D 3, where 7-dehydrocholesterol was not detected. In suspended cells, maintained in the light, vitamin D 3, 25-OH D 3 and 1α,25-diOH D 3 were found, but no 7-dehydrocholesterol was detected. Our results suggest that 7-dehydrocholesterol may arise as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of vitamin D 3 in S. malacoxylon. A photoreaction from 7-dehydrocholesterol may be operative in the biosynthesis of cholecalciferol, thus suggesting that in this plant there is a similar pathway to that in animals.

Osteolytic Activity and Reversal of Nephrectomy-Induced Hypocalcemia by a Fraction other than 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3fromSolanum MalacoxylonIncubated with Ruminal Fluid

Previous studies have shown that two lipid soluble fractions (2 and 3) isolated from Solanum malacoxylon leaf extracts incubated with ruminal fluid by Sephadex LH-20 chromatography increase intestinal P absorption and blood Ca. Fraction 2 contains 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, vitamin D3, 25(OH)-vitamin D3 and 1,24,25(OH)3-vitamin D3. The osteolytic activity and ability to revert nephrectomy-induced hypocalcemia of fractions 2 and 3 was compared. The tibias from 19-day-old chick embryos injected with both fractions on day 15 were shorter, lighter and had a lower ash content than those from controls. Fractions 2 and 3 also decreased dry weight and ash content in frontal bones, although only the effects of fraction 3 were statistically significant. In agreement with these observations, fraction 3 was more effective than fraction 2 to increase blood Ca levels in nephrectomized rats. Extracts from rumen samples were devoid of activity. The results support the presence of a polar derivative of 1,25(OH)2D3 in ruminal fluid-treated Solanum malacoxylon.

Toxic effects of solanum malacoxylon on sheep bone

Solanum malacoxylon (Sm), a calcinogenic plant that contains 1,25-(OH) 2D 3 glycoside, was administered orally to sheep. Fifty milligrams of air-dried leaves three times a week caused an increased volume density of cancellous bone within lumbar vertebrae and an increased trabecular thickness. There was little remodeling activity at the end of a 180-day treatment period, and few trabecular bone surfaces had let-racycline double labels at this time. Bone biopsies taken at the end of a 1-month treatment demonstrated increased extent of bone-forming surfaces and osteoid volume. Sm caused a mineralization defect that was transitory but resulted in unmineralized lines and foci in osteones. These remaining foci of unmineralized bone were associated with the deposition of acid mucopolysaccharide, and acid mucopolysaccharide accumulation could be identified on all bone envelopes in 30-day biopsy specimens. A similar hyperostosis in the metaphyses of rats was produced by parenteral administration of 1,25-(OH) 2D 3 for 10 days.

In vitro cultures of Solanum malacoxylon Sendt.: nutritional requirements and sterol production

Callus cultures were established from hypocotyl, root and leaf explants of Solanum malacoxylon. The growth rate of calli was evaluated on Murashige and Skoog medium as well as Gamborg's B5 medium. Sterols were isolated from calli grown on both media however the B5 proved to be more effective in promoting the production of these metabolites. No calcitriol was found in the cultures. Feeding experiments with vitamin D3 were scarcely effective in promoting the production of vitamin D3 hydroxylated metabolites.