Sol-immobilization Method Research Articles

Effects of alloying palladium with gold in furfural hydrogenation:An in situ ATR-IR spectroscopy and density functional theory study

Furfural is a versatile platform molecule and a model compound to explore the key factors influencing activity and selectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. In this study, Pd and AuPd nanoparticles (average size 3.5–4 nm) were deposited on TiO2 by sol immobilization method and were evaluated for liquid-phase furfural hydrogenation. Alloying Au and Pd caused a decrease in activity, an enhancement in stability, and a change in selectivity, favouring the complete hydrogenation of furfural over the decarbonylation reaction. These variations in catalytic performance were elucidated by combining in situ attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory studies.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF 3-CHLOROPHENOL USING Pd/Ag DOPED ON P25 DEGUSSA TiO2 NANOPARTICLE WITH UV RADIATION

Photocatalytic degradation of 3-chlorophenol was investigated using Pd/Ag doped on P25 Degussa TiO2. The Pd/AgTiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by sol immobilization method. A fabricated photo-reactor was used in photocatalytic degradation of 3-chlorophenol and monitored using HPLC. The experimental results indicates that doping of Pd/Ag on TiO2 increases the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2. The experimental results indicates that Pd/ TiO2 has a photodegradation efficiency of 40.44% while Ag/TiO2 has a photodegradation efficiency of 60.44%. The dried catalysts were subsequently used again under the same experimental condition with a fresh 3-chlorophenol up to four (4) times. The result indicates that the re-used catalysts remain active for up to four (4) times of usage with minor reduction in activity, which is attributed to metal leaching. Ag/TiO2 has higher rate constant of - 0.019 than Pd/TiO2 which is -0.031, the rate constant for the degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics. The photocatalytic degradation of 3-chlorophenol indicates unstable degradation due to effect of inductive and mesomeric effect which is less on meta-position. The use of nanotechnology in wastewater treatment plants to curtail the environmental and health consequences of a widespread of organic pollutants should be encouraged.

Facile assembly of Au nanoparticles modified hierarchical mesoporous In2O3 for highly sensitive ethanol gas detection

Flower-like In(OH)3 was synthesized by a facile homogeneous precipitation method and subsequently calcined at 300 °C to prepare nanosheets assembled 3D flower-like mesoporous In2O3, which was then modified with Au nanoparticles via sol-immobilization method to produce 3D hierarchical mesoporous Au/In2O3 for ethanol detection. The as-prepared Au/In2O3 were carefully characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM and XPS techniques. The flower-like structure was assembled by many ultrathin coarse mesoporous In2O3 nanosheets, and Au nanoparticles with an average size of 3.3 nm were evenly dispersed on In2O3 nanosheets. The 3D flower-like mesoporous 1%Au/In2O3 has a high specific surface area of about 130 m2 g−1 and shows the best sensitivity to ethanol among the flower-like mesoporous Au/In2O3 materials. It can sensitively detect ethanol gas at a relatively low temperature of 160 °C with a response of 115–50 ppm ethanol, increased by nearly 11 times compared to In2O3 at 210 °C. The 3D flower-like mesoporous 1%Au/In2O3 also has good selectivity to ethanol with response about 9.4, 26.1, 20.9 and 29.5 times higher than that to acetone, methanol, toluene and xylene, and it displays excellent linear relationship between the response and the ethanol concentration. The markedly improved sensitivity and selectivity of the 3D flower-like mesoporous 1%Au/In2O3 results from both the electronic sensitization and chemical sensitization effects of Au nanoparticles. In short, the 3D flower-like mesoporous 1%Au/In2O3 possesses excellent sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, linear relationship and long-term stability at 160 °C. Therefore, the obtained 3D flower-like mesoporous 1%Au/In2O3 has great potential for ethanol gas detection.

Formic Acid Decomposition Using Palladium-Zinc Preformed Colloidal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanofibre in Batch and Continuous Flow Reactors: Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling Studies

The need to replace conventional fuels with renewable sources is a great challenge for the science community. H2 is a promising alternative due to its high energy density and availability. H2 generation from formic acid (FA) decomposition occurred in a batch and a packed-bed flow reactor, in mild conditions, using a 2% Pd6Zn4/HHT (high heated treated) catalyst synthesised via the sol-immobilisation method. Experimental and theoretical studies took place, and the results showed that in the batch system, the conversion was enhanced with increasing reaction temperature, while in the continuous flow system, the conversion was found to decrease due to the deactivation of the catalyst resulting from the generation of the poisoning CO. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies were developed to predict the conversion profiles, which demonstrated great validation with the experimental results. The model can accurately predict the decomposition of FA as well as the deactivation that occurs in the continuous flow system. Of significance was the performance of the packed-bed flow reactor, which showed improved FA conversion in comparison to the batch reactor, potentially leading to the utilisation of continuous flow systems for future fuel cell applications for on-site H2 production.

Bio-Adipic Acid Production from Muconic Acid Hydrogenation on Palladium-Transition Metal (Ni and Zn) Bimetallic Catalysts

The hydrogenation of muconic acid (MA) to bio-adipic acid (AdA) is one of the green chemical processes that has attracted the most interest in recent years. Indeed, MA can be readily obtained from biomass through fermentative processes. Here, we aimed to investigate the synergic effect of electronic promotion that the addition of a second metal, even in small quantities, can have on Pd-based catalyst, known for its low stability. Ni and Zn were taken into consideration and two different catalysts (1%Pd8Ni2/HHT and 1%Pd8Zn2/HHT) were synthetized by sol immobilization method and supported on high-temperature, heat-treated carbon nanofibers (HHT-CNFs) that are known to enhance the stability of palladium. The catalysts were tested in MA hydrogenation and thoroughly characterized by TEM, ICP, and XPS analysis to unveil the effect of the second metal. To solve the solubility issue and have a starting material as similar as feasible to the post-fermentation conditions of the biomass, sodium muconate salt was chosen as a substrate for the reaction. All of the synthetized bimetallic catalysts showed a higher activity than monometallic Pd and better stability during the recycling tests, pointing out that even a small amount of these two metals can increase the catalytic properties of monometallic Pd.

The Effect of Sibunit Carbon Surface Modification with Diazonium Tosylate Salts of Pd and Pd-Au Catalysts on Furfural Hydrogenation.

Herein, we investigated the effect of the support modification (Sibunit carbon) with diazonium salts of Pd and Pd-Au catalysts on furfural hydrogenation under 5 bars of H2 and 50 °C. To this end, the surface of Sibunit (Cp) was modified with butyl (Cp-Butyl), carboxyl (Cp-COOH) and amino groups (Cp-NH2) using corresponding diazonium salts. The catalysts were synthesized by the sol immobilization method. The catalysts as well as the corresponding supports were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Hammet indicator method and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analysis of the results allowed us to determine the crucial influence of surface chemistry on the catalytic behavior of the studied catalysts, especially regarding selectivity. At the same time, the structural, textural, electronic and acid–base properties of the catalysts were practically unaffected. Thus, it can be assumed that the modification of Sibunit with various functional groups leads to changes in the hydrophobic/hydrophilic and/or electrostatic properties of the surface, which influenced the selectivity of the process.

Temperature-Dependent Activity of Gold Nanocatalysts Supported on Activated Carbon in Redox Catalytic Reactions: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidation and 4-Nitrophenol Reduction Comparison

In this study, the temperature-dependent activity of Au/AC nanocatalysts in redox catalytic reactions was investigated. To this end, a series of colloidal gold catalysts supported on activated carbon and titania were prepared by the sol immobilization method employing polyvinyl alcohol as a polymeric stabilizer at different hydrolysis degrees. The as-synthesized materials were widely characterized by spectroscopic analysis (XPS, XRD, and ATR-IR) as well as TEM microscopy and DLS/ELS measurements. Furthermore, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction were chosen to investigate the catalytic activity as a model reaction for biomass valorization and wastewater remediation. In particular, by fitting the hydrolysis degree with the kinetic data, volcano plots were obtained for both reactions, in which the maximum of the curves was represented relative to hydrolysis intermediate values. However, a comparison of the catalytic performance of the sample Au/AC_PVA-99 (hydrolysis degree of the polymer is 99%) in the two reactions showed a different catalytic behavior, probably due to the detachment of polymer derived from the different reaction temperature chosen between the two reactions. For this reason, several tests were carried out to investigate deeper the observed catalytic trend, focusing on studying the effect of the reaction temperature as well as the effect of support (metal–support interaction) by immobilizing Au colloidal nanoparticles on commercial titania. The kinetic data, combined with the characterization carried out on the catalysts, confirmed that changing the reaction conditions, the PVA behavior on the surface of the catalysts, and, therefore, the reaction outcome, is modified.

Supported Ruthenium Catalysts for Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol under Solvent Free Conditions

The investigation comprised an evaluation of the use of the catalyst, 1%Ru/TiO2, to oxidize Phenylmethanol into benzenecarbaldehyde. nitrogen adsorption isotherms and transmittance electron microscope (TEM) were deployed to delineate the properties of the supported catalysts. The findings indicated a superior catalytic performance from 1%Ru/TiO2 prepared using sol-immobilization method. No reaction was taken place with blank reaction or with undoped support. This was deemed to be a consequence of the dispersion and loading of Ru on the TiO2.The reaction conditions, i.e., temperature, reaction time, nature of catalyst and activating quantity, were optimized to achieve superior reaction parameters. This process gave rise to a benzyl alcohol transformation rate of up to 10%; and selectivity of benzaldehyde was 98%.

Pd–Au Bimetallic Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Muconic Acid to Bio-Adipic Acid

The hydrogenation reaction of muconic acid, produced from biomass using fermentative processes, to bio-adipic acid is one of the most appealing green emerging chemical process. This reaction can be promoted by catalysts based on a metal belonging to the platinum group, and the use of a second metal can preserve and increase their activity. Pd–Au bimetallic nanoparticle samples supported on high-temperature, heat-treated carbon nanofibers were prepared using the sol immobilization method, changing the Pd–Au molar ratio. These catalysts were characterized by TEM, STEM, and XPS analysis and tested in a batch reactor pressurized with hydrogen, where muconic acid dissolved in water was converted to adipic acid. The synthesized Pd–Au bimetallic catalysts showed higher activity than monometallic Au and Pd material and better stability during the recycling tests. Moreover, the selectivity toward the mono-unsaturated changed by decreasing the Pd/Au molar ratio: the higher the amount of gold, the higher the selectivity toward the intermediates.

Synthesis of Palladium and Copper Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2 for Oxidation Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

The use of metal oxides as supports for palladium and copper (Pd–Cu) nanoalloys constitutes a new horizon for improving new active catalysts in very important reactions. From the literatures, Pd-based bimetallic nanostructures have great properties and active catalytic performance. In this work, nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were used as supports for Pd–Cu nanoparticles catalysts. Palladium and copper were deposited on these supports using the sol-immobilisation method. The composite nanoalloys were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalyst was evaluated for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The effect of the Cu–Pd ratio using sol-immobilization methods supported on TiO2 was investigated. The results show that monometallic Cu/TiO2 was observed to have a low activity. However, as soon as the catalyst contained any palladium, the activity increased with a significant increase in the selectivity towards isomerization products. The influence of support and temperature were investigated. Furthermore, the catalyst reusability was also tested for oxidation of benzyl alcohol reactions, by repeatedly performing the same reaction using the recovered catalyst. The Pd–Cu/TiO2 catalyst displayed better reusability even after several reactions

Disclosing the Role of Gold on Palladium – Gold Alloyed Supported Catalysts in Formic Acid Decomposition

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of preformed bimetallic Pd‐Au nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers with different Pd : Au atomic ratio (nominal molar ratio: 8–2, 6–4, 4–6, 2–8) and the corresponding Pd and Au monometallic catalysts by sol immobilization method. The obtained materials were characterized thoroughly by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The catalytic performances of the Pd‐Au catalysts were evaluated in the aqueous phase dehydrogenation of formic acid (FA) at room temperature obtaining enhanced activity, stability and selectivity compared to the monometallic systems. In particular, Pd6Au4 and Pd8Au2 showed the best combination of catalytic properties, i. e., high selectivity to H2 and improved catalytic stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on Pd15, Au15 and Pd9Au6 clusters supported on a carbon sheet were then simulated to provide atomic level understanding to the beneficial effect of gold observed in the experimental results. Au15 barely adsorb FA, while Pd15 possesses an adsorption energy higher than Pd9Au6. Dehydrogenation and dehydration pathways were followed on all these models. For Pd9Au6, the most favourable route was the formation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Analysis of the electronic structures was also performed on the different models showing a stronger interaction between the bimetallic system and the support proving the alloy superior stability.

Activated Carbon-Supported Ruthenium as a Catalyst for the Solvent- and Initiator-Free Aerobic Epoxidation of Limonene

The activity and selectivity of ruthenium catalysts supported on various activated carbons have been investigated in the epoxidation of limonene using molecular oxygen, the greenest oxidizing agent, under solvent/reductant- and initiator-free reaction conditions. The catalysts were prepared via different methods including impregnation, sol immobilization, and cation exchange. Supported Ru catalysts with a metal particle size ranging from 1.8 to 21 nm were obtained. The catalyst prepared by cation exchange using Darco G60, with the highest mesopore surface area and pore volume and the lowest Ru particle size (1.8 nm), was found to give the best combination of limonene conversion of 35% and higher selectivity for epoxidation products (Sepox) of 57% at 80 °C and 3 bar oxygen pressure, compared to the total selectivity of 25.5% for allylic oxidation products (Sallyl). Other activated carbon supports, e.g., Darco MRX, Norit RB4C, and Norit RX3, were found to yield less effective catalysts. In addition, the sol immobilization method led to the highest conversion of limonene (40.4%) but with a lower total selectivity toward epoxidation products (Sepox) of 36.8% and that toward allylic oxidation products (Sallyl) of 33.6%. The textural parameters of carbon-supported Ru catalysts were determined by BET, TEM, SEM, TPR, and CO chemisorption. Highly dispersed Ru particles were found to promote the formation of limonene epoxides via the reaction of limonene hydroperoxide with limonene instead of hydroperoxide decomposition to allylic radicals. Finally, the appropriate reaction conditions to maximize the selectivity of the epoxides and the reusability of the catalyst were established.

Enhancing activity, selectivity and stability of palladium catalysts in formic acid decomposition: Effect of support functionalization

In this work, palladium nanoparticles were deposited on oxygen and phosphorous functionalised carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by sol immobilisation method in order to investigate the support-metal effect on the formic acid (FA) decomposition reaction. In order to establish the presence of functional groups in the support and their effect on Pd nanoparticles, the obtained samples were then, characterised by Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM, STEM-HAADF and STEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FA catalytic decomposition performance, the stability and selectivity of the catalysts were evaluated in liquid-phase at mild reaction conditions. The effect of the metal-support interaction in the reactivity and stability of the catalysts was demonstrated leading to superior catalytic properties in both the functionalised materials. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations provided further insights in the interaction of Pd15 cluster with different support surfaces, i.e. pristine graphene (PG), carboxyl doped graphene (G_COOH), hydroxyl doped graphene (G_OH), carbonyl doped graphene (G_CO) and phosphate doped graphene (G_PO3H). The cluster-support interaction strength follows the trend Pd/G_CO > Pd/G_COOH > Pd/G_OH > Pd/G_PO3H > Pd/PG, confirming the increased stability of 1 wt% Pd@O-HHT and 1 wt% Pd@P-HHT observed in the experimental results.

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Ligands on Supported Gold Nano-Catalysts: Morphological and Kinetics Studies.

The effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilizers and gold nanoparticles supported on active carbon (AuNPs/AC) was investigated in this article. Polymers with different molecular weights and hydrolysis degrees have been synthesized and used, like the stabilizing agent of Au nano-catalysts obtained by the sol-immobilization method. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol with NaBH4 has been used as a model reaction to investigate the catalytic activity of synthesized Au/AC catalysts. In addition, we report several characterization techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to correlate the properties of the polymer with the metal nanoparticle size and the catalytic activity. A volcano plot was observed linking the catalytic performance with hydrolysis degree and the maximum of the curve was identified at a value of 60%. The Au:PVA-60 weight ratio was changed in order to explain how the amount of the polymer can influence catalytic properties. The effect of nitroaromatic ring substituents on the catalytic mechanism was examined by the Hammett theory. Moreover, the reusability of the catalyst was investigated, with little to no decrease in activity observed over five catalytic cycles. Morphological and kinetic studies reported in this paper reveal the effect of the PVA polymeric stabilizer properties on the size and catalytic activity of supported gold nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Bimetallic Au–Pt / TiO2 Catalysts as an Efficient Catalyst for the Photodegradation of Crystal Violet Dye

Bimetallic Au –Pt catalysts supporting TiO2 were synthesised using two methods; sol immobilization and impregnation methods. The prepared catalyst underwent a thermal treatment process at 400◦ C, while the reduction reaction under the same condition was done and the obtained catalysts were identified with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It has been found that the prepared catalysts have a dimension around 2.5 nm and the particles have uniform orders leading to high dispersion of platinum molecules .The prepared catalysts have been examined as efficient photocatalysts to degrade the Crystal violet dye under UV-light. The optimum values of Bimetallic Au –Pt catalysts supporting TiO2 have been found (0.05g of the catalyst prepared in sol immobilization method, 0.07 g of the synthesised in impregnation procedure. The impact of pH on the degradation reaction was tested; it has been found that pH 10 is the best media for the reaction. The effect of temperature has been discussed when various temperatures were used, and the heat of photoreaction Ea was estimated from the Arrhenius relationship, it has been concluded that the reaction is independent of temperature as the activation energy was very small (Ea= 22 kJ/ mole). The thermodynamic functions; entropy, enthalpy and the free energy have been figured out. It has been found that the positive values of enthalpy ∆H# refer to endothermic reaction, moreover, it has been demonstrated that the photoreaction is an endergonic one according to the calculated values of the free energy of activation. It has been noticed that when temperature increases, it promotes the production of free radicals, but it has been noticed that exceeding the temperature more than the used range causes reducing the percentage of degradation of crystal violet, the reason is due to the limitation conditions of adsorption process at higher temperature on the surface of the catalyst.

AuPd bimetallic nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as catalysts for hydrogen generation from formic acid under ambient temperature

Monometallic Au and Pd, and bimetallic AuxPdy (x/y mole ratio Au/Pd: 3 : 1, 1 : 1 and 1 : 3) catalysts supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been synthesised by the sol-immobilization method.

Au-Pd nanoparticles immobilized on TiO2 nanosheet as an active and durable catalyst for solvent-free selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol

TiO2nanocrystals with controlled facets have been extensively investigated due to their excellent photocatalytic performance in sustainable and green energy field. However, the applications in thermal catalysis without applying UV irradiation are comparably less and the identification of their intrinsic roles, especially the different catalytic behaviors of each crystal facet, remains not fully recognized. In this study, bimetallic AuPd nanoparticles supported on anatase TiO2 nanosheets exposing {001} facets or TiO2 nanospindles exposing {101} as a catalyst were prepared by sol-immobilization method and used for solvent-free benzyl alcohol oxidation. The experimental results indicated that the exposed facet of the support has a significant effect on the catalytic performance. AuPd/TiO2-001 catalyst exhibited a higher benzyl alcohol conversion than that of the AuPd/TiO2-101. Meanwhile, all the prepared AuPd/TiO2 catalysts were characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, XPS, BET, TEM, and HRTEM. The results revealed that the higher number of oxygen vacancies in TiO2-sheets with the exposed {001} facets of higher surface energy could be responsible for the observed enhancement in the catalytic performance of benzyl alcohol oxidation. The present study displays that it is plausible to enhance the catalytic performance for the benzyl alcohol oxidation by tailoring the exposed facet of the TiO2 as a catalyst support.

Steric Effects of Mesoporous Silica Supported Bimetallic Au-Pt Catalysts on the Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols

Three series of catalysts consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), or gold-platinum bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled sizes (Au NPs 10 ± 2 nm, Pt NPs 6 ± 2 nm) anchored on hierarchical micro-/meso-/macroporous silica were successfully developed and systematically evaluated for the selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes. The catalysts were prepared by the sol-immobilization method using as-made Au NPs and/or Pt NPs colloids; the silica supports were prepared with controlled pore structures and the hierarchical porous structures of catalysts were created by controllable desilication via the alkaline solution of the metal colloids. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and these results showed no synergistic effect between Au and Pt on boosting the catalytic performance, whereas they demonstrated a clear dependence of catalytic conversions and reaction rates on the structural porosity of Au-Pt bimetallic catalysts. Our findings could potentially inspire peer researchers and scientists to develop designer porous catalysts and processes in the selective organic conversions.

Optimization of sol-immobilized bimetallic Au-Pd/TiO2 catalysts: reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol for wastewater remediation.

A sol-immobilization method is used to synthesize a series of highly active and stable AuxPd1-x/TiO2 catalysts (where x = 0, 0.13, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.87 and 1) for wastewater remediation. The catalytic performance of the materials was evaluated for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, a model wastewater contaminant, using NaBH4 as the reducing agent under mild reaction conditions. Reaction parameters such as substrate/metal and substrate/reducing agent molar ratios, reaction temperature and stirring rate were investigated. Structure-activity correlations were studied using a number of complementary techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The sol-immobilization route provides very small Au-Pd alloyed nanoparticles, with the highest catalytic performance shown by the Au0.5Pd0.5/TiO2 catalyst. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Science to enable the circular economy'.

Rational design of integrated nanocatalysts with hollow mesoporous transition metal silicates for chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde

The chemoselective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes are highly dependent on both the electronic and structural effects of the catalysts. In this study, hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde was carried out over a series of integrated nanocatalysts consisting of Pt nanoparticles and hollow transition metal silicates which were prepared by either one-pot method or sol-immobilization method. The hollow transition metal silicates not only served as mesoporous support materials for high-efficient loading of Pt but also provide tunable Fe/Ni as promoters to improve the catalysis process. It was revealed that using hollow Fe silicate as support generally exhibited low activity but high selectivity due to the strong interaction of CO bond, whereas, using hollow Ni silicate as support showed enhanced activity but low selectivity, which was attributed to the different electronic effects as evidenced by H2-TPR and XPS. In addition, electronic effects among the ternary catalysts with Pt loading on Fe-Ni bimetallic silicates were critical to the observed high turnover frequencies, that is, Pt sites contributed to H2 activation, Fe sites favored the preferential adsorption of CO bond in cinnamaldehyde, while Ni sites promoted the formation of Pt0 rather than Ptδ+.