Different Types Of Soil Research Articles

Karakteristik Kimia Tanah Gambut pada Tiga Tipe Penggunaan Lahan

Peat soil is a soil that has been decomposed by organic matter. Man-made peatlands have been converted into agricultural land. In addition to being turned into agricultural land, some peatlands are also not used, causing the land to turn into shrubs and causing land to burn because it is not managed by the owner. Peatlands therefore consist of various types of land use. Peat soils in different types of land use have different characteristics. The purpose of the study was to determine the differences in some of the chemical properties of peatlands that have been used for shrubs, open land, and agriculture. To see the differences in soil chemical properties on various land uses, descriptive analysis, and standard deviation are used by presenting bar charts. The soil pH content on agricultural land is higher. The C-organic content in shrubs is higher than in agricultural land. Ash content on agricultural land is higher. Dissolved organic carbon on agricultural land tends to be lower.

Dissipation dynamic of nicosulfuron in different types of agricultural soils

Dissipation dynamic of nicosulfuron in different types of agricultural soils

Evaluation of Soil Hydraulic Properties in Northern and Central Tunisian Soils for Improvement of Hydrological Modelling

The hydrological cycle is strongly affected by climate changes causing extreme weather events with long drought periods and heavy rainfall events. To predict the hydrological functioning of Tunisian catchments, modelling is an essential tool to estimate the consequences on water resources and to test the sustainability of the different land uses. Soil physical properties describing water flow are essential to feed the models and must therefore be determined all over the watershed. A simple but robust ring infiltration method combined with particle size distribution (PSD) analysis (BEST method) was used to evaluate and derive the retention properties and the hydraulic conductivities. Physically based and statistical pedotransfer functions based on PSD were compared to test their potential use for different types of Tunisian soils. The functional sensitivity of these parameters was assessed by employing the Hydrus-1D software (PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic) for water balance computations. This evaluation process involved testing the responsiveness and accuracy of the parameters in simulating various water balance components within the model. The evaluation of soil hydraulic parameters across the three used models highlighted significant variations, demonstrating distinct characteristics in each model. While notable differences were evident overall, intriguing similarities emerged, particularly regarding saturated hydraulic conductivity between BEST and Rosetta, and the shape parameter (n) between Arya–Paris and Rosetta. These parallels indicate shared hydraulic properties among the models, underscoring areas of agreement amid their diverse results. Significant differences were shown for scale parameter α for the various methods employed. Marginal differences in evaporation and drainage were observed between the BEST and Arya–Paris methods, with Rosetta distinctly highlighting a disparity between physically based models and statistical models.

Carbon Fluxes from Soils of “Ladoga” Carbon Monitoring Site Leningrad Region, Russia

For the first time, data on the emission of climate-active gases from soils of different types of use of the south taiga sub-zone were obtained. Soils of the boreal belt are key elements of the global carbon cycle. They determine the sink and emission of climate-active gases. Soils near large cities are a major carbon sink, in the face of climate change, soils from sinks can become a source of carbon and contribute significantly to climate change on the planet. Studies of FCO2 and FCH4 fluxes were carried out on the territory of the monitoring site “Ladoga” located in the southern taiga subzone in soils of land not used in agriculture, former agriculture lands, and wetlands. During the chamber measurements, a portable gas analyzer GLA131-GGA (ABB, Canada) was used. The chamber was placed on the soil, after which the concentration of CO2, CH4 and H2O in the mobile chamber was recorded. As a result of the study it was found that the lowest emission of carbon dioxide is characteristic of soils developing on the soils of wetland and is 0.64 gCO2/(m2*year). Which is associated with a high degree of hydrophobicity of the territory and changes in the redox regime. The highest emission of carbon dioxide is registered in soils on the land not used in agriculture and is 4.16 gCO2/(m2*year). This is due to the formation of predominantly labile forms of carbon in the soil, which can be relatively rapidly involved in the carbon cycle and affect the active emission of carbon from the soil. According to the data obtained on FCH4 emission from soils, it was found that soils of land not used in agriculture and former agriculture lands were net sinks, while soils of wetlands were characterized by CH4 source, the emission was from 0.05 to 0.83 gCH4/(m2*year). The results obtained indicate spatial heterogeneity and changes in the carbon cycle within the monitoring site “Ladoga”, which are due to the change of plant communities and habitat type. Monitoring the release of important greenhouse gases in close proximity to major urban areas is an important task in the face of predicted climate change and increasing rates of urbanization.

Calibration of Equivalent Viscous Damping Expressions for Displacement-Based Design and Application to RC Frames

Equivalent viscous damping plays a central role in displacement-based design procedures. In this paper, approaches for estimating the equivalent viscous damping of RC frame buildings are proposed. At first, the analytical formulation of Blandon and Priestley was analysed, and then a calibration of the coefficients of this formulation was performed. Compared with the work of Blandon and Priestley, a larger set of synthetic accelerograms, related to different types of soil and different intensities, and a wider range of the effective periods were considered. In particular, two different sets of parameters are proposed: the first is usable in the case of spectra obtained numerically (approach 1), and the second is usable in the case of code-based spectra and damping modification factor (approach 2). To test the performed calibration and to compare the considered formulations (i.e., the proposed and literature equations), the direct displacement-based design procedure has been applied to three case studies of reinforced concrete frame structures, and then pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses have been performed. The results show that the use of the calibrated parameters (for both the considered approaches) has determined more conservative results, in terms of design base shear and maximum drift from NLTH. Moreover, the average displacement profiles and the inter-storey drifts obtained from time-history analyses for the frames designed with the calibrated parameters match better the design profile.

Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles

Abstract Soil investigation is very important to check the bearing capacity before constructing any structure. There are different types of soils that cause many problems for the structure in short and long term, which are known as problematic soils. A lot of researchers dealt with improvement and reinforcement of the problematic soils by physical and chemical treatments. The objective of this study is reinforcing the problematic soil with micropiles with different depths and different configurations. In this study, two types of soils, soft clay and loose sand, were used to study the effect of adding micropiles of different depths and different configurations to investigate the best improvement of bearing capacity for shallow foundations on these soils. The results showed that reinforcing the natural soil with micropiles could improve the pressure carrying capacity of the problematic soils. When the design width is changed from under foundation alone to under foundation and 2B width, the soil reinforced with 2B depth of micropiles can raise the soil’s load carrying capacity by 45 to 65% when compared to untreated soil. Just 7% more bearing capacity may be achieved by increasing the depth of the micropiles from 2B to 3B (where B is the footing width); as a result, going deeper than 2B is not advantageous. Additionally, the bearing capacity of the micropiles increases by only 3% when the breadth of the configuration is increased from 1B to 2B; so, wider configurations than 1B are invalid.

Residue Kinetics of Insecticide Pymetrozine in Rice Field Soil

Soils are the most diverse and complex ecosystem in the world. In addition to providing humanity with 98.8% of its food, soils provide a broad range of other services, from carbon storage and greenhouse gas regulation, to flood mitigation and providing support for our sprawling cities. Therefore, protection of soil health from various pollutants including pesticides is important for its future sustenance. The pesticide Pymetrozine widely used in rice fields for the control of aphids and whiteflies is also registered in India for crop protection in Paddy. This study aimed to examine how long the pesticide Pymetrozine persists and how it breaks down in different types of soil in West Bengal. This research was conducted through laboratory experiments using LC-MS/MS at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia. Applied two doses of Pymetrozine and analyzed soil samples over 30 days. Pymetrozine levels decreased by 95-97% after 15 days and fell below detectable levels after 30 days. Dissipation followed first-order kinetics, with a faster rate in new alluvial soil compared to red lateritic soil. This difference could be due to variations in soil properties, like organic carbon content and water retention.

Influence of soil - foundation - tank interaction on buckling strength of liquid storage tanks

Large earthquakes in the last 25 years have caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure, including the partial or total collapse of storage tanks in various industries. Elephant foot buckling, or local buckling at the base, is one of the main failure modes observed in these structures, and this failure mode can lead to their collapse and/or complete loss of contents. Although hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads typically affect the seismic response of tanks, the effect of soil type on tank buckling behavior has not been widely studied or recognized. This research aims to evaluate the effect of soil type on seismic fragility of tanks by analyzing typical storage tanks used in the wine industry. The work focuses on elephant foot buckling for tanks with both unanchored and anchored bases and compares the influence of three different types of soil and two different tank geometries. The approach uses the capacity spectrum method, as opposed to the more commonly used incremental dynamic analysis, to determine a critical peak ground acceleration to cause buckling at the tank. The tanks were subjected to 21 Chilean seismic records with three different soil types and a no-soil condition. From the results a lognormal fragility curve, and its median and standard deviation, are calculated. The results indicate that unanchored tanks built softer soils exhibit poorer performance, while tanks in competent soils and rock exhibit good performance. Anchored tanks show less sensitivity to soil types than unanchored tanks. The study demonstrates the importance of considering soil-foundation-structure interaction for wine storage tanks, but the results indicate that many comparable storage structures will be similarly affected.

Dual axis solar tracking system for agriculture applications using machine learning

The three most basic amenities required for human survival are food, shelter and clothing. In today's tech-savvy generation, these have experienced a great deal of scientific advancement. Unfortunately, agriculture is still more man power-oriented. So they have to rely on the hit and trial method to learn from experience which leads to waste of time. In proposed work includes an automated system using dual axis solar tracking system and gives crop recommendation for different types of soil to yield maximum. The suggested system is a dual-axis solar tracker based on machine learning that is intended to considerably increase the effectiveness of energy harvesting. The approach makes use of the logistic regression algorithm (LR) to do this. This novel strategy tries to maximize the solar panel's ability to produce energy, leading to increased energy yields. The quality of soil is predicted by using suitable sensors for crop recommendation. The data’s are temperature, humidity, pH of soil, nitrogen, phosphorous & potassium in soil and rainfall in soil are considered. For crop recommendation six algorithms- SVM, KNN, Native Bays, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree classifier, Random Forest Classifier are applied and tested. It is found that random forest classifier gave us excellent results.

Challenges and prospects in energetic application of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth as a bioenergy tree

AbstractA report on the Pithecellobium dulce tree is provided in this review. The main characteristics of the tree, its chemical composition, traditional applications and future application in the bioenergy area are addressed. Pithecellobium dulce is a leguminous tree characterized by being fast growing, nitrogen fixing and largely available. In addition, it is distinguished by growing in different types of soils from acid to alkaline and with little water. This review could serve as a scientific basis to promote and carry out new research work focused on individual and comprehensive use for various bioenergetic processes, from the different parts that make up the P. dulce tree such as its leaves, pods, branches, flowers, fruit and seeds. Among the bioenergetic processes that could be developed are the production of bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, heterogeneous catalysts, biochar, activated carbon and nanoparticles, among other applications.

Enhancing California Bearing Ratio through Optimized Compaction Efforts: A Study on Alluvial Soils in North India

The quantity of soil required for embankment construction is enormous. Often the soil is brought to the site in dumpers in multiple rounds. This to and from movement of the wagons leads to the deterioration of the existing flexible pavement. In the absence of good earth nearby, using existing soils to act as a subgrade material upon meeting the desired strength and stability characteristics is the need of the hour. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is an indicator of soil's strength, which further depends on the degree of compaction of soil. In this study, an effort has been made to find the required compaction efforts to achieve maximum CBR value finding its applicability for both conventional flexible and perpetual pavements. Three different types of alluvial soils in North India were tested for CBR with varying compaction efforts using the modified Proctor test. The effect of mixing different soils was also considered to find the effectiveness of mechanically mixing soils on the required compaction efforts. It was observed that there is a constant upsurge in the CBR of soils upon an increase in the percentage compactive effort up to a certain limit. In the case of clayey soils, the rate of increase is less as compared to the well-graded sands. This study also highlights the effect of mechanical mixing of such soils with sandy soils in desired proportions giving rise to amplified values of CBR ratio of the soil blend. The regression analysis was also conducted to examine a correlation between the compactive effort and CBR values and it was best represented by exponential function for different types of soils.

Changes in the cellulolytic activity and microbial respiration of soils of different types under conditions of contamination with heavy metals

It has been experimentally established that when soils are polluted with heavy metals, the boundary concentrations of metals above which signs of ecotoxicity are detected are different for the microbial community. Inhibition of respiration of the studied soils was observed at lower doses of Pb, Zn and Cd than enzymatic cellulase activity. Cd compounds and polyelement contamination conditions are the most toxic for microorganisms. Concentrations of heavy metals have been identified that can have a significant negative impact on the soil microbial community at different levels of contamination of sod-podzolic, gray forest, leached chernozem and chestnut soils. In descending order of resistance to TM, the studied soils can be arranged in the following row: leached chernozem (Luvic Chernozem) grey forest (Eutric Retisol (Ochric)) chestnut (Haplic Kastanozem) ≥ sod-podzolic (Eutric Albic Retisol (Ochric)).

Identification of geotechnical units in soil exploration through principal component analysis and clustering

AbstractObtaining accurate information on soil characteristics is essential for large‐scale construction projects. Geotechnical exploration methods are commonly used to obtain information on soil characteristics. However, integrating the characteristics obtained through different exploration methods can be challenging. To address this problem, this study proposes the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to combine geotechnical variables obtained from cone penetration tests (CPT), standard penetration tests (SPT) with soil sampling, and Suspension PS Logging tests. PCA and clustering analysis were applied to the data collected from a study area, and the results were highly effective in identifying the stratigraphy and soil type, leading to the definition of geotechnical units. This approach provides valuable information for geotechnical engineering projects, enhancing the accuracy of stratigraphic investigations and improving our understanding of soil characteristics and their influence on construction projects. Moreover, the proposed technique can be applied in other areas and different types of soils, making it a valuable tool for evaluating soil characteristics.

Simultaneous Immobilization of Cadmium and Arsenic in Paddy Soils with Novel Fe-Mn Combined Graphene Oxide

Novel Fe-Mn combined graphene oxide （GO-FM） material was produced and tested for its efficacy in remediating agricultural soil co-contaminated by Cd and As. In a 60-day soil incubation experiment， the remediation mechanism and immobilization effects of GO and GO-FM at different addition ratios （0.1%， 0.2%， and 0.3%） were investigated in Shangyu and Foshan soils， which had varying physicochemical properties and contamination degrees. The dynamic changes in pH， DOC concentration， bioavailable Cd and As content， and morphology of Cd and As were explored to determine the remediation efficacy of the materials. The results demonstrated that compared with that in the blank control， GO-FM increased the pH in Shangyu soil but decreased the pH in Foshan soil. After culture， both GO and GO-FM increased the soil DOC content. GO-FM decreased the soluble Cd concentration by 5.08%-19.19% and the bioavailability of Cd by 36.57%-42.8% in Foshan soil， and the main immobilization mechanism was electrostatic adsorption， complexation， and hydroxylated metal ion formation. The immobilization ability of GO-FM on Cd was lower than that of Foshan soil due to the influence of electrostatic repulsion in Shangyu acidic soil. However， with the increase in the amount of GO-FM， the trend of increasing the bioavailability of Cd by graphene oxide was inhibited. The addition of 0.2% and 0.3% GO-FM decreased the bioavailability of Cd by 6.45%-13.56% in Shangyu soil. Additionally， GO-FM decreased the bioavailability of As in Shangyu soil and Foshan soil by 4.34%-9.15% and 0.87%-5.71%， respectively. This was due to the immobilization mechanism of oxidation of As by manganese oxides and inner surface chelate between As and the surface hydroxyl group of iron oxides. In summary， the immobilization effect of GO-FM on Cd in Foshan soil was better than that in Shangyu soil， and the immobilization effect of GO-FM on As in Shangyu soil was better than that in Foshan soil， which can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the prevention and control of Cd and As co-contamination in different types of soil.

Effects of citric acid on arsenic transformation and microbial communities in different paddy soils

Root exudate is a major source of soil organic matter and can significantly affect arsenic (As) migration and transformation in paddy soils. Citric acid is the main component of rice root exudate, however, the impacts and rules of citric acid on As bioavailability and rhizobacteria in different soils remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of citric acid on As transformation and microbial community in ten different paddy soils by flooded soil culture experiments. The results showed that citric acid addition increased total As and arsenate (As(V)) in the soil porewater by up to 41-fold and 65-fold, respectively, after 2-h incubation. As(V) was the main As species in soil porewater within 10 days with the addition of citric acid. Non-specifically sorbed As of soils, total Fe and total As were the main environmental factors affecting the soil microbial communities. High-throughput sequencing analysis demonstrated that citric acid addition significantly altered the soil microbial community structure, shifting the Proteobacteria-related reducing bacteria to Firmicutes-related reducing bacteria in different paddy soils. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was promoted by 174–196%. Clostridium-related bacteria belonging to Firmicutes became the dominant genera, which is believed to regulate As release through the reductive dissolution of iron oxides or the direct reduction of As(V) to arsenite (As(III)). However, citric acid addition significantly decreased the relative abundance of Geobacter and Anaeromyxobacter, which are also typical active As(V)- and ferric-reducing bacteria. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) also revealed that the addition of citric acid significantly decreased the relative abundances of Geobacter in the different soils by 8–28 times while the relative abundances of Clostridium increased by 2–5 times. These results provide significant insight on As transformation in different types of rice rhizospheric soils and guidance for the application of rice varieties with low citric acid exuding to restrict As accumulation.

Groundwater in India is Decreasing Because of Growing Urban Estates, Multiple Cropping Patterns and Excessive Water Use for Irrigation/agriculture

India is seeing a significant reduction in groundwater levels, attributed to changes in agricultural techniques, urbanization, and unsustainable water exploitation. This puts agriculture, the security of the water supply, and the daily lives of nearly 1.5 billion people in danger. The study explores the varied terrain of India, the different types of soil, and how heat waves and rainfall patterns are affected by climate change. The water crises in Chennai and Bengaluru highlight the need for strict water management techniques in the socioeconomic environment. In addition, the health consequences of tainted groundwater, which may contain dangerous substances like arsenic and chromium, demand prompt attention for appropriate disposal and surveillance to protect the public's health and welfare.

Compaction Effect on CBR Values in Different Types of Soils

Compaction Effect on CBR Values in Different Types of Soils

Research and evaluate the potential of rice husk ash and rice straw ash for soil improvement in Vietnam

Rice husk ash and rice straw ash are common agricultural wastes in developing countries. Currently, utilizing these wastes in the construction sector such as soil improvement and cement concrete production is a trend in many areas around the world. In Vietnam, with a rice production of more than 40 million tons/year, millions of tons of rice husk ash and straw ash can be generated. This is an abundant and a cheap material source. This article will research and evaluate the potential of rice husk ash and straw ash for soft soil improvement in Vietnam. Research results show that straw ash and rice husk ash are materials having high pozzolan activity. Various studies in the world and some studies in Vietnam showed that rice husk ash and straw ash not only improve some physical and mechanical properties of soil but can also partially replace the amount of binder. Vietnam has different types of soft soil and construction activities are increasing, so the demand for improving soft soil is also increasing. In which, improving soil with cement binder is one of the most popular methods. Therefore, rice husk ash and rice straw ash have great potential to combine with cement in improving soft soil in Vietnam. Utilizing these wastes not only helps reduce the negative impact their causes on the environment but also helps improve construction quality and reduce construction costs.

Mechanochemical degradation performance of lindane in different types of soils: The effects of soil properties and elemental components

Although mechanochemical remediation of organic-contaminated soil has received substantial attention in recent years, the effects of soil properties on soil remediation performance are not clear. In this work, the properties and elemental components of 16 soils were tested, and the mechanochemical degradation performance of lindane in these soils was investigated through experiments. Most importantly, the relationships between soil variables and the mechanochemical degradation rates of lindane in the additive-free and CaO systems were elucidated. The results showed that the mechanochemical degradation efficiencies of lindane in the 16 soils were significantly different without additives, with a range of 31.0 %–97.2 % after 4 h. The mechanochemical degradation rates of lindane in the 16 soils varied from 0.7 h−1 to 15 h−1 after the addition of 9 % CaO. Correlation analysis, redundancy analysis and the partial least squares path modeling results clearly showed that the main factors affecting the reaction rate (k1) without additives were organic matter (−) > clay (+) > bound water (−) > Si (+). After the addition of 9 % CaO, the order in which the main factors affected the reaction rate (k2) was organic matter (−) > bound water (−) > Ti/Fe/Al (−) > pH (+) > clay (+). The established and corrected multiple nonlinear regression equations can be used to accurately predict the mechanochemical degradation performance of hexachlorocyclohexanes in actual soils with and without additives.

Response of Soil Microorganisms and Phenolic to Pseudostelariae heterophylla Cultivation in Different Soil Types

Pseudostellaria heterophylla of the Caryophyllaceae family is an important medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine, but it encounters continuous cropping obstacle during cultivation. This study aimed to study the differences in the response of Pseudostellaria heterophylla cultivation to soil microorganisms and phenolic substances in different types of soil (Loamy soil and Clayey soil). The analysis of soil metabolites using HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS and HPLC-DAD techniques revealed that the content of various phenolic components in the rhizosphere soil increased significantly after Pseudostellaria heterophylla cultivation. Pseudostellaria heterophylla cultivation in yellow soil could increase the abundance of Proteobacteria, Ascomycota, and Thermoplasmatota, while in brown soil, the abundance of Ascomycota significantly decreased. In addition, Pseudostellaria heterophylla cultivation could increase the α-diversity of bacteria and fungi in yellow soil, while reducing the α-diversity of archaea, and the impact on diversity in brown soil was relatively small. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic compounds were more likely to regulate the genera Bradyrhizobium, Calcarisporiella, Boothiomyces and Methanocella. Pseudostellaria heterophylla may regulate rhizosphere microbial diversity and community structure by secreting phenolic. However, in different types of soil environments, the response mechanism of soil microorganisms to Pseudostellaria heterophylla planting might vary. Our study provides new insights that the variability in the response of different soil types to Pseudostelariae heterophylla cultivation should be taken into account when developing strategies for reducing continuous cropping obstacles in medicinal plants.