Soil Tillage Methods Research Articles

МОНИТОРИНГ ВОДОПРОНИЦАЕМОСТИ И ЭРОЗИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СПОСОБАХ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ЧЕРНОЗЕМОВ ЮГА РОССИИ

Purpose: analysis of soil water permeability and runoff-regulating ability of methods of basic soil tillage on chernozems in the south of the European territory of Russia. Materials and methods. The object of research is ordinary chernozem on the erosion-hazardous slope of the experimental station of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre” (FSBSI FRARC). The methods used are generally accepted in soil science, erosion science, agriculture (S. V. Astapov, 1958; V. N. Dyakov, 1974; E. V. Poluektov, 1982; B. A. Dospekhov, 1985), generalized analysis and analysis of data obtained in field experiments. Results. The results of studies of the methods of basic tillage: moldboard, flat-cut, chisel, surface, for the period from 1975 to 2017 are analyzed. The dependence of water permeability on the methods of basic tillage starting from the moment of its implementation until harvesting of agricultural crops is established. Particular attention is paid to soil permeability during the period of snow melting, since during this period the flow of melt water and soil washout are formed, the relationship between which is quite close. The most intense erosion processes are manifested during moldboard plowing, followed by surface tillage. A higher soil conservation capacity is typical for areas tilled with chisel. Conclusion. According to the data obtained, in autumn period, rainwater runoff and soil washout can be an exception, especially if the basic tillage is carried out to a depth of 25–29 cm. In winter, when the soil freezes, the permeability decreases sharply, especially on surface cultivation, which creates preconditions for melt water formation. The maximum snowmelt runoff is formed on surface tillage, followed by a flat-cut one, and a moldboard and a chisel one close the list. In terms of soil washout, moldboard plowing is in the first place, followed by cultivation methods that leave stubble and plant residues on the surface: surface, flat-cut, chisel.

Влияние способов основной обработки почвы на влаготемпературный режим почвы и урожайность озимой пшеницы

Purpose: to study the influence of soil cultivation methods on soil moisture-temperature regime and the winter wheat yield under conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture. Materials and methods: the study of various primary soil tillage methods was carried out under the conditions of long-term stationary experience in 2017–2019 on the isolated field of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Asovsliy Scientific Centre “Donskoy” (southern zone of Rostov region). The cultivated crop is Stanichnaya variety winter wheat, the predecessor is peas. The experimental site soil is ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem. The studied tillage methods are surface, shallow, moldboard and zero (direct seeding). The method for determining the relative humidity and soil temperature in an autonomous mode was based on the use of Watch Dog 1400 Micro meteorological stations (recorders) from Spectrum Technologies, Inc., the soil moisture and temperature sensors were located at a depth of 30 cm. At the same time, the air humidity and temperature and the accumulation precipitation were monitored. Results: it was found that in the southern zone of Rostov region, zero tillage throughout the entire observation period provides high moisture conservation, preventing soil overheating, at the same time allowing to obtain a consistently high yield of winter wheat, which compares favorably with other tillage methods. Conclusions: comparison of various tillage methods with leading in all indicators zero tillage allowed to establish that, on average, with surface tillage, soil moisture is lower by 17.75 %, soil temperature is higher by 4.12 %, and yield is lower by 8.37 %. With shallow tillage, the soil moisture is 20.12 % lower, the soil temperature is 12.19 % higher, and the yield is 12.14 % lower. With the moldboard method, soil moisture is lower by 13.19 %, the soil temperature is higher by 11.48 %, and the yield is lower by 5.44 %.

The effect of mineral fertilizers and methods of basic soil tillage on the productivity of new promising soybean varieties

The agrotechnical significance of leguminous crops, in particular soybeans, consists in its ability to provide a huge bulk of vegetable protein and less nitrogen depletion of soils than non-legume crops [2]. Despite the fact that nitrogen symbiotically fixed by soybean plants is alienated with the harvest and taken out of the field with organic residues of leguminous crops, more nitrogen remains in the soil after them than with residues of other crops. In this regard soybeans are good predecessors in various stages of crop rotation. The article discusses topical issues of increasing productivity of leguminous crops, in particular, soybeans, when using different doses of ammophos against the background of its placement in various ways of main tillage of drained leached chernozems. In 2018–2019 studies were carried out to establish the influence of the optimal dose of mineral nutrition and the best method of soil cultivation on the productivity and quality indicators of soybeans of the French selection of the Amphora, Mentor and Isidor varieties. According to the results of the research, different effectiveness of the considered variants of the experiment was established. Thus, higher rates of soybean yield were noted in the later-maturing Isidor variety within 2,03–2,30 t/ha for plowing, and 1,70–1,91 for soil disking. The most cost-effective dose of mineral nutrition for all studied soybean varieties was the dose of 50 kg/ha of Ammophos (N6H26) against the background of plowing, where the profit from the increase in yield relative to the control was in the range of 2900–3650 rubles/ha, and against the background of disking soil the dose of Ammophos was 100 kg/ha (N12H52), where the profit was in the range of 1300–2050 rubles/ha.

Influence of basic soil tillage methods on fresh yield and quality of winter rape cultivars

The development of rational system of basic soil tillage results in formation of sufficiently high crop yields. A two-factor field experiment was carried out to address these issues when cultivating winter rape cultivars on light chestnut soils of the Primorsko-Caspian sub-province of the Republic of Dagestan. VEM (standard), Elvis and Meteor winter rape cultivars were studied in the experiment. The following methods of soil tillage were studied: real tillage (control), subsoil tillage. The research revealed that there was no significant difference in agrophysical indicators between the soil cultivation variants. Data on weed infestation of winter rape fields showed that the number of weeds and their weight increased significantly after subsoil tillage. At the budding stage, the number of weeds increased 2.1-fold compared to the control (real tillage), and the weight of weeds increased 1.88-fold. During flowering stage, these indicators were 2.2 times higher. The maximum yield in all variants of the experiment was formed by Elvis cultivar - 44.9 and 41.4 t/ha, respectively, which is more than VEM (standard) and Meteor cultivars by 20.4 t/ha (7.9 %) and 20.0 t/ha (8.7 %), respectively. The yield of Meteor cultivar in these variants was also high and amounted to 41.6 and 38.1 t/ha, respectively, which was higher by 11.5 and 10.4 % compared with the standard. The greatest increase in the fresh yield was provided by real tillage. On average, the yield increased by 8.7 % for varieties in comparison with subsoil cultivation. Elvis cultivar formed the best quality indicators, followed by Meteor cultivar.

Uzun Süreli Korumalı ve Geleneksel Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinin Beta Glikosidaz Enzim Aktivitesi ve Potansiyel Mineralize Olabilir Azot Üzerine Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, dokuz yıl süre ile uygulanan iki geleneksel, üç azaltılmış ve sıfır toprak işleme yöntemlerinin GEA ve PMN üzerine etkileri belirlenmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Tesadüf blokları şeklinde 2006 yılında başlatılan çalışmada, 6 farklı toprak işleme sistemi için 3 tekerrürlü ve toplam 18 adet parsel yer almaktadır. Bunlara ilaveten, Araştırma alanında, anızlı geleneksel toprak işleme (Gİ–1), anızları yakılmış geleneksel toprak işleme (Gİ–2), ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış toprak işleme (ATİ–1), rototillerli azaltılmış toprak işleme (ATİ–2), ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış sıfır toprak işleme (ASTİ) ve doğrudan ekimli sıfır toprak işleme (STİ) şeklinde altı farklı toprak işleme yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Ürün rotasyonu olarak bugüne kadar kışlık bitki olarak her yıl buğday ve yazlık olarak (ikinci ürün) buğday hasadını takiben sırasıyla bir yıl mısır ve bir yıl soya yetiştirilmiştir. Toprak işleme sistemlerinin farklılaşması GEA ve PMN konsantrasyonunun önemli düzeyde farklılaşmasına neden olmuştur. Toprak işleme yoğunluğunun azalması ile birlikte önemli düzeyde artış gösteren GEA konsantrasyonu 44,68 mg PNP kg-1 sa-1 (Gİ-2) ile 207,66 mg PNP kg-1 sa-1 (STİ) arasında değişmiştir. Ancak GEA‘da belirlenen trend PMN‘de tespit edilememiştir. Sıfır toprak işleme altındaki topraklarda PMN konsantrasyonu önemli düzeyde yüksek olmakla birlikte ATİ-1 ile PMN konsantrasyonu bakımından aynı grupta yer almıştır. İşlenmemiş topraklarda PMN konsantrasyonunun daha yüksek olmasının muhtemelen toprak strüktürünün parçalanmaması ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Araştırma sonuçları, azaltılmış ve sıfır toprak işleme sistemlerinin bölgede toprağın kalitesinin arttırılması adına son derece gerekli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Subsoiling and mechanical hole-drilling tillage effects on soil physical properties and initial growth of eucalyptus after eucalyptus on steeplands

The re-establishment of trees after previous forest harvesting (so-called second rotation) requires soil structure amelioration, since the tree harvest with heavy machinery usually causes soil compaction and deformation, mostly at the surface, but also in deeper layers. Efficient soil tillage methods are necessary to create a physical environment suitable for the next generation of trees to grow and develop successfully. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four different soil tillage methods on soil physical properties and the initial growth of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus saligna) after eucalyptus on a gravelly Ultisol in southern Brazil with a compacted layer in 0.3 m depth. Tree seedlings were planted in randomized blocks in three replications after applying the following soil tillage methods: intermittent (every 4 m) downslope subsoiling (DSS), cross-slope subsoiling after above-ground stump cutting (C + CSS), cross-slope subsoiling plus ridging after above-ground stump cutting (C + CSS + R), and hole drilling (HD). Before as well as 122 and 391 days after planting, undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected in each tillage treatment in five layers down to 1.00 m to evaluate soil bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, plant-available water content, and penetration resistance, along with chemical analyses. Operational costs and, where applicable, product costs of each method were compared, while the initial growth of E. saligna was evaluated by means of tree survival rate and height, diameter at breast height and wood volume 90, 180 and 330 days after planting. The tillage method did not affect soil chemical properties, but positively influenced physical properties by means of lower bulk density and penetration resistance. The most intensive and expensive method C + CSS + R provided the best conditions for tree growth, while HD was the cheapest method, but the least efficient due to low productivity. Per volume of produced wood, DSS was the most efficient method with lowest total costs and the second highest wood production.

Water Erosion Reduction Using Different Soil Tillage Approaches for Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Czech Republic

In today’s agriculture, maize is considered to be one of the major feed, food and industrial crops. Cultivation of maize by inappropriate agricultural practices and on unsuitable sites is connected with specific risks of soil degradation, mainly due to water erosion of the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yielding parameters, fodder quality and anti-erosion efficiency of different methods of conservation tillage for maize in two areas (Jevíčko—JEV and Skoupý—SKO) with different climate and soil conditions in the Czech Republic in the period 2016–2018, using multivariate exploratory techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA). Four variants of soil tillage methods were analysed: Conventional Tillage (CT), two slightly different Strip-Till techniques (ST) and Direct Sowing (DS). The analysed parameters were: dry mass of the plants, height of the plants, starch content (SC), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), soil loss by erosion and surface runoff. The multivariate exploratory techniques PCA and FA significantly differed in two categories of techniques in both locations. The first category consists of soil conservation techniques (SCT): ST (JEV/SKO) and DS (JEV). These techniques are characterised by lower yields of dry mass, lower height of plants, forage quality equal to CT, but a high level of protection of the soil against erosion. The second category consists of CT (JEV and SKO) and partially of DS (SKO). These treatments are characterised by high dry mass production, higher plants, high forage quality, but a feeble capacity of protection of the soil against erosion. The results of the study confirm the presumption of the positive influence of introduction and application of new agronomical practices in the areas of interest and other areas with similar natural conditions in the sense of sustainable management for agricultural management of agricultural land for the conditions of the Czech Republic and therefore of Central and Eastern Europe. PCA and FA were used as an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of the use of STC in agricultural practice.

УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ В КОРОТКОРОТАЦІЙНІЙ ПРОСАПНІЙ СІВОЗМІНІ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД УДОБРЕННЯ Й ОСНОВНОГО ОБРОБІТКУ ҐРУНТУ

Застосування оптимальної системи удобрення та проведення раціонального основного обробітку ґрунту під всі культури сівозміни сприяє підвищенню врожайності пшениці озимої. Проте, дослідних даних про вплив удобрення та способів обробітку ґрунту на зернову продуктивність пшениці озимої у зоні недостатнього зволоження вкрай не вистачає. В цьому і полягає актуальність та практичне значення відповідних досліджень, мета яких – виявлення впливу систем основного обробітку ґрунту на врожайність пшениці озимої за умови органічної та мінеральної систем удобрення в короткоро-таційній просапній сівозміні. Завдання досліджень полягало у з’ясуванні впливу різних способів осно-вного обробітку ґрунту на зернову продуктивність пшениці озимої; вивченні дії різних систем удоб-рення, що застосовуються під час вирощування сільськогосподарських культур у короткоротаційній просапній сівозміні, на вихід зерна пшениці озимої; дослідженні та аналізі зернової продуктивності пшениці озимої за умови комплексного впливу на неї попередників, удобрення і способів обробітку ґрунту. Відповідні польові дослідження проводили у стаціонарному досліді Веселоподільської дослід-но-селекційної станції (Семенівський район, Полтавська область) Інституту біоенергетичних куль-тур і цукрових буряків Національної академії аграрних наук України упродовж 2015–2018 рр. У ре-зультаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що у короткоротаційній просапній сівозміні урожай-ність пшениці озимої залежала від комплексного впливу способів основного обробітку ґрунту, що проводилися під усі сільськогосподарські культури певної ланки, і системи удобрення, що застосову-валася за всю ротацію сівозміни. Середня за чотири роки максимальна врожайність зерна пшениці озимої – 4,61 т/га – була отримана в ланці, де проводили оранку на глибину 20–22 см під кукурудзу на силос і 30–32 см під цукрові буряки та поверхневий обробіток ґрунту на глибину 10–12 см під пшени-цю озиму і ячмінь ярий за умови внесення за ротацію сівозміни з розрахунку на 1 га ріллі 6,25 т гною + N33,8Р33,8К33,8 без соломи і без гички.

Effects of Different Tillage, Rotation Systems and Nitrogen Levels on Wheat Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

This research was conducted between 2011 and 2015 at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University for evaluating two tillage methods (conventional and reduced), three crop rotations (wheat-wheat; wheat-fallow; wheat-chickpea) and four N levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1). The experimental design was split-split plot with three replicates. Tillage methods were in main plots, crop rotations in subplots and N levels in sub-sub plots. The N concentration of grain and straw harvested from aboveground plant organs was separately determined using by the Kjeldahl digestion method after the plant samples were ground. Then, grain protein content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUTE) were calculated. According to results, effects of tillage methods on NUE were unclear. Conventional tillage methods resulted in higher NUPE than reduced tillage in the last three years of the experiment. The NUTE was higher in reduced tillage than conventional in 2011-2012 and 2014-2015. The effects of tillage methods on grain yield were different due to the climatic conditions. Wheat-chickpea rotation had the better results for examined traits in this research. Increasing nitrogen doses increased grain and plant protein rate, however it decreased NUE and NUPE. The effects of nitrogen doses on NUTE were ambiguous. Nitrogen use efficiency and NUPE is traits that can be differed according to changeable grain yield depend on environmental conditions. Therefore, the experiments should be conducted for more than four years for revealed absolute effects both soil tillage method and nitrogen fertilization.

Influence of different soil tillage methods on the development of root rot in spring wheat

The study was carried out in the grain-fallow-hoed crop rotation in the stationary field experience of the Minderlinskoe academic and experimental facility of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. A positive effect of green manure rapeseed fallow on the phytosanitary condition of the spring wheat crops in the traditional moldboard ploughing by 20-22 cm was found: the root rot rate declines by 8.2-10.9% compared to the absence of any soil tillage. The best conditions for the growth and tillering were identified in the variant when the wheat was preceded by green manure rapeseed fallow with the soil ploughed by 20-22 cm; this variant provided the largest crop yield from 1 ha. The paper presents the mycoflora analysis of the daughter seeds of the Novosibirskaya-15 spring wheat cultivated on the soil tilled with different methods. The study showed that the mycoflora of the daughter seeds of the Novosibirskaya-15 spring wheat cultivated on the soil tilled with different methods is mostly represented by Fusarium sp., p. Alternaria sp., Bipolaris sp., Penicillium sp. The plant pathogenic fungi of Alternaria sp. was found to dominate in all the variants of the experiment. Statistic significance of the difference (p<0.001) between the experiment variants in the intensiveness and prevalence of the disease has been found. The greatest disease development index was found in the spring wheat cultivated without basic soil tillage, and the smallest index was demonstrated by the variant with the moldboard ploughed soil (20-22 cm).

Utjecaj načina obrade tla na prinos i energetsku učinkovitost proizvodnje uljane repice

Budući da se osnovna obrada i priprema tla za sjetvu uljane repice obavljaju u sušnom razdoblju godine, vrlo je važno odabrati pravilan način obrade tla za svako područje, odnosno tip tla. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj načina obrade tla na prinos i energetsku učinkovitost proizvodnje uljane repice u agroekološkim uvjetima Podravine. U istraživanje su bile uključene dvije varijante obrade tla za uljanu repicu: 1) konvencionalna obrada - plug, integrirani agregat rotodrljača + sijačica; 2) reducirana obrada - rovilo, integrirani agregat rotodrljača + sijačica. Istraživanje je provedeno na lesiviranom tlu na pijescima kod naselja Dinjevac u Podravini tijekom 2017./2018. godine na parceli ukupne površine 3,5 ha. Na jednoj polovici parcele (1,75 ha) obavljena je konvencionalna obrada tla, a na drugoj polovici (1,75 ha) reducirana obrada tla. Za sve radne operacije obrade tla korišten je traktor Fendt 716 Vario snage motora 118 kW s pogonom na sva četiri kotača. Prilikom svih radnih operacija mjerena je potrošnja goriva volumetrijskom metodom te je izračunat utrošak energije. Na svakoj varijanti obrade tla utvrđen je prinos u tri ponavljanja. Način obrade tla nije imao značajan utjecaj na prinos sjemena, udio ulja u sjemenu i prinos ulja. Reduciranom obradom tla ostvarena je ušteda energije od 387 MJ ha-1, odnosno smanjen utrošak goriva za 10 l ha-1. Stoga je reducirani način obrade tla ekološki prihvatljiviji zbog manje emisije CO2. Reducirana obrada je isplativija i s ekonomskog stajališta jer je u usporedbi s konvencionalnom, ostvaren veći prihod za 282,00 kn ha-1, odnosno 3,42 %.

Sugar beet and barley yield as affected by fertilization system and tillage in grain-hoed crop rotation

Purpose. To substantiate the dependence of sugar beet yield on fertilization and soil tillage management in short grain-hoed crop rotation.Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical.Results. The long-term stationary experiment was carried out in the zone of insufficient soil moisture on slightly saline chernozem in grain-hoed crop rotation with a share of hoed crops of 50 % and grain crops of 50 %. Sugar beets were grown in the unit with silage maize with the practice of ploughing and combined tillage. With the application of 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90 and ploughing, 35.3 t/ha of roots was obtained. The practice of combined tillage was inferior to ploughing in terms of sugar yield, which was less by 2.0 t/ha. In the treatment with straw (as organic fertilizer) + N140P90K90, the yield was 36.02 t/ha which was not inferior to the treatment with 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90. In the most favourable year, with straw + N140P90K90, the yield for ploughing and combined tillage ranged from 47.2 to 45.8 t/ha. In the least favourable year, the efficiency of the organo-mineral system decreased on the background of straw + N140P90K90 to 24.6 and 23.4 t/ha of roots, respectively. Barley was grown under the effects of fertilizers applied to sugar beet on the background of 25 t/ha of manure + N140P90K90 under sugar beet, followed by ploughing of sugar beet into the soil with ploughing and combined tillage. Its grain yield made up 3.91–3.96 t/ha, that was not inferior to the treatment with manure and mineral fertilizers.Conclusions. The practice of using 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90 under sugar beet with ploughing and combined tillage ensured root yield of 35.3 and 31.5 t/ha and 6.10 and 5.59 t/ha, respectively. Application of straw + N140P90K90 for sugar beet was not inferior to the application of 25 t/ha of manure + N90P90K90. With combined tillage the sugar content in sugar beet was higher than with ploughing. The barley yield under the aftereffect of 25 t/ha of manure + N140P90K90 applied to sugar beets, followed by ploughing, was not affected by the soil tillage methods.

Effect of fertilization system and tillage on weed infestation of sugar beet sowings in short crop rotations

Purpose. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil tillage method and fertilization system on the degree of weed infestation of sugar beet sowings in different crop rotation units under the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. Field, statistical.Results. The study was carried out in the area of insufficient soil moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the slightly saline chernozem in a long-term stationary experiment in the following short crop rotations: crop rotation system esparcet + Festuca pratensis and grain-hoed crop rotation. Fertilization for the experiment was organo-mineral, both in crop rotation and under sugar beet. The research results show that weed infestation was affected by all experimental factors, i.e. by tillage method, fertilization system, and crop rotation unit. Thus, in sugar beet sowings in the crop rotation unit with esparcet and fescue grass, at the time of leaf closure in rows, 33.4 plants/m2 of weeds were recordedin the unfertilized treatment, while in the fertilized treatment their number ranged between 16.7 and 24.0 plants/m2. In the grain − hoed crops rotation 56.0 plants/m2 of weeds were found in the treatment with ploughing and 69.6 plants/m2 in the treatment with combined tillage. The practice of the organic-mineral fertilization system in the crop rotation unit with bare fallow reduced the number of weeds to 16.7−23.6 plants/m2 with ploughing and to 37.0−49.0 plants/m2 with combined tillage.Conclusions. Weed infestation in the crop rotatory system on the background of organic-mineral fertilization was comparable with the grain − hoed crops rotation. In the grain − hoed crops rotation, segetal weeds were dominant in combined tillage. The use of fertilizers markedly reduces weed infestation. The most intensive weed infestation was observed in the treatment with straw + N140P90K90, 49.0 plants/m2 in combined tillage and 23.6 plants/m2 in ploughing. Monocotyledonous weeds were represented by Setaria glauca that was dominant in combined tillage, with 3.0−5.7 plants/m2 of weeds on the background of organo-mineral fertilization. In the treatments with organic-mineral fertilizers, of the dicotyledons, Amaranthus retroflexus was the dominant weed species, both in ploughing (7.0−16.6 plants/m2) and combined tillage treatments (19.6−23.6 plants/m2).

The Influence of Tillage and Cover Cropping on Soil Microbial Parameters and Spring Wheat Physiology

The soil tillage system and the distribution of stubble catch crops increase the content of organic carbon, thus increasing the biochemical activity of soil. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of leguminous cover crops and different tillage soil systems before spring wheat sowing on the count of soil microorganisms, biochemical activity, microbiological diversity and the physiological state of the plants in correlation with yield. The study compared and analysed the following systems: (1) conventional tillage (CT) to a depth of 22 cm, followed by spring wheat sowing using four simplified cultivation technologies called conservation tillage. The following simplified tillage systems were evaluated: (2) skimming before sowing the cover crop and spring wheat sowing after ploughing tillage (CT), (3) skimming before sowing of the cover crop (sowing wheat with no-till technology (NT)), (4) direct sowing of ground cover plants (NT) and spring wheat sowing after ploughing cultivation (CT) and (5) direct sowing of cover crop (NT) and sowing wheat directly into cover crop (NT). The results showed that applying the cover crop and soil tillage method before sowing wheat improved all tested parameters. The highest values of the analysed parameters were observed in the treatment with soil skimming before sowing of the cover plant, and then with sowing the wheat directly into the mulch. The activity of dehydrogenase was 90% higher, while the activity of phosphatase was 32% higher, in comparison to the control group. Both the activity of catalase and the biological index of fertility were 200% higher, in comparison to the control group. Metagenomic analysis showed that soil bacterial communities collected during treatment ‘zero’ and after different cultivations differed in the structure and percentage of individual taxa at the phylum level.

Intensity of spring wheat transpiration due to weather factors and methods of basic tillage

The paper presents the study of daily course transpiration of the three upper leaves of cultivars of spring hard wheat of different origin, grown against the background of two methods of primary tillage in different conditions of the vegetation period according to weather factors. The studies were carried out according to the method of rapid weighing using the torsion scales VT-500 three times during the day (9:00, 12:00 and 15:00 hours) in the phases of stem elongation and wheat earing. The paper identifies cultivar specificity of the course of daytime transpiration, the influence of soil tillage methods on the amount of transpiration, as well as a significant dependence on weather factors over the years of study. The results can be used in practical breeding with the perspective assessment of varieties according to the transpiration activity of the leaves in the most important phases of the spring wheat growing season. In connection with changes in the climatic factor in the direction of increasing aridity, it is important to know the patterns of the response of the plant organism to the extreme conditions and the possibility of its use in breeding practice. The results obtained can substantiate the needs to use various methods of basic processing to reduce negative weather factors.

Influence of different methods of soil treatment and fertilizer systems on the yield of winter barley in the central Ciscaucasia

The data of five-year studies on the effect of fertilizer systems and soil tillage methods on the agrochemical indicators of leached chernozem and the yield of winter barley on the Stavropol Upland are presented. It is established that the methods of tillage did not have a significant impact on the response of the soil solution and the content of exchangeable potassium in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The calculated fertilizer system significantly exceeded not only the control, but also the yield indicators of the recommended and biologized systems.

Effects of different soil tillage methods on CO2 fluxes in two different soil series

Sera gazlarının olumsuz etkilerinden kaynaklı küresel ısınma, son yıllarda dünyamızı etkileyen en önemli doğa olaylarının başında gelmektedir. Toplam sera gazları içinde Karbondioksit (CO2) %88 gibi önemli bir paya sahiptir. Aşırı toprak işleme, toprak yapısında bulunan organik madde ve mikroorganizma faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak topraktan atmosfere CO2 salımında artışa; diğer yandan toprak kalitesinde ve buna bağlı olarak da bitkisel verimde önemli düşüşlere ve çevre kirliliğinde artışlara yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çukurova Bölgesi koşullarında geleneksel toprak işleme (GTİ), azaltılmış toprak işleme (ATİ) ve doğrudan ekim (DE) yöntemlerinin, birbirinden farklı özelliklere sahip iki farklı toprak serisinde, farklı dönemlerdeki CO2 salım değerleri üzerindeki etkisi irdelenmiştir. Bu amaçla Çukurova Üniversitesi kampüsü içerisinde bulunan Arık ve Baraj serisi topraklarında buğday tarımı yapılan arazilerde ekim öncesi, ekim sonrası ve hasat sonrası olmak üzere üç farklı dönemde CO2 ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, kil tekstüre sahip Arık serisi topraklarında CO2 salım değeri ekim öncesi 6.24 kg/hagünve hasat sonrası 10.08 kg/ha gün olarak ölçülmüştür. Ekim döneminde ise yüzey organik maddesi daha yüksek ve orta tekstürlü olan Baraj serisi topraklarında CO2 salım düzeyi daha yüksek (15.12 kg/hagün) bulunmuştur.

Carbon Balance in Sugarcane Areas Under Different Tillage Systems

Soil tillage for sugarcane production has a significant impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and soil carbon (C) stocks. However, the short- and long-term effects of different soil tillage methods in sugarcane systems on C footprints are still poorly studied. We conducted a field experiment in a sugarcane system to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage (CT), chiseling (CHI), no tillage (NT), and compacted no-till (NTC) on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions and stalk yields in the cane plant cycle and on soil C changes in the short term (3 years) in a Brazilian subtropical climate. Furthermore, we used the DayCent model to predict soil C dynamics for the next 30 years under green harvest management in scenarios with 0, 50 and 75% straw removal and to estimate the C savings of different soil tillage methods. Soil C stocks were determined before the treatments were applied and 1, 2 and 3 years after planting sugarcane. GHG sampling was performed only 1 year during the sugarcane plant cycle. Soil tillage did not significantly affect sugarcane stalk yield. The CH4 fluxes ranged from − 58.2 to − 3.6 μg CH4 m−2 h−1, and annual emissions did not differ between soil tillage systems. The N2O fluxes after soil tillage for sugarcane ranged from 3.8 to 2279 μg N2O m−2 h−1, and the highest annual emissions were observed in NTC. The conversion from grain production system to sugarcane production resulted in an initial decrease in soil C stocks, with C losses in the 0–20-cm layer over 3 years varying from 0.26 to 2.12 Mg C ha−1. The simulated data for the period 2016–2046 indicated recovery of C stocks in all soil tillage systems, with accumulation rates varying from 0.01 to 0.10 Mg C ha−1 year−1. Regardless of the soil tillage system, straw removal decreased the soil C stocks. The time interval for recovery of the initial C stocks ranged from 10 to 20 years, depending on the intensity of straw removal and soil tillage. Soil C losses and GHG emissions reduced the potential C savings of sugarcane ethanol. The CO2eq emissions observed during soil tillage and the sugarcane growing cycle should be quantified and included in the C savings estimates of biofuel production systems.

Способы основной обработки почвы под сою в регионах России (обзор)

Способы основной обработки почвы под сою в регионах России (обзор)

Effects of soil tillage and crop rotation on the development of wheat stem base diseases

Wheat stem base disease (WSD) is an important disease complex which can be caused by various pathogens with variable life cycles, ecological requirements and sensitivities to fungicides. Agronomic practices are considered important tools to control this disease complex and influence the spectrum of fungal communities in infected wheat stems. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of crop rotation schemes and soil tillage methods on the development of WSD and to elucidate the spectrum of causal agents of this disease. The development of WSD was assessed in a two-factorial (soil tillage practice and crop rotation) experiment. The incidence of WSD was evaluated at the BBCH growth stages 83–85. Causal agents of WSD and other fungi were identified using molecular methods. The soil tillage method did not influence the development of WSD, but the impact of crop rotation was significant, and the cropping system where oilseed rape, barley and faba beans were included decreased disease levels. Members of the genera Oculimacula and Fusarium were the most prevalent fungi associated with WSD. Moreover, fungi from other taxonomic groups were detected, with Phaeosphaeria spp. being prevalent. An increasing occurrence of Microdochium spp. was also observed. In conclusion, agronomic practices influenced the level of WSD, but no distinct impact on the fungal spectrum was identified. Further investigation is required to clarify the roles that pathogens and fungi from other taxonomic groups play in the fungal–wheat relationship.