Oil Exchange Research Articles

A hybrid causal machine learning to reveal driving factors responsible coal market: Case of the Chinese industry

To achieve carbon neutrality, China must grasp the intricate factors driving coal market, as it addresses coal consumption and reduces the carbon footprint. While previous studies have identified certain factors, they have largely overlooked the impact of the overall industry sector on the coal market. In this paper, a hybrid causal machine learning model was proposed that combine with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), multiple linear regression (MLR), peter and clark momentary conditional independence (PCMCI) and interpretable machine learning. The approach employed a complex network perspective to identify 10 key factors in China's coal market from three dimensions: industrial sector, foreign trade and energy market. The hierarchical pattern of these factors is classified into two levels: direct factors, primarily encompassing crude oil futures, exchange rates and architectural decoration, and intermediary factors, mainly including the chemical industry and building material. Interestingly, this paper reaffirms the roles of crude oil futures and exchange rates in the coal market, as identified in prior studies. Additionally, it uncovers new influential factors primarily driven by the chemical industry and architectural decoration, previously unexplored. Furthermore, this paper found a significant contemporaneous relationship between crude oil futures and coal price index (0.151) as well as coal consumption (0.102), and the strong relationship between coal consumption and the Indonesian Rupiah to Chinese Yuan exchange rate (0.063) was also confirmed. Among the emerging dominant factors, the coal price index and the chemical industry (0.145), along with coal consumption and building materials (0.250), also exhibit a strong contemporaneous relationship. These findings highlight the importance of considering the entire industry sector while analyzing the coal market and promoting a cleaner transformation of the industry in China, and the paradigm presented not only applicable to the coal market, but can be extended to other industries.

Lipase and esterase activity in soils from ancient burial vessels

The activity of lipolytic enzymes was assessed using the microplate method using heteromolecular exchange in soils from the bottom of burial vessels, followed by cluster analysis. Groups with a contrasting ratio of lipases C12 - C18 and esterases C4 - C8 were identified in a sample that included 57 burial pots aged two to three thousand years. The total lipolytic activity of soil samples from dishes with the presumptive initial presence of fat-containing food products was above 6% of the maximum value within the sample. Inhibition of esterases in the presence of high concentrations of fatty acids is reflected in the extremely low relative values of esterase activity of the soil microbial community against the background of maximum activity levels of C18 and C12 lipases in two groups of pots. In three groups, esterase activity was observed against the background of high relative activity of C16 lipases, average relative activity of C18 lipases and extremely low activity of true lipases. In the group of pots with high total lipolytic activity (with the exception of certain extreme values of this indicator), the proportion of true lipase activity was 1.7-1.8 times higher compared to the proportion of esterase activity. The grouping of burial vessels by the ratio of lipase and esterase activity reflects the characteristics of the funeral food, while the absolute values of enzyme activity among selected vessels with the highest total lipolytic activity are grouped according to the type of burial.

Features of the soil aciditification dynamics in agricultural landscape

The results of long-term monitoring of the spatial dynamics of soil acidification within the terminal moraine hill are presented. The studies were carried out in 1996-2020. on the agro-ecological transect (VNIIMZ, Tver region) - an array crossing the landscape positions of the hill, consisting of 10 fields with an individual history. The exchangeable acidity of soils was determined at 30 sampling points, regularly located in each field at 40 m from each other. We used pHKCl data for 1996 and 2020 and acidification indicators determined as the difference in the values of soil exchange acidity at the beginning and end of observations. Statistical processing consisted in revealing the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on soil acidification. It was found that the soils were significantly acidified during extensive farming. In 1996-2020 the average exchangeable acidity decreased by 0.6 (0.023 per year), but the soils did not move out of the slightly acidic category, which will take another 10 years. The spatial variability of pH significantly decreased: strongly acidic and neutral soils disappeared from the soil cover. It has been established that the landscape determines 34% of the spatial variability of soil acidification, and anthropogenic factors determine 26%. There are 4 groups of territories in the agrolandscape, significantly differing in the degree of soil acidification, which is explained by the heterogeneity of the relief and parent rocks. According to the diversity of anthropogenic impact, 5 groups of fields are distinguished, where differences in soil acidification are due to their history. In general, it is impossible to single out an anthropogenic factor in the agrolandscape that significantly affects the degree of soil acidification, however, the impact is noticeable on individual substowlands, which allows developing measures to reduce the intensity of this degradation factor. It is recommended to develop crop rotations within the tops of the hills and not to place fallows, hayfields and hatching fields with eastern goat's rue. On the middle, lower parts of the slopes and in inter-hill depressions, it is not recommended to place winter and cover crops.

Oil Price Fluctuation And Exchange Rate In Nigeria: Is There A Volatility Transmission Effect

Over the period 1980-2022, we examined the transmission effect of oil prices on Nigeria's exchange rate. E-GARCH (Exponential GARCH) model is employed in this study. We used Augmented Dickey Fuller to determine a unit root, integrating exchange rates, crude oil prices, external reserves, GDP, inflation, and interest rates to one I(1) and zero I(0). We used Johansen Co-integration to determine long-term relationships. Interest rates, inflation, and crude oil prices all correlated positively with each other. A statistically insignificant result is shown by the variance equation, indicating there is no correlation between crude oil prices and exchange rates. The Nigerian exchange rate is not affected by volatility transmission or leverage due to fluctuations in crude oil prices. According to the study, governments should take monetary policy measures to stabilize exchange rates during unpredictable oil price fluctuations. It is necessary to adjust the naira exchange rate when oil prices fluctuate.

Biochar and Silicon for Sustainable Agriculture in Acid Soil- Nutrient Dynamics and Maize Production: A Review

The central part of the country in the world classified Maize as their staple and essential crop, but this crop cannot cultivate appropriately in acidic soil. Thus, biochar, silicon and phosphorus observation can act as an agent to improve the growth of Maize in acidic soil. Additionally, biochar, well known for its alkaline properties, can reduce soil acidification and, at the same time, improve crop production. This low pH condition was caused by aluminium, manganese and low of phosphorus. Thus, silicon and Phosphorus can improve crop productivity. Using biochar as a soil amendment raises the pH value, alone or in combination. Maize (Zea mays L.) and the acidity of the soil are much related to the application of biochar combined with silicon and Phosphorus. Biochar simply can reduce exchangeable soil acidity, but when combined with silicon and Phosphorus, it can have a greater influence on reducing soil Al toxicity. The importance of biochar with different rates combined with silicon and Phosphorus to increase the pH of soil is still an inconsistent result by various studies. This review summarizes the properties of biochar, silicon and phosphorus and provides the scientific reference for its application to archive high yield of Maize and reduce the acidification effect on soil.

Crude oil futures prices and foreign exchange markets

ABSTRACTWe apply a time-varying parameter VAR (TVP-VAR) extended joint connectedness approach, in addition to the generalized connectedness approach, to understand the connectedness of crude oil futures price and exchange rates of major oil-dependent countries. We find time-varying nature of pair-wise and total connectedness that are usually elevated during events such as COVID-19, Brexit, European sovereign debt crisis and global financial crisis. Both joint and generalized connectedness approaches confirm that Japanese Yen and Russian Ruble are the leading net receiver of the shocks, though the two approaches provide mixed results for some other currencies. Moreover, there is strong evidence of time-varying and bi-directional shock transmissions between oil and foreign exchange markets. We also show that oil price volatility and gold price have predictive power on the connectedness. Lastly, we analyse the policy and portfolio implications.

ФИЗИКО-МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ГИДРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТОКА В ТЕЧЕНИЕ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКОГО ГОДА. МОДЕЛЬ “ГГИ-ГИДРОФИЗИКА”

The paper presents a physically based mathematical model of the key hydrophysical processes of runoff formation at a catchment point over a long-term period. The model describes the freezing and thawing of soil, the formation and melting of the snow cover, the migration of moisture to the freezing front and the infiltration of rain and melt moisture, evaporation from snow, soil cover, vegetation, and water surface. Average daily values of meteorological parameters are used as initial information for mathematical modeling. The relevance of the study is caused by a need to reveal the main links between the processes of vertical heat and moisture exchange in soil and the environmental factors that determine their climate-driven nature. Using observational data from water balance stations, numerical experiments and an analysis of the influence of long-term variability of the key meteorological factors on evaporation from the land and water surface and on vertical moisture flows in soil were carried out.

Current application directions for the weathering rind of molybdenum deposits of Ukraine

Purpose. Justification of the new direction of using molybdenum ores from weathering rind of deposits of Ukraine. Research methodology. The research was carried out by general scientific and special research methods – theoretical (analysis, explanation, generalization, comparison), technical and economic evaluation. Research results. The conducted research made it possible to determine the main global approaches to the extraction and application of molybdenum in various areas of industry. The importance of the domestic industry's need for molybdenum-containing fertilizers is substantiated. The reasons why modern global methods for obtaining molybdenum-containing fertilizers are difficult have been revealed. It has been found that modern extraction of molybdenum occurs from native ores, and attempts to extract molybdenum from weathered ores are considered ineffective. The conducted studies indicate significant areas of weathering rinds in Ukraine, including on molybdenum ore occurrences. It is possible to use such weathering rinds as fertilizers directly, that is, bypassing the traditional production of concentrates. The reduction of molybdenum deficiency in Ukrainian arable soils can be achieved by using the weathering crust of molybdenum ore occurrences by soil exchange between enriched soils of ore deposit locations and depleted soils of seeded fields. The originality. For the first time, the regularity of correspondence between the mining term "significantly weathered molybdenum-containing ore" and the agricultural term "molybdenum-contaminated soil" was established. Significant volumes of such ore (soil) in Ukraine were confirmed, and the presence of signs of a promising molybdenum resource in it was also investigated. Practical value. The obtained data make it possible to partially solve the needs of Ukraine in molybdenum, which is currently not mined. The results of the research made it possible to substantiate the direction of the application of molybdenum weathering crust for the domestic agricultural industry, which increases the yield, quality of agricultural products, cultivated areas, income to the foreign currency budget due to the increase in the export of agricultural products, customs duties and taxes.

Konstantin Gedroiz (1872–1932)—the Initial Studies of Soil Colloid Chemistry and Soil Salinity

We present a review of the life and scientific legacy of the founder of soil colloid chemistry Konstantin Gedroiz. The phenomenon of absorption was first studied in the mid-1800s, and Gedroiz started working on base exchange and absorption in soils in 1906. Based on the general pattern of cation exchange reactions, he proposed the concept of “absorption capacity” and “soil absorption complex”, developed ideas about exchange acidity and the rate of exchange reactions, revealed the unique role of absorbed sodium and potassium in soil processes, and proposed the theory of the accumulation of sodium due to exchange reactions. He was one of the first to classify soil on the basis of the absorbing complexes and cations, which was a new approach in pedology. He used the climate classification of soils, and described Podzols, Laterites, and Chernozems in terms of their absorbing complexes and cations. The system of classification worked for mature soils in which pedogenic processes had proceeded to such an extent that the profile characteristics reflected a climatic region, but was less effective in alluvial soils and eroded soils. His studies established the connections between chemical and physical processes and the morphology of soils. He studied the evolution of saline soils from a chemical point of view, which led to the practical recommendations for chemical reclamation of Solonetz and liming of acidic soils. Gedroiz’s work was groundbreaking but insufficiently known outside Russia until his books have been translated into English and German in the late 1920s. The soil microbiologist Selman Waksman in the 1925 translated 11 of his papers into English, and the United State Department of Agriculture distributed copies of these translations. In 1927 a textbook on chemical analysis, “Die chemische Bodenanalyse”, was published; in 1930 the books “Der adsorbierende Bodenkomplex und die adsorbierten Bodenkationen als Grundlage der genetischen Bodenklassification” and “On the Problem of exchangeable Hydrogen and exchangeable Aluminium in acid soils”, a 1931 – “Die Lehre vom Adsorptionsvermögen der Böden”.

Direct Exchange of PerfluoroCarbon Liquid for Silicone Oil: A Surgical Technique to Control Pressure and Avoid Retinal Slippage.

Perfluorocarbon heavy liquid (PFCL) is used in vitreoretinal surgery to flatten the unsupported detached retina before insertion of silicone oil in cases of giant retinal tear or relaxing retinectomy. Direct exchange of PFCL for silicone oil is recommended to reduce retinal slippage when compared with fluid-air exchange, but it is commonly regarded as a difficult procedure. We describe our technique for direct PFCL-silicone oil exchange using a 20-gauge drainage cannula, reliably avoiding the complications of retinal slippage and high intraoperative intraocular pressure. We present a consecutive case series of patients undergoing PFCL-oil exchange and explain, using Poiseuille's equation for laminar fluid flow through a cannula, the rationale for using a 20-gauge drainage cannula rather than smaller gauges to avoid high intraocular pressure. Twenty-six patients underwent PFCL-oil exchange from February 1, 2019, to September 30, 2019. There was no intraoperative retinal slippage or pressure-related complications. Postoperatively 20 patients underwent oil removal. Six suffered retinal redetachment, and 14 remained attached. The vision postoil removal ranged from 6/6 to hand movements. We are confident that the PFCL-oil exchange technique described here is reliable and safe. The use of a 20-gauge drainage cannula is recommended regardless of vitrectomy gauge.

Impact of Oil Price and Exchange Rate on Economic Growth of Pakistan

The primary goal of this study was to investigate how oil price and exchange rate effect the economic growth of Pakistan from 1992 to 2021. The rising oil prices are the major concern for all the developing economies and Pakistan is suffering from it. The unit root test, correlation test, bound test was used to examine the economic trend. The result from multiple linear regression model describe that there is short run and long run relationship between the variables. It indicates that there is a positive impact of oil price on economic growth. The countries like Pakistan who are oil importers should purchase crude oil on less prices.

Long-term additions of ammonium nitrate to montane forest ecosystems may cause limited soil acidification, even in the presence of soil carbonate

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) deposition has decreased in the last decades in Europe but in many cases remains higher than the critical loads, i.e., higher than what could be considered safe for biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. The main concerns about N deposition are eutrophication and acidification. In a long-term experiment (1994 to present) in a montane (1200 m a.s.l.) coniferous forest in Alptal, central Switzerland, we simulated increased N deposition by adding NH4NO3 to rainwater. This treatment consisted of an additional N input of 22 kg ha−1 yr−1 to the 12 kg ha−1 yr−1 ambient bulk deposition rate or 17 kg N ha−1 yr−1 throughfall rate. The treatment was applied simultaneously to a small catchment area and to plots in a replicated block experiment (n=5). The site has a carbonate-rich parent material and is thus not particularly at risk of acidification. Nevertheless, we examined soil acidification as affected both by ambient and experimentally increased N deposition. In the 2.5 decades since the beginning of the study, nitrate (NO3-) and especially sulfate (SO42-) concentrations decreased in precipitation, while pH increased by slightly more than 1 unit. In the same time period a reduction in pH of the soil was measured. The exchangeable acidity in the soil increased, especially in the N-addition treatment. This was mainly observed on small mounds because the drier mounds are less well buffered than wet depressions. This trend, however, was limited in time, as exchangeable acidity later declined again to reach values not much higher than 26 years before. This was also the case in the N-addition treatment and can be considered a progressive recovery mainly due to the reduced acid inputs and, at this site with a carbonate-rich subsoil, to the biological cycling of base cations. The pH of the runoff from the experimental catchments decreased by 0.3 units, both in the control and under N addition. Decreasing Ca2+ and increasing Al3+ and Fe2+ concentrations in runoff also show that the recovery observed in the exchangeable soil acidity is not yet able to stop the slow acidification of water leaving the catchments. However, with the runoff water pH remaining above 7, this trend is not alarming for water quality or for the health of water bodies. Future monitoring will be necessary to see if and when a recovery takes place in the soil and runoff pH.

Connectedness analysis of oil price shocks, inflation, and exchange rate for the MENA region countries

The relation among energy prices, exchange rates and inflation has been perturbed in the recent past by both the COVID-19 shock, which resulted in a sharp downturn of the economic activity at the beginning of 2020 and the Ukraine crisis, which resulted in sharp increase in energy prices and then inflation at the beginning of 2022. This is the first paper to analyze this relation for the MENA region, conducting an empirical estimation of a VARX model on monthly data from Jan 2010 to Dec 2022 for the main 11 MENA countries. The model includes asymmetric effects, a detailed contagion analysis, conducted with the methodology à la Pesaran - Pick (2007) to identify periods of high volatility, and presents a spillover analysis à la Diebold - Yılmaz (2014), used to measure the connectedness of the three main variables.The novelties of the paper are the construction of a country specific oil portfolio; the asymmetric analysis of oil shocks and contagion; the measurement of the general impulse response spillover, to ascertain the intensity and direction of volatility spillovers. The empirical results show that: (i) the specific oil prices considered for each country induce different effects; (ii) the oil price changes effect depends on the direction and period of the shock; (iii) there are asymmetric contagion effects for exchange rate and inflation only for some countries. Finally, some policy implications are presented based on the spillover connectedness analysis, especially considering the post Covid period.

Analysis of Crude Oil Price Determinants on Indonesia's Export Volume for the Period 1992 -2022

This study was motivated by curiosity about the impact of world oil prices on the economy in Indonesia. The study was conducted in Indonesia and used secondary data from relevant agencies. The analytical technique used is multiple linear regression with time series data from 1992 to 2022. The results show simultaneous production variables, worldwide oil prices, growth, and exchange rates. have the same effect on export volumes. However, part of the production variable has a positive and significant impact, the world oil price variable has a positive but insignificant effect, the economic growth variable has a positive and significant impact, the exchange rate variable has a negative impact and insignificant to the volume of Indonesia's crude oil exports.

Freshwater Salinization Syndrome Alters Nitrogen Transport in Urban Watersheds.

Anthropogenic salt inputs have impacted many streams in the U.S. for over a century. Urban stream salinity is often chronically elevated and punctuated by episodic salinization events, which can last hours to days after snowstorms and the application of road salt. Here, we investigated the impacts of freshwater salinization on total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and concentrations and fluxes across time in urban watersheds in the Baltimore-Washington D.C. metropolitan area of the Chesapeake Bay region. Episodic salinization from road salt applications and snowmelt quickly mobilized TDN in streams likely through soil ion exchange, hydrologic flushing, and other biogeochemical processes. Previous experimental work from other studies has shown that salinization can mobilize nitrogen from sediments, but less work has investigated this phenomenon with high-frequency sensors and targeted monitoring during road salt events. We found that urban streams exhibited elevated concentrations and fluxes of TDN, , and specific conductance that rapidly peaked during and after winter road salt events, and then rapidly declined afterwards. We observed plateaus in TDN concentrations in the ranges of the highest specific conductance values (between 1000 and 2000 μS/cm) caused by road salt events. Plateaus in TDN concentrations beyond a certain threshold of specific conductance values suggested source limitation of TDN in watersheds (at the highest ranges in chloride concentrations and ranges); salts were likely extracting nitrogen from soils and streams through ion exchange in soils and sediments, ion pairing in soils and waters, and sodium dispersion of soils to a certain threshold level. When watershed transport was compared across land use, including a forested reference watershed, there was a positive relationship between Cl- loads and loads. This relationship occurred across all sites regardless of land use, which suggests that the mass transport of Cl- and are likely influenced by similar factors such as soil ion exchange, ion pairing, sodium dispersion of soils, hydrologic flushing, and biogeochemical processes. Freshwater salinization has the potential to alter the magnitude and timing of total dissolved nitrogen delivery to receiving waters during winter months following road salt applications, and further work should investigate the seasonal relationships of N transport with salinization in urban watersheds.

Impacts of agroforestry practices on the physico-chemical, water and soil fertility properties in semi-arid environments: The case of Bordjias Plain (Mesra, North-West Algeria)

Abstract All problems related to conventional agriculture are a reference to the search for sustainable solutions. In this context, a comparative study between three agroforestry practices (AFP): Citrus sinensis, Olea europaea, and Punica granatum, each associated with Vicia faba (Fabaceae), was conducted on Bordjias Plain. In order to study the impacts of each association on the physico-chemical properties and water and soil fertility, the soil samples were taken from two profiles (P1 under the tree and P2 between trees), through three horizons (Sh, Mh and Lh), before and after the establishment of culture. The results of the analyses show that moisture variability appears to be influenced by the type of soil and the woody species. By increasing the organic matter content, these associations improve the structural stability of the soil, accelerating the process of dissolution of calcium carbonate, changing the pH, EC, P2O5, CEC, and ion exchange in soil. The statistical approach (ANOVA) allowed us to bring out the positive impact of agroforestry practices on soil fertility.

Time-varying connectedness and causality between oil prices and G7 economies exchange rates. Evidence from the COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine crises

PurposeThis study aims to attempt to investigate the time-varying causality and price spillover effects between crude oil and exchange rate markets in G7 economies during the COVID-19 and Russia–Ukraine crises.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses time-varying Granger causality test and spillover index.FindingsThis study finds a time-varying causality between exchange rate returns and oil prices, implying that crude oil prices have the predictive power of the foreign exchange rate markets in G7 economies in their domain. Furthermore, the total spillover index is estimated to fall significantly around COVID-19 and war events. However, this index is relatively high – more than 57% during the first wave of COVID-19 and decreasing slightly during the Russia–Ukraine conflict.Practical implicationsThis outcome supports the hypothesis that the majority of the time-varying interaction between exchange rates and oil prices takes place in the short term. As a result, the time-varying characteristics provide straightforward insight for investors and policymakers to fully understand the intercorrelation between oil prices and the G7 exchange rate markets.Originality/valueFirst, this study has reexamined the oil–exchange rate nexus to highlight new evidence using novel time-varying Granger causality model recently proposed by Shi et al. (2018) and the spillover index proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012). These approaches allow the author to improve understanding of time-varying causal associations and return transmission between exchange rates and oil prices. Second, compared to past papers, this paper has used data from December 31, 2019, to October 31, 2022, to offer a fresh and accurate structure between the markets, which indicates the unique experience of the COVID-19 outbreak and Russia–Ukraine war episodes. Third, this study analyzes a data set of seven advanced economies (G7) exhibiting significant variations in their economic situations and responding to global stress times.

The Dynamic Relation between the Oil Price Volatility, Stock Market, Exchange and Interest Rate in GCC Countries: Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) Model

The Dynamic Relation between the Oil Price Volatility, Stock Market, Exchange and Interest Rate in GCC Countries: Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) Model

Агроэкологическое обоснование приемов возделывания озимой пшеницы на серых лесных почвах Центрального Черноземья

Studies of gray forest soils used for cultivation in the grain-tillage crop rotation in the Kursk region are presented. Based on the research results, a conclusion is made about the problems of gas exchange in gray forest soil in the study region. The quality of agriculture in the conditions of the research site meets the standards and the indicators of the content of various forms of nitrogen are within the normal range for the formation of a high-quality winter wheat crop. Keywords: GRAY FOREST SOIL, WINTER WHEAT, MINERAL NUTRITION, FUNGICIDE, HERBICIDE, SOIL NITRATES

Inflation Dynamics and Food Prices in Nigeria

In Nigeria, inflation dynamics and food prices have been a major concern for policymakers and the public alike. In recent years, the country has experienced a surge in food prices, which has contributed to the rise in inflation. This study employs the linear autoregressive distributive lag model to investigate inflation dynamics and food prices in Nigeria, with a specific focus on identifying the fundamental factors driving the increase in food prices. Using annual data from 1990 to 2021, the study examines the relationships between oil price, exchange rate, money supply, and government expenditure, and their varying long- and short-term effects on inflation and food prices in Nigeria. The Bound test cointegration results confirm that the variables are cointegrated, highlighting the presence of a long-term relationship among them. Our findings reveal that higher oil prices exert a short-term large positive influence on food prices, but their long-term impact is negligible. Conversely, increased money supply significantly impacts food prices in both the short and long term. Additionally, an increased exchange rate inversely impacts food prices in the long-term. These results highlight crucial policy implications for curbing food price increases, reducing the welfare effects while, maintaining lower prices and ensuring its sustainability.