Soil Burial Test Research Articles

Biodegradability of Starch Nanocomposite Films Containing Different Concentrations of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Compost and Planting Soils

Starch-based nanocomposite films containing chitosan nanoparticles (S/CNP films) are biodegradable and promising alternatives for non-biodegradable synthetic plastics. Nonetheless, limited work has been conducted to investigate the biodegradability of the films in soil. Thus, this work is aimed at investigating the biodegradation of starch-based films containing different concentrations of CNP (0, 10, 15, 20, 25% w/w solid starch) via a soil burial test using compost and planting soils. The biodegradability was investigated in terms of weight loss, visual appearance, morphology, and structural changes. It was found that S/CNP films biodegraded slower than neat starch films, and the degradation rate was reduced by 46 and 44% in compost and planting soils, respectively, with the increase in the concentrations of CNP from 10 to 25% w/w incorporated into the films. The degradation rate of films in compost soil after 8 days was found to be higher (0.0617 g/day) than in planting soil (0.0266 g/day). Visual appearance, morphology, and structural change results also supported these findings. The biodegradable S/CNP films can be used to reduce the usage of synthetic plastic.

Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Cellulosic Nano-Fibers Reinforced Bionanocomposite

Cellulose is one of the most frequently used and generally available materials on Earth and has been utilized for ages in a variety of applications. Numerous researchers have investigated various lignocellulosic sources for the extraction of cellulose and the author has introduced a new source for the extraction of cellulose and cellulosic nanofibers: fruits or seedpods of Delonix Regia (CNF). The solvent casting process is used to create the PVA/CNF composite after the cellulose and CNF have been removed using a mechano-chemical method. SEM, tensile testing, soil burial testing and moisture absorption tests have all been used to examine the morphological, mechanical, biodegradable and moisture absorption capabilities of pure PVA and PVA/CNF composite with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 percentages of CNF. According to SEM findings, agglomeration was seen at higher concentrations but uniform and homogenous distribution of nano-fillers was seen at lower percentages of CNF. It is profusely clear from the results of the tensile tests that the percentage elongation initially decreased and then began to increase at higher concentration, while the Young’s modulus and tensile strength initially increased at lower percentages of CNF rapidly and gradually decreased for higher concentration. Pure PVA had the least resistance to degradation in biodegradability test, while the biodegradability test showed that the inclusion of CNF decreased the composite material’s ability to degrade. With the addition of CNF, the rate of moisture absorption decreased, resulting in a PVA/CNF composite material that will last longer and perform better without material degradation.

Effect of corn husk fibre loading on thermal and biodegradable properties of kenaf/cornhusk fibre reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites

This paper documents the thermal and biodegradation behaviour of kenaf/cornhusk fiber reinforced corn starch-based hybrid composites film (CS/K–CH) produced by solution casting method. To develop both components as biodegradable hybrid composite, this research used corn starch as matrix, kenaf fiber and cornhusk fibre as a filler. Changes in physical structure and weight from the soil burial test were measured using Mettler Toledo digital balance ME. Films produced from physically blended corn starch reinforced kenaf biocomposites films (CS/K) biocomposite film had faster biodegradation and lost 96.18% of weight within 10 days compared with corn starch hybrid composites that only lost 83.82% of total weight. It was observed that the control film, CS/K biocomposite film was completely degraded after 10 days, meanwhile it took 12 days for hybrid composite films to be fully degrade. The thermal properties such as TGA and DTG were also measured. Addition of corn husk fiber significantly improve the film's thermal properties. Glass transition temperatures of corn starch hybrid films were significantly lowered when cornhusk compositions were increased from 0.2% wt to 0.8% wt. Importantly, the current work has demonstrated that hybrid films made of corn starch can be a suitable biodegradable material for substitute synthetic plastic.

Studies on Tensile Strength, Fracture Surface and Biodegradation of Biocomposite from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Filled by Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber

Synthetic plastic is a material that is difficult to decompose in the environment and causes serious problems in long term such as an increase in the volume of waste. To reduce plastic waste, biodegradable composite (biocomposite) is expected to overcome this problem. Natural cellulose fiber can be used as a filler in biopolymer matrix based biocomposite. This study aims to determine the tensile properties, fracture morphology, and biodegradation rate of biocomposite from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and sugarcane bagasse fiber. The test of biocomposite samples was carried out with a tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and soil burial test. The results show that the highest tensile strength and modulus elasticity was in PVA pure film for 2.15 MPa and 3.468 MPa, respectively. The addition of cellulose fiber from sugarcane bagasse in the PVA matrix does not have a strengthening effect on the tensile strength of the biocomposite. This is due to the presence of porosity, agglomeration, and poor bonding between the matrix and fiber according to the SEM observation. The biodegradation rate showed that all biocomposite samples were degraded in the soil and had weight loss above 40% after 15 days of burial in the soil.

Compostability of wool textiles by soil burial

Chemical processing has the potential to impact the composting of wool fabrics, influencing potential end of life options. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative composting behaviors of a range of knitted and woven merino apparel fabrics. The range included scoured only control fabrics and variants which had undergone different chemical processes during manufacturing, including dyeing, bleaching, stain-repellence and various shrink-resist treatments. Biodegradation by composting was elicited by a soil-burial process incorporating three sets of randomized samples buried to a depth of 10 cm. Replicates were removed at regular intervals up to a maximum of 15 weeks burial. The dyes present in the fabric showed the greatest impact on composting. Chrome dyed samples exhibited only 60% mass loss over the trial period, whereas the other 10 fabrics all lost on average over 95%. When assessing easy care treatments, chlorine–Hercosett provided consistent initial resistance to decomposition. Soil burial test results suggested that chemical processing does impact the composting of wool fabrics, under the conditions of soil burial. Statistically significant longer-term effects were only observed for the chrome dyed sample. • Chemical processing of wool fabrics influences the onset of composting as a result of soil burial. • Dyeing fabrics had the greatest impact on the onset of composting as a result of soil burial. • Machine-washable wool has initial resistance to decomposition, compared with untreated wool, as a result of soil burial.

Preparation of Cellulose Hydrogels and Hydrogel Nanocomposites Reinforced by Crystalline Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) as a Water Reservoir for Agriculture Use

An effective strategy for the management of available water and fertilizers is imperative to improve agricultural production and food quality, including releasing them sustainably to the soil and plants. Polymeric hydrogels with three-dimensional (3D) networks can absorb ample water and soluble fertilizers without network dissolution. Subsequently, the absorbed water and fertilizers can be released to arid and semi-arid agricultural land to furnish enough moisture and nutrients for plant growth. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (NaCMC)- and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-based hydrogels have been synthesized using citric acid (CA) as a crosslinker. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study revealed the formation of hydrogels with porous structures depicted by field emission scanning electron microscopy images. The prepared hydrogels have shown a remarkable swelling ratio of ∼1070% for the hydrogel prepared using NaCMC/HEC: 2/1 and ∼840% for NaCMC/HEC: 3/1 and a reduction in the swelling ratio with increasing crosslinking density. Moreover, crystalline (shown by X-ray diffraction) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs: ∼600 nm), prepared by acid (H2SO4) hydrolysis of cotton fibers, have been used to prepare hydrogel nanocomposites. The evaluation of hydrogel nanocomposites’ mechanical properties (universal testing matching test) depicted an improved tensile strength (16.27 MPa using 0.7% CNFs) compared to that of the hydrogel without CNFs. The soil burial test for biodegradation study of prepared hydrogels revealed soil degradation of hydrogel, confirmed by FTIR analysis and visual appearance. The current study provides comprehensive data establishing the potential of hydrogels for agriculture applications.

Nanosilica incorporated coarse wool-epoxy hybrid biocomposites with improved physico-mechanical properties

In the reported work, the wool fabric was coated with epoxy resin by hand layup method to fabricate the wool-epoxy composites. Hydrophobic nanosilica was used as a filler to improve their mechanical characteristics. The physico-mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed using various analytical techniques. The surface morphology was examined with the aid of Scanning Electron Microscope. The biodegradability of the developed composites was determined by soil burial test. The presence of nanosilica in the composite was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). According to the findings, up to 0.5% nanosilica content significantly increases the tensile and impact strength of the wool-epoxy composites. The contact angle measurement showed a slight enhancement in the hydrophobic properties of the composites due to the dispersion of hydrophobic nanosilica particles. The presence of nanosilica slightly reduced the water diffusivity in wool-epoxy-nanosilica composites when compared to wool-epoxy composites. The SEM images detected nanosilica inside the composites. After soil burial test, all the composites showed a weight reduction below 1.0%.

Aligned PLLA electrospun fibres based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator

Transient triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) fabricated with degradable materials is an emerging area which can tackle the global issue of electronic waste. Here, we report a fully biodegradable TENG comprising of aligned PLLA (aPLLA) fibres and chitosan as the active layers. The aPLLA and random PLLA (rPLLA) fibers are compared for the performance and the aPLLA fibre based TENG (aPL-TENG) is found to exhibit superior performance (output voltage and current of 45 V and 9 μA, respectively) due to better 103 helix chain conformation. The performance of aPLLA fibres was also analysed with different interface combinations. The aPL-TENG showed excellent mechanical stability for 24000 cycles and produced an output power density of 6.5 mW m−2. The soil burial test confirms the degradation of the materials used in the device fabrication. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the output of aPL-TENG was fed to a capacitor to demonstrate it capability to continuously power the commercial wrist and stop watch. Considering the facile fabrication and easily available sustainable materials used for the aPL-TENG, the presented approach can provide attractive green energy harvesting machine to power portable devices at a large scale – without having to worry about the end-of-life electronic waste management.

Green composites made of polyhydroxybutyrate and long-chain fatty acid esterified microcrystalline cellulose from pineapple leaf.

Pineapple leaf fibres are an abundant agricultural waste product that contains 26.9% cellulose. The objective of this study was to prepare fully degradable green biocomposites made of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and microcrystalline cellulose from pineapple leaf fibres (PALF-MCC). To improve compatibility with PHB, the PALF-MCC was surface modified using lauroyl chloride as an esterifying agent. The influence of the esterified PALF-MCC laurate content and changes in the film surface morphology on biocomposite properties was studied. The thermal properties obtained by differential scanning calorimetry revealed a decrease in crystallinity for all biocomposites, with 100 wt% PHB displaying the highest values, whereas 100 wt% esterified PALF-MCC laurate showed no crystallinity. The addition of esterified PALF-MCC laurate increased the degradation temperature. The maximum tensile strength and elongation at break were exhibited when adding 5% of PALF-MCC. The results demonstrated that adding esterified PALF-MCC laurate as a filler in the biocomposite film could retain a pleasant value of tensile strength and elastic modulus whereas a slight increase in elongation can help to enhance flexibility. For soil burial testing, PHB/ esterified PALF-MCC laurate films with 5-20% (w/w) PALF-MCC laurate ester had higher degradation than films consisting of 100% PHB or 100% esterified PALF-MCC laurate. PHB and esterified PALF-MCC laurate derived from pineapple agricultural wastes are particularly suitable for the production of relatively low-cost biocomposite films that are 100% compostable in soil.

Banana peel starch to biodegradable alternative products for commercial plastics

Plastics offers a variety of benefits and in variety of shapes, such as sheets, panels, film which can all be flexible as application requires. Plastic is a price competitive with other materials that offer similar advantages in industrial application. It is light weight strong and cheaper. However, use of too many plastics results in massive harmful effects. It take longer time to degrade which is estimated about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after decomposed, it will affect the environment. Thus the biodegradable plastics become promising solution to solve all this problems. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for commercial plastics and to prove that the starch in banana peel could be used in production of biodegradable plastics. The strength of the plastic was determined by elongation test and by comparing with a synthetic plastic. In soil burial degradation test, the intensity of degradation was tested by comparing with synthetic plastic, biodegradable plastic degraded at rapid rate and synthetic plastic did not degrade at all. Based on the entire test, bioplastic from banana peels can be used in industry for various applications such as molding, packaging and making carry bags, at the same time rescuing the environment from potential harm by synthetic plastics.

Highly efficient construction of sustainable bacterial cellulose aerogels with boosting PM filter efficiency by tuning functional group

Air pollution has become a major public health concern, attracting considerable attention from researchers working on environmentally friendly and sustainable materials. In this work, bacterial cellulose (BC) derived aerogels were fabricated by the directional ice-templated method and used as filters to remove PM particles. We modified the surface functional groups of BC aerogel with reactive silane precursors, and investigated the interfacial and structural properties of those aerogels. The results show that BC-derived aerogels have excellent compressive elasticity, and their directional growth orientation inside the structure significantly reduced pressure drop. Moreover, the BC-derived filters exhibit an exceptional quantitative removal effect on fine particulate matter, which, in the presence of high concentrations of fine particulate matter, they can achieve a high-efficiency removal standard of 95 %. Meanwhile, the BC-derived aerogels showed superior biodegradation performance in the soil burial test. These results paved the way for BC-derived aerogels development as a great sustainable alternative to treat air pollution.

Synthesis and biodegradation of polymer blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and natural rubber

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as an ideal choice of biomaterial for specific applications. In this study, PHA was synthesized and purified from Pseudomonas mendocina PSU. These obtained PHA was then determined its monomer composition and found that 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) was a major component, in addition, the molecular weight were also investigated. The average Mw was 8.39 ×104 when grown in MSM supplemented with glycerol whereas the melting temperature was 172 °C. To improve mechanical and biodegradation properties of PHB, blending with suitable well defined polymers such as natural rubbers (NR) has been performed by blending poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [(PHB)] with and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) using two different blending methods e.g. solvent blending and melting blending in a ratio of PHB to ENR of 70:30. The polymer blends were further investigated their biodegradation by soil burial test and rubber-degrading consortium. The results clearly showed that in soil burial test, the most rapid biodegradation was PHB from P. mendocina PSU which reached to 34.10%weight loss whereas the biodegradation of polymers by rubber-degrading bacteria, interestingly the highest percentages of weight loss about 13% was obtained in PHB-ENR blend films from melt blending followed by PHB-ENR blend films from solvent blending, NR, PHB from P. mendocina PSU and ENR, respectively. In addition, the physical changes in all tested samples were observed.

Biodegradation Study of Polymer Composites Reinforced by Areca catechu fibers (Areca catechu L.) and Snake plant fibers (Sansevieria Trifasciata)

Natural fiber components are used for composite materials because they provide strength to the fibers. Composite materials commonly used are thermoset polymers, one of which is epoxy resin. Biodegradation aims to determine the rate of change in the mass of the specimen after 40 days of burial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the volume fraction of the combination of areca catechu fibers and snake plant fibers on biodegradation properties. The method used in this research is the soil burial test, which is to determine the rate of polymer biodegradation in the soil. The best results in the biodegradation property test obtained the highest mass value of 30% variation obtained after burial for 40 days amounting to 13,417 grams, with the biodegradation test obtained a comparison before and after burial the mass value obtained did not experience a significant increase, this is because the composite material have no pores. or holes for the entry of microorganisms into the soil.

Carboxy-methyl tamarind kernel gum based bio-hydrogel for sustainable agronomy

The innovative superabsorbent bio-tech hydrogels were concocted by free radical polymerization of sodium-methacrylate & carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum, for application in agronomical procedures as a soil conditioner & water harvester for sustainable agronomy. The structural morphologies of the hydrogel were characterized by techniques viz. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The hydrogel was evidenced as a biodegradable hydrogel via the soil burial biodegradability test. The swelling behavior of hydrogel was analyzed as a function of temperature, pH, and salt solutions. The formulated hydrogel engrossed 248 ml/g water and 0.5% CMTKG-PSMA hydrogel amended soil revealed augmentation in the maximum water holding capacity (46.5%), porosity (14%), shoot length (43%), available water content (37%). A decrease in bulk density (8%) was also observed. The water intake was Fickian diffusion following Korsmeyer-Peppas Equation. These upshots were validated upon chickpea plants. These hydrogels proffer a promising substitute as a soil conditioner in agronomy.

Physico-mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and biodegradation properties of unidirectional green-composites from nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) yarn preform and poly(lactic acid) fibreweb

In this work, a set of nettle/PLA unidirectional green composites was prepared by varying the weight contents of nettle yarn preform and PLA matrix, and the same was tested for physical, mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation properties with a special attention to their suitability for automotive dashboard and door panel applications. With the increase of preform content, the static as well as dynamic mechanical properties of the biocomposites were found to increase initially and decreased afterwards. The green-composite prepared with an equal weight fraction of nettle yarn preform and PLA demonstrated highest tensile strength (52.56 MPa), flexural strength (42.73 MPa), impact strength (30.96 kJ/m2), and tensile (Young’s) modulus (4.73 GPa) values. The same biocomposite exhibited highest storage and loss moduli and lowest damping factor at a wide range of temperature from 30 °C to 115 °C. The micromechanical analysis of static tensile properties revealed that the tensile strength and tensile (Young’s) modulus of the biocomposites could be reasonably predicted by considering the tensile properties of the constituents and the morphological characteristics of the biocomposites. The morphological and thermal analyses of the biocomposite with 50 % preform content showed adequate reinforcement wettability, remarkable thermal stability (up to 254.62 °C) and high degree of crystallinity (53.13 %). Under soil burial test, the same biocomposite displayed exceptional biodegradability (3.66 % weight loss and 42.87 % strength loss after 21 days) with extraordinary enrichment of soil nutrients. Overall, this biocomposite showed a great potential for automotive dashboard and door panel applications.

Effects of Bamboo Leaf Fiber Content on Cushion Performance and Biodegradability of Natural Rubber Latex Foam Composites.

Bamboo leaf fiber (BLF) was incorporated into an eco-friendly foam cushion made from natural rubber latex (NRL) to enhance the biodegradation rate. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of BLF content on the foam structure, mechanical properties, cushion performance, and biodegradability. The NRL foam cushion nets with and without BLF were prepared using the Dunlop method along with microwave-assisted vulcanization. BLF (90-106 µm in length) at various loadings (0.00, 2.50, 5.00, 7.50, and 10.00 phr) were introduced to the latex compounds before gelling and vulcanizing steps. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the BLF in a NRL foam caused an increase in cell size and a decrease in the number of cells. The changes in the cell structure and number of cells resulted in increases in the bulk density, hardness, compression set, compressive strength, and cushion coefficient. A soil burial test of 24 weeks revealed faster weight loss of 1.8 times when the BLF content was 10.00 phr as compared to the NRL foam without BLF. The findings of this work suggest the possibility of developing an eco-friendly cushion with a faster degradation rate while maintaining cushion performance, which could be a better alternative for sustainable packaging in the future.

Biodegradable, UV absorber and thermal stable bioplastic films from waxy corn starch/polyvinyl alcohol blends

AbstractChemically modified waxy corn starch is a promising material for biodegradable bioplastic synthesis. This work is to study the film performance and microbial enzymatic biodegradation of the film made from chemically modified waxy corn starch according to the effect of pre-gelatinization and cardanol oil with various ratios as a mixed plasticizer with sorbitol. The preparation of biodegradable bioplastic films from waxy maize acetylated di-starch adipate (WADA) and waxy maize pregelatinized acetylated di-starch adipate (PWADA) blended with polyvinyl alcohol polymer using sorbitol and cardanol oil mixture as plasticizers were performed. Characterization of biodegradability by enzymes mixture of (alpha-amylase and glucoamylase) and soil burial test. The weight loss reached 96% and the degradation percentage reached 95.5% of PWADA and these results were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than WADA; as proved by high-performance liquid chromatography, increasing osmolality is evidence of the degradation as measured by the osmometer and the physical appearance of the film indicated complete degradation after 21 days. The film morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity, transparency, and thermal stability were studied using a scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transformed infrared, X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and thermal gravimetric analysis. As a result, under the electron microscope, PWADA films had a more homogenous surface. The films’ infra-red spectra showed similar patterns, indicating identical chemical structures. Waxy maize starch has an A-type crystalline structure and after the thermoplasticization, the X-ray diffractogram showed new peaks appeared at 2θ of 13.2°, 19.5°, and 20.8°, which attributed to a V-type crystal pattern. The addition of cardanol oil restricts the transmission of light in the UV region by 250 nm by 69 and 63.4%, respectively, indicating UV absorber films. Furthermore, adding oil to (PWADA) and (WADA) films increased onset deterioration from 272 to 318 °C and from 317 to 320 °C, indicating that their thermal stability is improved. The water uptake rate and water vapor permeability increase after the pre-gelatinization of WADA films without cardanol but slightly decrease after the addition of cardanol oil. Also, pre-gelatinization decreases the elongation by 33.3% while increasing the strength by 10.5% of the films. Hence, waxy-modified maize starch film has the potential to be a biodegradable, thermal stable, and UV absorber film in packaging material.

Biodegradation properties of natural fibers for agro textile nonwovens production

The aim of this paper is to investigate biodegradation properties of PLA (as a bio-based polymer), Hemp, Jute (as natural bast fibers) and Viscose (as a cellulose regenerates) for agrotextile nonwovens production. For the purpose of those investigations, an analysis of the biodegradation time of samples were performed by soil burial test (ISO 11721 – Textiles – Determination of resistance of cellulose-containing textiles to microorganisms – Soil burial test) conducted under controlled conditions in laboratory and under real weather conditions. The samples were exposed in the soil for 4, 7, 9 and 11 days. An analysis of mass loss and changes in their mechanical properties, compared to unexposed samples, were determined.

Synthesis and performance evaluation of slow-release fertilizers produced from inverse vulcanized copolymers obtained from industrial waste.

To improve crop nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE) and better manage fertilization, slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) are developed by either coating the urea granules or making a composite. Several materials have already been developed, nevertheless, scalability of those materials is still a challenge due to their inherit drawbacks (such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, non-biodegradability, etc.). Herein, we utilized a biodegradable, green and sustainable copolymer produced from industrial waste (sulfur-petroleum industry waste and myrcene-citrus industry waste) to coat the urea using a facile coating method to develop novel SRFs and achieve better agronomic and environmental advantages. The copolymer was first synthesized using a facile, solvent-free one-pot method called inverse vulcanization followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to confirm the successful reaction between myrcene and sulfur subsequently coating the copolymer on urea granule. The morphology and coating thickness of coated fertilizers were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by a nitrogen release test in distilled water and a soil burial test to confirm the biodegradability. The nitrogen release test revealed that the SRF with the maximum coating thickness of 1733 μm releases only 16% of its total nitrogen after 4 days of incubation compared to the pristine urea which releases all its nutrient within 1 day. The soil burial test confirms the biodegradability of the copolymer, as after 50 days of incubation in soil the copolymer loses almost 18.25% of its total weight indicating that the copolymer is degrading.

Preparation of bacterial cellulose film from rotten fruits for mulching film application

This research aims to reduce production capital costs and added value to natural products. The bio-mulching film was prepared by bacterial cellulose (BC) “Acetobacter xylinum”, extracted from three rotten fruits, grape, coconut, and pineapple under standard tests in the laboratory. The analysis from the FTIR technique confirmed to cellulose molecular vibration of BC films. XRD pattern was matched to structure crystallinity of JCPDS standard file which possessed a high percentage of crystallinity. The SEM micrographs were also revealed the 3D nanofiber network structure. The absorption capability of BC films could highly hold water in its structure. In addition, the mechanical properties of BC films came from rotten coconut, given the highest tensile strength (7.2 ± 1.1 MPa) according to nano-fiber symmetric with its dense structure. Nevertheless, the soil burial testing emphasized BC films could reduce soil temperature and increase moisture content in the soil as well. The biodegradation rate of BC films in 30 days was moderately fair. The BC film from rotten coconut had the slowest biodegradation rate (approximately 22.3 4.2%), applicable to biodegradable mulching film.