SAP2000 Software Research Articles

New alternative techniques for strengthening deep beams with circular and rectangular openings

Numerous deep beam design models have been proposed; however, even the most recent design manuals provide limited guidance for deep beam design, especially when the beams have complicated features such as web openings. The openings cause a geometric discontinuity, which makes the distribution of nonlinear stress along the depth of the beam more complicated. In this paper, the structural behavior of the deep beams with openings was investigated experimentally via a total of twenty concrete beam specimens and analytically in four themes. In the first theme, eleven concrete beam specimens with circular and rectangular openings, including the reference solid specimen, were tested to examine how the shape, size, and position of the openings affected the structural behavior of the deep beams. According to earlier studies, the crack patterns and modes of failure for the specimens were discussed in the first theme, and various techniques for strengthening the openings, whether circular or rectangular, were suggested in the second theme. Six concrete beam specimens with rectangular openings were strengthened; three of them were internally strengthened using various thickness plates around the openings, and the other three were strengthened using external fasteners subjected to torque moments. As for the concrete beam specimens with circular openings, these openings were strengthened with three different reinforcement techniques in the three tested beams. The load capacity, deflection, and crack patterns for the strengthened and unstrengthened specimens were recorded and discussed. The experimental results indicated that the load capacity and stiffness of the tested beams were significantly reduced by the presence of openings. Additionally, there was a distinct variety in how the size, position, and shape of the openings affected the beams performance. The results also demonstrated that concrete beam specimens with rectangular openings that were strengthened externally by the fasteners were the best, whereas the efficiency of the remaining strengthening was lower than expected. In the third theme, a numerical study using the nonlinear finite element model (NLFE), the program ANSYS V-19.2, 2018 was conducted on some of the tested strengthened and unstrengthened specimens. The analytical study's findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the NLFE model by comparing with load carrying capacity and load-deflection curve of the tested specimens. In the fourth theme, based on Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO), an algorithm developed in MATLAB and integrated with the FEA solver SAP software was used to build the optimal strut and tie model (OSTM) for two concrete beam specimens with rectangular and circular openings. This was undertaken with the objective of seeking and finding a strengthening technique that is more effective and is dependent on a clear methodology, not on trial and expectation. In agreement with the final obtained OSTM, new alternative strengthening techniques were proposed and evaluated using NLFE. In comparison to the other techniques that were described in this research, the proposed strengthening techniques based on BESO was the best and most effective, they increased the ultimate load in some cases by 72.7 %. BESO can be used efficiency for strengthening the deep beams with openings.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF THE OFFSHORE TRUSS STRUCTURE FROM MULTIPLE SIMULATED MEASURED DATA

This article presents identification methods of the natural frequency of structures from single or multiple measurements in the frequency domain and its application to identify the natural frequencies of the offshore truss structure. The simulated measurements of structural vibrations in the time domain are determined by analyzing the finite element model of the offshore truss structure subjected to random dynamic loads using SAP2000 software. The frequency domain measurements are obtained by the fast Fourier transform of time domain measurements using MATLAB software. The identification method from the multiple combined frequency response function measurements can estimate more natural frequencies than using a single measurement. A study of the considered frequency range was also performed showing the accuracy of the identification methods compared with the finite element model. By subdividing the considered frequency range, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the obtained natural frequencies.

RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF GRATING PLATE AS BRIDGE DECK SLAB IN BAILEY QUICK ASSEMBLY BRIDGE

This article presents the calculation of the bearing capacity of the light-weight deck slab assembled from grating plates. The author uses the software SAP2000 on the basis of the finite element method to test the strength of this deck slab under the load of vehicles. From there, conclusions are drawn to build a scientific basis to determine the possibility of using grating plates as deck slabs for quick-assembled bridges serving security, defense, and rescue missions.

Mechanical Behaviors and Numerical Simulation Analysis of a New Isolation System

Finite element analysis is one of the key steps in evaluating the effectiveness of an isolation system. The aim of this paper is to research the mechanical properties of sliding and rolling friction systems and their application for isolating frame structures. A hybrid seismic isolation system is proposed, which aims to protect the superstructure by reducing dynamic response. The effect of different parameters on the friction coefficient of the isolation bearing was tested using a compression-shear testing machine, and the results showed that various parameters significantly affected the friction coefficient. In addition, a numerical analysis finite element model was established using SAP2000 software to compare the seismic isolation performance of the hybrid isolation system with that of traditional seismic-resistant structures. The results showed that the composite isolation system not only effectively reduced inter-story shear and acceleration, but also slightly enhanced the seismic isolation effect as the friction coefficient decreased.

Evaluation of the Seismic Behavior of RC Buildings through the Direct Modeling of Masonry Infill Walls

The direct modeling of masonry infill walls on many buildings, based on damage recorded by various past earthquakes, has become increasingly necessary in order to identify the seismic behavior of these elements, which constitute an important part of reinforced concrete buildings. In this paper, several 3D models were analyzed by the nonlinear static (pushover) method, when ignoring, and when considering, masonry infill walls. The finite element software SAP analyzed the proposed models. These models represent low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings infilled with double-leaf hollow bricks. The properties of materials used in Algeria, either in the frame elements or the infill elements, were used. The results obtained were compared according to two parameters, the natural time period of the building and the pushover curve, by varying the values of the dead load and the concrete compressive strength. The results were discussed according to the suggested parameters. The results showed that indirect modeling of such walls, either by taking assumptions embedded in the seismic behavior factor or by means of the macro-modal, can lead to a poor appreciation of the seismic behavior of such buildings. Consequently, direct modeling of walls by the infill of the real void showed acceptable results to some extent. This contributes greatly towards understanding the seismic behavior of this type of building.

A Contemporary House Proposal: Structural Analysis of Wood and Steel Bungalows

The housing typologies that meet shelter and other basic needs are diverse, and bungalows are one of them. These buildings are generally single-story and mostly use wooden building materials. This paper introduces a new construction technique using steel, which is more durable than typical wooden bungalow houses. This design aimed to create a new building stock based on the logic of mass production, where modular steel bars can be prefabricated and transported to the construction site. An architectural design with a steel construction instead of a wooden one and a hexagonal plan instead of a rectangular one was developed. Structures designed with wooden and steel materials were compared using the structural analysis method. Structural analysis of the construction designs using wood and S235 steel grade was performed with the SAP2000 software. The structures were evaluated according to displacement, modal analysis periods, and self-weight, and their static suitability was tested. This new architectural design was developed because steel can maintain its strength for a long time compared to wood and has a higher modulus of elasticity. The results showed that wood and steel materials exhibit similar behavior under the same cross-sections, but the steel structure has come to the forefront as it is lighter than wood in terms of self-weight.

Use of silicon rubber as a viscoelastic material in dampers

One of the most extensively utilized structural control devices is the viscoelastic damper (VD), and significant study has gone into enhancing their efficiency in structures. The mechanical response of a VD supplied with silicone rubber as viscoelastic material (SRD) under various loading conditions is investigated in this research. A conventional VD is the SRD, which is made up of dual layers of rubber mounted between three steel plates. A total of two specimens were produced. To evaluate the influence of strain amplitude and excitation frequency on the mechanical characteristics of SRD, each damper was exposed to harmonic loading with different values. Hysteretic loops for each loading case were extracted, and the variations of several mechanical parameters with the variated loading conditions were inspected. The results indicate that SRD has a high energy dissipation capacity, and has stable performance under different working conditions. Finally, a proper simplified element model was created using SAP2000 software to evaluate the dissipation characteristics and control impact of the SRD in structures, and then a time history analysis was executed on multi storey structure. Due to the obvious dampers’ extra stiffness and efficient damping property, the control impact of the SRD dampers on structural displacement is preferred and reflected on reducing the excessive displacement due to structure movement, according to data obtained.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR DENGAN DINDING PENGISI DAN TANPA DINDING PENGISI PADA GEDUNG BERTINGKAT TERHADAP PERILAKU DINAMIK DENGAN METODE TIME HISTORY

This study aims to compare structural modeling with the addition of wall elements and without walls with the help of SAP2000 software. The method used in this study is time history analysis using the San Fernando groundmotion data. Based on the modeling that has been done, the participation of the variance mass has reached 90% for structures with walls in mode 278 while without walls in mode 243. The addition of walls in this study resulted in a decrease in the drift value. The average percentage of settlement of each floor is 40.12% for the X direction and 30.26% for the Y direction. The addition of walls can also reduce the period value of the structure, where the structure with walls has a period value of 1.0804 seconds while the structure without walls is 1 ,2016 sec. Keywords: Building Structure, Infill Wall, Drift, Time History Analysis

Performance of Base-Isolated RC School Building under Blast Loading

It is known that bomb-laden vehicles target many buildings as a result of terrorist activities. The effects of such attacks must be reduced and structures must be protected against blast effects. In high seismic hazard regions, buildings are designed to be earthquake resistant. One of the methods used to dampen earthquake effects on structures is base isolation. Base isolation is effective in distributing blast loads to the structure, similar to seismic loading. In this study, the effects of this distribution on the structure will be evaluated. The scope of the study encompasses the numerical estimation of explosive loads at different distances according to the explosive material carrying capacity of various vehicles and their effects on structures. Linear and nonlinear analysis methods were used to compare the dynamic behaviour of school buildings designed with and without base isolators. The Turkish Building Earthquake Code (2018), which includes the maximum seismic loads, was used in the design of the isolators. Numerical analysis was performed using SAP2000 software based on the finite element method. The blast loads were applied to the floors of the building using the direct integration method in the time domain. FEMA standards were used to determine the blast loads and the performance was evaluated in comparison with the numerical analysis results. As a result of the study, it was concluded that structures with base isolators are efficient in reducing the effects of an explosion at certain distances and these distances will affect the design of the shelter walls.

Pengaruh Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Sumber Daya Perusahaan (ERP) dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Manajemen Rantai Pasok (SCM) CV Sumber Cipta Agung

At this time, business is very easy to do because there are already systems that help the development of a business. There are several examples of business development systems, one of which is an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system. With this system, it can help entrepreneurs to make a business plan so that it can run more effectively and efficiently. In addition to making business more effective and efficient, this system can also be combined with SCM (Supply Chain Management) so that these businesses can maximize the company's performance. There are lots of companies that use this ERP system, for example, CV Sumber Cipta Agung, which is engaged in producing food and beverages. CV Sumber Cipta Agung is a company engaged in the field of beverage manufacturers in the city of Batam which uses this system in developing its company to improve supply chain management (SCM) performance. The method used in this study is the method of interviews and literature review. CV Sumber Cipta Agung conducts its resource planning using SAP software and manages its supply chain system using the cross docking method.

Modifikasi Struktur Jetty Pelat Beton Pracetak Konvensional menjadi Pelat Beton Pracetak Hollow Core Slab

The wharf is where the ships are moored in the harbour. In addition, the pier is also the place where loading and unloading of goods takes place and passengers boarding and falling from and to the ship. The wharf is also the activity location for refueling ships, supplying ships with drinking water, clean water, and arranging channels for dirty/waste water to be further processed at the port. So that optimum planning is needed so that the performance of the building can meet safety and comfort standards
 This research modifies conventional precast floor slabs into hollow core slab precast slabs with 2 span variations. Dead loads are calculated based on specific gravity, live loads and traffic loads are calculated by "Loading for Bridges" (SNI 1725-2016), crane loads use the Ship to Shore Gantry Cranes Brand Liebherr specifications with a capacity of 50 tons, ship berthing loads and mooring loads ships are calculated based on the Technical standards and commentaries for port and harbor facilities in Japan, OCDI, 2020, while earthquake loads are calculated by "Bridge planning against earthquake loads" (SNI 2833:2016). Steel piles are calculated by "specifications for structural steel buildings" (SNI 1729:2015) and reinforced concrete structures are calculated by “Structural concrete requirements for buildings and explanations” (SNI 2847 2019). Structural analysis for structures is carried out using the help of SAP2000 software.
 From the research, it was obtained the results of modification of conventional precast floor slabs with hollow core slab precast floor plates with a span of 5.2 meters and a thickness of 350 mm. is an increase in the iron ratio of 38.57% and a decrease in the shear capacity of the punch by 56.57%. For a span of 10.4 meters, a plate with a thickness of 500 mm was used so that the result was an increase in the ratio of iron by 114.60% and a decrease in the shear capacity of the punch by 74.06%.

EVALUASI KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN PADA BANGUNAN UTAMA MASJID AGUNG KRATON SURAKARTA

Masjid Agung Kraton Surakarta is located in the city of Surakarta, Central Java Province and is a National Cultural Heritage building. The mosque was built during the reign of Pakubuwana II in 1745 AD with a total area of 19,180 m2. The main building of the mosque measures 34.2 meters x 33.5 meters. The mosque is supported by 4 main pillars (Soko Guru) and 12 additional pillars (Soko Rawa) made of wood. Indonesia is located at the confluence of three major world plates that cause the Pacific earthquake line and the Asian earthquake line. This causes the probability of large earthquake waves, and the frequency of occurrence is quite frequent in Indonesia. According to SNI 1726-2019, houses of worship have a risk category 4, where the building must maintain the function of the building structure during an earthquake. One of the regulations for evaluating a building is SNI 1726-2019. In this study, a tenant mortise joint with a maximum moment of 7.2 kNm and a rotation of 0.124 rad was modeled on the main structure of the Surakarta Grand Kraton Mosque with SAP2000 software. The loading combination is based on SNI 1726 2019 with earthquake loads obtained from the rsa cipta karya site. Based on the structural analysis that has been carried out, the results show that the maximum moment that occurs in the connection is 0.5373 kNm which is located at joint 89 elements 161 and obtained a maximum deformation of 6.442 mm.

Evaluation of Natural Frequency of a Cable Stayed Bridge Using System Identification Technique

Abstract: System Identification is an emerging area in the domain of structural engineering specially under structural health monitoring. For dynamic analysis or stimulation, the dynamic system parameters (i.e. natural frequency, mode shape, damping ratio etc.) are most important. Vibration data of actual structures are collected by different sensors. These data are analyzed with the help of different system identification technique to get inside view of the structure. This paper presents the synthetic vibration data generation of the model structure using Time History Analysis with the help of SAP2000 software. Time history analysis is performed on a cable stayed bridge. Joint acceleration, mode shapes, natural frequency etc. are found from this analysis. For system identification purpose the acceleration time history data of different locations are used to get the natural frequency of the cable stayed bridge which is a significant system identification parameter. This identification is done with the help of power spectral density (PSD) using MATLAB algorithm

Soil–Structure Interaction Effect on the Resistance of a Steel Frame against Progressive Collapse Using Linear Static and Nonlinear Dynamic Procedures

In recent years, increases in terrorist attacks or other unexpected explosions have shown that their effects can cause critical damages to buildings and cause partial or total collapse of buildings. This chain collapse mechanism is named a progressive collapse. Subsoil effects on a building are often ignored in studies on progressive collapse. In this study, the effect of soil–structure interaction on the risk of progressive collapse of a steel frame is investigated by using the modified Vlasov model, which has not been used in the studies on progressive collapse before. For this purpose, a steel building model was investigated. A linear static procedure (LSP) and nonlinear dynamic procedure (NDP) with alternative path method were used for the analysis of the frame. SAP2000 software was used to model subsoil effect on the frame via an interface coded in MATLAB interactively. The results from the analyses showed that the soil–structure interaction effect can significantly affect the progressive collapse resistance of the building.

Non-Linear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure with Vertical Irregularities

Various structural factors that contribute to damage during an earthquake are vertical irregularities, irregularities in strength and stiffness, mass irregularities, torsional irregularities, and so on. Over the past decade, performance-based design (PBD) procedures have become one of the most critical areas in earthquake engineering. The pushover procedure is divided into two parts; the first is the displacement target for the erected building. The target is the estimated displacement of the top of the building when exposed to the design earthquake excitation. Then a pushover analysis is carried out on the building until the top removal is equal to the target displacement. Second is the type of controlled force in which the total amount of force acting is estimated and applied to the structure, and analysis is carried out. The various performance levels for a building are expressed in terms of the base shear carried versus the roof displacement. If all the plastic hinges formed are within the CP limit, the structure is said to be safe. On the other hand, if the plastic hinge formed exceeds the CP limit, the structure is said to have collapsed. This paper proposes a 2D reinforced concrete frame with three models with variations of vertical irregularity. This paper aims to see the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete frames with vertical irregularities through the pushover method using SAP2000 software. Furthermore, the analysis results show that the skeleton is susceptible to increasing vertical irregularity. As the vertical irregularity increases, the percentage of the plastic hinge crossing the boundary increases. The analysis results also show that model 2 has better behavior.

Studying and Analyzing the Seismic Performance of Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame Buildings

Nowadays, due to environmental changes, the condition of buildings can be in danger. In order to protect the performance of existing buildings, it is important to investigate the seismic behaviour of building structure subjected to earthquake excitation. In addition, it is important to study the advanced level of ductile design recommended by current codes. In the immediate future, lateral load resistance needs to be evaluated precisely. For the purpose of analyzing the seismic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in this project, 6- and 12-story frames of representative buildings are modeled in this research paper. The response spectrum analysis is deployed for a multi-degree-of-freedom system exposed to seismic waves (earthquake) in the City of Vancouver. Hence, the seismic nature of Vancouver City is emulated by the resulting response spectra using ground motion records (GMR). Ultimately, for concluding the average displacement as well as the base shear of the structures, a time-history analysis is investigated. In this regard, the SAP2000 and ETABS software are utilized for analyzing seismic performances. In addition, a comparison is presented between previous studies that used the IDARC2D software and the proposed results that used the ETABS software. It is found that the applied cases are not overlapping the limit of the NBCC 2015 Code. Consequently, after investigation, it is evident that the 3D software is much more accurate than the 2D software.

Influence of soil-structure interaction modeling on the behavior of multi-story plane steel frames with shallow footing foundations

Traditionally, structural analysis is based on the hypothesis that supports are indeslocable due to simplicity. However, the conventional design in which settlements of foundation elements are disregarded can lead to physical results that are incompatible with reality. This work aims to analyze the influence of the consideration of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the responses of steel structural elements obtained by a static second order analysis. Furthermore, it is evaluated the responses obtained by different types of procedures for the consideration of soil stiffness in the structural analysis. Solid elements considering linearly elastic material parameters and spring elements based on the Winkler theory are employed. The analyses were performed with the commercial software SAP2000. Plane steel frames models were analyzed, either considering conventional supports or taking into account the soil-structure interaction. Shallow footing foundations are considered. Three frames with the same characteristics, but with a different number of floors were analyzed, showing the influence of the height increase and the building stiffness on the SSI results. It has been shown that the consideration of the effects of soil-structure interaction on structural analysis of buildings can have a significant influence on the stress distribution, displacements and structural behavior. In addition, it is concluded that the structural capacity of steel frames can be affected by the type of support adopted and by changes on the way the model considers soil deformation.

Solution of Beam Structure Analysis Using SAP2000

The beam structure is an essential structural element for construction professionals, and most engineers should be familiar with beams. The type of beam structure discussed in this paper is a simple beam structure. Calculating the forces and structural deformations numerically takes longer and require good accuracy. In this increasingly sophisticated era, various kinds of software are available, one of which is SAP2000, which can be used to obtain internal forces and structural deformations quickly and accurately. In this paper, a simple beam structure is modeled and analyzed using SAP2000 software. This paper aims to provide solutions for analyzing structures, especially simple beams. Manual calculations will also validate this paper according to the requirements of static balance. Furthermore, the analysis results using SAP2000 software and manual calculations have been obtained and validated. The analysis results showed that the values obtained did not significantly differ. So it can be concluded that structural analysis with SAP2000 software can be a fast and accurate solution.

Soil-structure interaction in a base and mid-story seismically isolated building

The main goal of this study is to analyze the performance of seismic isolation systems by implementing isolation to the base and inter-story of the buildings together, in order to reduce the earthquake impact in multi-story buildings. In addition the soil-structure interaction for these cases are taken into consideration. An example building model was composed to observe the effect of base isolation and mid-story isolation numerically. Analyses were performed by using SAP2000 software. A five story building was used as an example structure. Investigations were carried out for six different combinations that are: fixed base buildings, buildings with soil-structure interaction, buildings incorporating single base isolation system with and without consideration of soil-structure interaction, buildings with base and mid story isolation system with and without consideration of soil-structure interaction. Two different earthquake motions were selected for time-history analysis. The results obtained from time-history analysis were discussed comparatively, for all the base-isolation cases including and excluding soil-structure interaction. It has been concluded that the seismic isolation application of the base and mid-story improves the seismic performance of the building. In addition, it has been observed that the soil-structure interaction affects the building seismic performances according to the reference ground type.

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Rc Corroded Structures Using Sap2000 Software in Accordance With Different INDIANGUIDELINES

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting of Rc Corroded Structures Using Sap2000 Software in Accordance With Different INDIANGUIDELINES