Software Requirements Research Articles

A hybrid approach to extract conceptual diagram from software requirements

Employing rules for the automatic extraction of conceptual diagrams from software requirements has been in practice for some time. However, considering only rules for extraction makes the system complex to handle. Moreover, the rules are predominantly based on the syntactic structure such as Part of Speech tags along with Dependency Grammar of sentences and rarely on semantics. In this paper, we propose to use a probabilistic approach in configuration with the rule-based technique and the Word embeddings to preserve the semantics of the sentence. Hence, reduces the complexity of the extraction procedure. Further, we advocate the use of a divide-and-conquer policy of extraction instead of extracting classes for one entire use case description. We extract the class diagram from small use cases and then merge it to obtain the class diagram. As generated class diagram corresponding to small use cases can be utilized in another similar software design, thus, it increases the scalability and decreases the extraction time. The proposed hybrid approach integrates the knowledge from the experiences. Thus, the proposed approach achieved 90% as F1-score whereas the F1-Score for the existing methods ranged between 79-88%. The proposed hybrid approach also shows a 19.44% reduction in terms of the number of iterations performed to carry out extraction procedures for individual use cases. Hence, reduces the extraction procedure complexity.

Guiding the implementation of data privacy with microservices

Privacy by design is nowadays recognized as essential in bringing data privacy into software systems. However, developers still face many challenges in reconciling privacy and software requirements and implementing privacy protections in software systems. One emerging trend is the adoption of microservices architectures—they bring in some qualities that can benefit privacy by design. The main goal of this study is to adapt privacy by design to the qualities brought by microservices. The main focus is at the architectural level, where the main structural decisions are made. A systematic literature review is adopted to identify a set of privacy models that underscore significant differences in software systems’ protection using microservices. From the literature review, a decision framework is developed. The decision framework provides guidance and supports design decisions in implementing data privacy using microservices. The framework helps select and integrate different privacy models. An illustration of using the framework, which considers the design of an electronic voting system, is provided. This study contributes to closing the gap between regulation and implementation through design, where decisions related to data privacy are integrated with decisions on architecting systems using microservices.

Exploring the use of gamification in human-centered agile-based requirements engineering

Gamification has become prevalent in educational settings, particularly in human-centered software engineering. Using gamified learning environments for comprehending software engineering concepts can significantly enhance students’ human factors, including motivation, engagement, and cognitive and critical thinking skills. Software requirements engineering constitutes one of the disciplines in the software development lifecycle. Based on the literature concerning agile-based software requirements engineering, coping with changing user requirements and constant alterations is often challenging. Consequently, both students and software developers must thoroughly grasp agile-based software requirements engineering. Over the last few years, educators and researchers have crafted gamified learning environments for agile-based software requirements engineering activities. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of agile-based software requirements engineering activities through a gamified design approach. For this purpose, an application, ReGile, was developed and evaluated with 87 second and third-year software engineering students using the M-3 evaluation framework. Overall, the results were promising. Students expressed satisfaction with ReGile’s technological usability. They performed well (72.14%) in answering questions related to software requirements engineering and agile methodology concepts. Furthermore, gender-wise results indicated that male students outperformed female students when using ReGile.

DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF SOFTWARE SOLUTION FOR BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL CORRECTNESS ANALYSIS USING MACHINE LEARNING

Poorly designed business process models are a source of errors and the subsequent costs associated with these errors, such as monetary costs, lost time, or even some harmful impact on people or the environment if the erroneous business process models are associated with critical industries. The BPM (Business Process Management) lifecycle usually consists of designing, implementing, monitoring, and controlling the business process execution, but it lacks continuous quality control of the created BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) models. Thus, this paper considers the problem of business process models classification based on their correctness, which solution will ensure quality control of the designed business process models. Thus, this study aims to improve the quality of business process models by developing a software solution for business process models classification based on their correctness. The subject of the study is the process of business process models classification based on their correctness, which uses quality measures and thresholds, usually, complexity measures. The subject of the study is a software solution for business process models classification based on their correctness. Therefore, in this study, the algorithm to solve the problem of BPMN models classification using logistic regression, interface complexity, and modularity measures is proposed, the software requirements are determined, the software development tools are selected, the software for business process models classification based on their correctness is designed, the corresponding software components are developed, the use of a software solution for solving the problem of business process models classification based on their correctness is demonstrated, the obtained results are analyzed and discussed. The developed software indicates high performance of BPMN models classification based on their correctness, achieving high accuracy (99.14 %), precision (99.88 %), recall (99.23 %), and F-score (99.56 %), highlighting the high performance of modeling errors detection.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGOLAHAN DATA CUSTOMER DIGITAL MARKETING PADA MB STORE

The purpose of this research is to design and build a data processing information system at the MB Store which is engaged in digital marketing services. The current problems Processing customer data while still using static data so that it still makes it difficult for admins to find and collect customer data information both those that are being processed, currently running and also those who have ordered before. This static data collection also often causes confusion or misunderstanding between customers and service officers in controlling different customer needs, besides that it also often causes confusion between one customer order package and another, who have and have not paid. , still in the process of ordering as well as the customer data information itself. This is caused because the data is entered separately in each document in Microsoft Excel so that the checking process must be carried out manually. So that this also causes the admin officer to have difficulties in re-data, tracking and matching customer data that has been stored. To overcome the problems that occur, research is carried out which aims to provide solutions to the Miss Bolin Store (MB Store), namely by building a Customer Data Processing Information System using Microsoft Visual Studio and MySQL. The model used in the development of this research uses the Waterfall Model with 5 stages, namely software requirements analysis, design, program code generation, testing and maintenance. Collecting data using interview techniques, observation and literature study. This information system is expected to make it easier for admins to find data, collect customer information, help the service process to customers be faster and can reduce the occurrence of mistakes or misunderstandings in the customer order data itself.

The Use of Telemedicine in an Interdisciplinary Pain Center in the Years 2020 and 2021 in Germany: Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: COVID-19 changed the management of patients with chronic pain. The increased utilization of telemedicine was recommended as a solution. Telemedicine provides medical services by overcoming the geographical distance between practitioner and patient and makes it possible to continue treating the patients with a high level of safety for patients and staff. The aim of our study is to investigate the data on the use of telemedicine in an interdisciplinary pain center in the years 2020 and 2021. Methods: Every patient contact in 2020 and 2021 with the interdisciplinary pain center was registered. Dataset consists of 4,156 patient contacts (N = 1,996 in the year 2020; N = 2,160 in the year 2021). For each patient contact, we collected data on age, sex, place of residence, and the reason or type of the contact. In addition, the incidence rates were used as a data source for the COVID-19 development. Results: In 2020, there was a significant decrease in face-to-face contacts (85.0% to 59.4%) and a significant increase in telemedicine use (especially video calls 0.6% to 20.0%). The use of telemedicine had a temporary peak at the beginning of 2021 (first quarter of 2021: 41.2%). The trend generally reversed during 2021: face-to-face contacts increased again (25.5% to 58.9%) and telemedicine decreased (mainly video calls 41.2% to 25.9%). Conclusion: The results show that telemedicine was successfully implemented in an interdisciplinary pain center during 2020 and 2021. In addition to the software requirements and the data protection, the aspect of digital literacy appears to be relevant. There seems to be a need for an implementation plan in pain centers that includes guidelines for the use of telemedicine.

Spesifikasi Kebutuhan Perangkat Lunak Sistem Informasi E-Survey Badan Litbang dan Diklat Kementerian Agama dengan standar ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018

The digitalization of survey processes is crucial in today's era, and this research aims to design the software requirements specification for the E-Survey Information System for the Research and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The methodology employed follows the ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2018 standard in developing the System Requirements Specification (SRS) document. This comprehensive SRS outlines the purpose, scope, product overview, user characteristics, limitations, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, database design, interface, and use case diagrams. The functional requirements encompass survey management, survey question management, user management, role management, and accessing surveys. Non-functional requirements address performance and user-friendliness aspects. The result is a detailed SRS document that serves as a guideline for the development team in building an integrated and modern E-Survey application. This application will streamline and digitize the survey activities conducted by the Research and Training Agency, enabling efficient data collection, processing, and analysis. By following industry standards, the developed system aims to enhance productivity, centralize survey operations, and support informed decision-making processes related to strengthening religious moderation and harmony among religious communities in Indonesia

Use of Code Refactoring Transformation in Software Advancement

In this paper, discuss the refactoring object-oriented code effects on software quality. We can say that refactoring is the reengineering process of code in software development, sometimes it is very helpful because it is not as expensive. The external behavior of software will not be changed, that is the big advantage of code refactoring. A lot of different researcher’s research on it to evaluate the results and check the software quality because companies do not compromise on quality standard. In this paper, refactoring technique shift to software requirements because if requirements are clear and definite then all the development will be good and up to the mark. We will check it at an earlier phase of software development so in this sense it is not very expensive. Different five research questions and their answers are also part of this paper. We will use requirements divided approach in it. Staring with requirements gathering then filter, break, prioritize, numbering and then convert it into requirement document. Apply this approach to a case study (Hotel Management System) and derive the results at each phase.

Research on software reliability enhancement methods based on iterative development

Iterative development is an agile software development methodology that speeds up the development process and increases the flexibility of software delivery. However, the current software requirements change extremely fast, which leads to its increasing uncertainty, and iterative development also faces the challenge of software reliability. The software reliability enhancement method based on iterative development is researched and discussed for the current situation of insufficient reliability in the traditional software development process. In traditional software development, one-time delivery pressure and overall design complexity often lead to software functional defects and instability, affecting software reliability. The iterative development method, on the other hand, improves software reliability by decomposing the software development process into multiple iterative cycles, each of which contains requirements analysis, design, coding, and testing, updating the software functionality in smaller increments, and gradually improving the software product. This study proposes a software reliability improvement methodology by exploring and analyzing the key factors related to reliability in the iterative development process. This dissertation can establish a reliable and high-quality software development process through the steps of meticulous requirements planning and management, iterative development and testing, automated testing and continuous integration, code quality control, defect management and continuous improvement, user feedback and user engagement, and continuous learning and technology enhancement.

Adapting a group-based, multimodal aphasia treatment for telehealth – co-design of M-MAT Tele

Multi-Modality Aphasia Treatment (M-MAT) is an effective group intervention for post-stroke aphasia. M-MAT employs interactive card games and the modalities of gesture, drawing, reading, and writing to improve spoken language. However, there are challenges to implementation of group interventions such as M-MAT, particularly for those who cannot travel or live in rural areas. To maximise access to this effective treatment, we aimed to adapt M-MAT to telehealth format (M-MAT Tele). The Human-Centred Design Framework was utilized to guide the adaptation approach. We identified the intended context of use (outpatient/community rehabilitation) and the stakeholders (clinicians, people with aphasia, health service funders). People with aphasia and practising speech pathologists were invited to co-design M-MAT Tele in a series of iterative workshops, to ensure the end product was user-friendly and clinically feasible. The use of co-design allowed us to understand the hardware, software and other constraints and preferences of end users. In particular, clinicians (n = 3) required software compatible with a range of telehealth platforms and people with aphasia (n = 3) valued solutions with minimal technical demands and costs for participants. Co-design within the Human-Centred Design Framework led to a telehealth solution compatible with all major telehealth platforms, with minimal hardware or software requirements. Pilot testing is underway to confirm acceptability of M-MAT Tele to clinicians and people with aphasia, aiming to provide an effective, accessible tool for aphasia therapy in telehealth settings.

Challenges and strategies of software engineering in big data environment

Software engineering in a big data environment involves developing and maintaining large-scale, scalable, data-intensive applications in a rapidly evolving technology domain. As data volumes grow exponentially, so do the requirements for software systems to process and analyze this data. These systems need to be able to efficiently store, retrieve, process and analyze data collected from sources such as social media, IoT devices, enterprises and scientific research. Software engineers must address challenges including data heterogeneity and quality, scalability of data storage and computation, and real-time processing of high-speed data streams. With the evolution of technology, new architecture and database technologies have emerged, such as NoSQL and distributed computing frameworks. These technologies have challenged traditional methods of software engineering practice and also brought new design and implementation strategies.

Definition of the requirements architecture for IT solution as a business analytics product

The subject of research in the article is approaches to understanding and interpreting the concept of the architecture of requirements for an IT solution. The purpose of the work is to define the architecture of software requirements for a better understanding and further implementation of this concept in the practice of software development. The article addresses the following tasks: analyze approaches to the classification of requirements to determine common and distinctive characteristics and their impact on the definition of the architecture of requirements; examine requirements engineering standards to find the definition and any relationship to the requirements architecture; consider approaches to building a set of requirements and using templates to describe them to identify optimal strategies for business analytical processes and their impact on the architecture of requirements. The following methods are used: comparative analysis, including comparison and generalization of different classifications of requirements taking into account their impact on the definition of requirements architecture, review of literature and standards related to requirements engineering, as well as analysis of their impact on the process of formation of requirements architecture, analysis of documentation with the aim identifying optimal strategies for building the requirements architecture, as well as analyzing the use of templates for describing requirements and their importance in defining the requirements architecture. In addition, the requirements quality criteria analysis results were interpolated to identify relationships between the quality of requirements and their architecture, which made it possible to determine the optimal approaches to building the architecture of requirements that meet the requirements of software quality. The following results were obtained: approaches to understanding requirements in software development were investigated, generally accepted classifications of requirements and characteristics of quality requirements were given, and links of the chain "requirements – quality of requirements – approaches to description of requirements – standards – architecture of requirements" were analyzed with further logical interpolation of the studied context on the architecture of requirements, the author's definition of the concept of architecture of requirements is proposed. Conclusions. Requirements architecture can be based on different architectural frameworks and depends on software development methodologies, but at the same time, it can vary depending on industry standards and the needs of a specific project. Also, requirements architecture can use certain document templates, but it is not limited to them.

Modeling Enterprise Software with UAF

AbstractSystems and Software Engineers often have an uneasy relationship. The job of the systems engineer is to work with the stakeholders to define a set of requirements that meet their needs. These are then allocated to various solution spaces such as electronic hardware, mechanical, procedural, and software among others. For many systems, the functional requirements are almost exclusively software requirements. Correspondingly, as an increasing amount of project manpower, schedule time, and budget are allocated to software, it becomes increasingly important that systems and software engineers communicate effectively. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) has helped in this regard in that it can provide executable behavioral models with precise semantics to express software requirements in a model. These models define “What is required” without overly constraining the implementation. In addition, SysML can be used to define performance constraints, required concurrency, hardware memory and processor budgets, interfaces, safety critical requirements, etc. These aspects are essential for software engineers to understand the constraints and limitations of their environment. At the System of Systems (SoS)/Enterprise level, defining software/systems employs a similar pattern, but at a higher level of abstraction. In the Unified Architecture Framework, capabilities are defined for the enterprise, with systems and software allocated to realize the capabilities. In the same way that capabilities depend on one another, the implementing systems and software interact to support each other. In the past, enterprise software would be modeled as residing in mainframes in a federated software pattern. Modern software can be modeled throughout the enterprise in a distributed network that can adapt to the changing needs of the enterprise to do load leveling, dynamic and late binding, reconfiguration, and reallocation of hardware resources as necessary. If the domain includes the Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT), then deployment could include edge devices, embedded software, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), PCs, servers, cloud computing, and of course mainframes. The Object management Group (OMG) Data Distribution Services (DDS) standard enables these capabilities across these devices in a universal format implemented by multiple vendors. However, before this complex system of systems can be implemented, it must first be architected and designed to ensure that it will be fit for purpose both now and as the complex system of systems expands and evolves. This paper will examine the aspects of modeling software in the UAF, and how it can help guide enterprise and system and software architecture.

Electromechanical Impedance of Acoustic Emission Sensors used for Self-Diagnosis

Acoustic Emission (AE) is a well established NDT method which is used more and more for continuous monitoring, heading towards SHM. Today, AE sensors in the field are tested with a pencil lead break test (Hsu-Nielsen source), which requires manual interaction. Sensors are replaced if the sensitivity is too low. However, since the test is performed on the monitored structure, the structure itself may influence the test. Therefore, a detailed check of the sensor in the lab, according to SE02 and ISO 24543, is done afterwards. An automated solution, that can test AE sensors in the field, without human interaction, that needs minimal additional hardware would benefit AE based monitoring systems. The electromechanical impedance (EMI) spectrum is mostly used for local damage detection with piezoelectric transducers. In the past it has been shown that the EMI spectrum can also be used to enable automated self-diagnostic capabilities in the low frequency spectrum (Park et al., 2004) and in the higher frequency regime (Mueller, 2017) including the eigenfrequencies of the transducers. The usage of EMI for AE sensors can, thorough research in this matter provided, solve the issues mentioned above. This work presents results of EMI spectrum analysis of two sets of 12 and 17 sensors, respectively, with different levels of damage from pressure vessel burst tests. The results are compared to that of a face-2-face inspection, which is an established method of verification in the lab according to ISO 24543. It is shown that the EMI spectrum is capable of similar self-diagnostic capabilities. Thus, combining the advantages of global monitoring with AE sensors, while providing a remote and automatic method of self-diagnostic of AE sensors at any point with minimal additional hardware and software requirements.

Sketching Methods with Small Window Guarantee Using Minimum Decycling Sets.

Most sequence sketching methods work by selecting specific k-mers from sequences so that the similarity between two sequences can be estimated using only the sketches. Because estimating sequence similarity is much faster using sketches than using sequence alignment, sketching methods are used to reduce the computational requirements of computational biology software. Applications using sketches often rely on properties of the k-mer selection procedure to ensure that using a sketch does not degrade the quality of the results compared with using sequence alignment. Two important examples of such properties are locality and window guarantees, the latter of which ensures that no long region of the sequence goes unrepresented in the sketch. A sketching method with a window guarantee, implicitly or explicitly, corresponds to a decycling set of the de Bruijn graph, which is a set of unavoidable k-mers. Any long enough sequence, by definition, must contain a k-mer from any decycling set (hence, the unavoidable property). Conversely, a decycling set also defines a sketching method by choosing the k-mers from the set as representatives. Although current methods use one of a small number of sketching method families, the space of decycling sets is much larger and largely unexplored. Finding decycling sets with desirable characteristics (e.g., small remaining path length) is a promising approach to discovering new sketching methods with improved performance (e.g., with small window guarantee). The Minimum Decycling Sets (MDSs) are of particular interest because of their minimum size. Only two algorithms, by Mykkeltveit and Champarnaud, are previously known to generate two particular MDSs, although there are typically a vast number of alternative MDSs. We provide a simple method to enumerate MDSs. This method allows one to explore the space of MDSs and to find MDSs optimized for desirable properties. We give evidence that the Mykkeltveit sets are close to optimal regarding one particular property, the remaining path length. A number of conjectures and computational and theoretical evidence to support them are presented. Code available at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/mdsscope.

Program Requirements on Speech Development for Children with Hearing Impairment in Preparatory Class

The article summarizes primary rules that must be strictly observed in preparatory classes of public schools for the hearing impaired children. It is especially important to highlight the fact that children with hearing impairment may also have some difficulties in understanding another person's speech at the beginning, so it is necessary to accompany the langauge with a sign or a gesture. When composing words and phrases, it is desirable for the mother tongue teacher to have 2 types of primers: one of which will have movable letters. The above-mentioned rules will enable everyone to quickly and easily implement the education process with hearing impaired children. The article outlines the software requirements for children with hearing impairments in the preparatory class. Here, it is important to mention that education of these children begins with the development of word communication skills, highlighting the formation of abstract abilities. The program envisages timing and scope of work on this or that word material. The word material used in the native language classes should correspond to the age-specific features of the children.

Formal modeling and verification method for Simulink-MDL requirement model

Abstract As complex safety-critical system software becomes more powerful, so does the complexity of its design requirements. Modeling and analyzing design requirements at an early stage has become an integral part of the entire development process for complex safety-critical system software. Simulink is a system modeling and simulation tool used in aviation and other fields. Its model is stored in the form of MDL files. ART (Avionics Requirement Tools) is a requirement modeling and analysis verification tool for the aviation field. It uses VRM (Variable Relation Model) as the theoretical model and can accept VRM and its extended subsets as input models and verify them in the tool. The work of this paper is oriented to the typical software requirements in the field of avionics systems and proposes a formal modeling and verification method for Simulink-MDL models. First, the composition form and structure of the MDL model are analyzed in the article. The functions and semantics of various elements in the model are given. Then a formal modeling method of the MDL model is given. Finally, a simplified version of the flight guidance control system is used for modeling and verification to demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of this method.

Анализ и документирование требований для программного комплекса по проведению вычислительных экспериментов и численному исследованию системы «расходомерная трубка – жидкость» кориолисова расходомера

<p>Item. This article describes the stages of development of a software package designed to conduct a series of computational experiments on numerical modeling of the “flow tube – liquid” system of a Coriolis flow meter and automation of algorithms for subsequent data processing and visualization. The purpose of this article is to formulate and document the requirements for a software package, and its design based on modern approaches to the development of software products. Methods. The structure of requirements for the software package was developed based on the Software Requirements Specification template adopted in the Rational Unified Process software development methodology, in accordance with the classification of requirements for FURPS+ software systems. Python 3 and the interpreted programming language of the MATLAB environment were used to develop the complex routines. Results. A structure of requirements for the software package has been developed, including functional and non-functional requirements. A software package consisting of three subprograms has been developed, its structure, main components and capabilities are described, and examples of use are demonstrated. Conclusions. The software package solves the problems of automating modeling algorithms, processing and visualizing data obtained as a result of experiments. It can be used in engineering and scientific research related to the analysis of the performance of Coriolis flow meters.</p>

Karl Wiegers and Candase Hokanson on Software Requirements Essentials

Karl Wiegers and Candase Hokanson on Software Requirements Essentials

Real Estate Website

Abstract— This paper presents a novel real estate management system designed to address the inefficiencies faced in the contemporary property market. Developed using PHP and MySQL, the system offers a user-friendly web application that streamlines the processes for both property seekers and managers. Catering to distinct user groups, it empowers users with a comprehensive property database searchable by location and desired features. Additionally, users can leverage a built-in loan calculator (depending on implementation) for financial planning and potentially express interest in suitable properties. Admins, on the other hand, benefit from comprehensive management functionalities. These include user account management, property listing creation, editing, and availability control. The system also offers the potential to manage real estate agents, further enhancing its functionality for larger organizations. This user-centric approach prioritizes a user-friendly interface that simplifies searching, listing management, and overall interaction with the system. To ensure data security and integrity, the system implements robust role-based access control, restricting access to sensitive information based on user roles. Furthermore, a powerful search function facilitates efficient property discovery, allowing users to find their ideal properties with minimal effort. This paper delves into the details of the system, outlining its functionalities, the chosen development methodology (e.g., Agile), and the software and hardware requirements for running the application. It also acknowledges the system’s limitations in its initial phase, such as the potential need for future expansion of search filters or communication tools. Finally, the paper explores the exciting future scope of the system, including advanced search capabilities, integrated communication features, mobile application development, and potential integration with smart home technologies and machine learning for personalized recommendations. Keywords – Real Estate Management System, Property Management System, PHP,MySQL,User-Friendly Interface