Soft Wheat Seeds Research Articles

Сушка зернового материала с предварительной обработкой слаботочным плазменным каналом искрового разряда

The food industry and agriculture use such electrophysical technologies as ozonation, pulsed electric field, and low-temperature plasma. They increase the shelf-life of food products, as well as help to advance food processing. This article features pretreatment with a low-voltage spark-discharge plasma channel as a means to increase the efficiency of grain drying.
 The grain material involved three samples of soft wheat seeds. Sample 1 was subjected to direct contact with the electrodes while sample 2 underwent treatment on a dielectric substrate. The control remained untreated. The kinetics of grain-drying in the open air was studied using a thermal agent at 110°C after pre-treatment with a low-voltage spark-discharge plasma channel. This experiment also involved scanning electron microscopy tools to detect changes in surface structure. 
 The electron microscopy showed that the dielectric substrate accelerated moisture removal, probably as a result of the emerging surface effects that developed a new continuum in the grain structure. This treatment made it possible to reduce the drying time by 15–25%, compared to the control sample. The drying rate curves demonstrated acceleration in the initial period, associated with additional electroosmotic forces and changes in the absorption properties. The samples treated with low-voltage spark-discharge plasma channel showed a 20% reduction in total energy consumption.
 Electrophysical technology based on a low-voltage spark-discharge plasma channel proved to be an effective pre-drying procedure. Further research is needed to scale the technology in a flow mode and to identify its effect on shelf-life.

Insecticidal activity of crude olive pomace oils from Kabylia (Algeria) against the infestation of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) in stored wheat grains

The insecticidal effect of four crude olive pomace oils extracted from pomace collected from four localities of Kabylia, refined olive pomace oil and extra virgin olive oil were assessed under laboratory conditions for the control of adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The doses used ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ml/25 g of durum and soft wheat seeds. In addition, the quality indices and the fatty acid composition of these oils were evaluated. The results show that the legal quality indices were well within the legal limits for crude olive-pomace oil (COP), refined pomace oil (ROP) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVO) categories. The effectiveness of these vegetable oils is highly dependent on the insect species, the dose rate, the exposure time and the type of oil tested The main fatty acids from all samples tested, were oleic (61.89–79.25%), palmitic (8.34–15.71%) and linoleic (8.17–16.52%) acids. For both species and substrates tested, mortality is dose and time of exposure dependent. The highest dose (0.4 ml/25 g) causes ≥ 63.75% mortality, after 24 h of exposure. Comparison of LD50 (ml/25 g) indicates that olive oil was generally more toxic than crude and refined pomace oils, for both insects and substrates, values varies from 0.005 to 0.189. The most sensitive insect was S. oryzae for most vegetable oils tested. Likewise, oils significantly reduced the F1 offspring of both insects and seed weight losses. No progeny were observed in the two pests at the highest dose, and therefore no weight loss was recorded. The results also revealed that the six oils affect the germination capacity of durum and soft wheat seeds when the dosage is increased. The results collected remain encouraging for the recommendation of natural substances as part of integrated pest management programmes against insect pests of stored grains.

Protection of spring wheat with biopreparations and fungicides in the forest steppe of Priobye: II. Activity under conditions of moisture deficiency

The effectiveness of chemical, fungal and bacterial fungicide treatments of spring soft wheat seeds and stands against major diseases was compared on leached chernozem of Novosibirsk region in 2021. Biological preparations including Sternifag, WP (Trichoderma harzianum) showed effect as early as in the tillering phase. The biologicals’ effectiveness in root rot suppression was comparable to Scarlet, ME (imazalil+tebuconazole) and amounted to 62–64 %, while Sternifag, WP halved the disease development. By the end of the growing season, all treatments, including the chemical one, equally suppressed root rot development; the best option was Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (Bacillus subtilis) with biological efficiency of 38 %. In the case of severe pressure by Septoria blotch (33 % in control), the most effective treatment was spraying the crop on the earing stage with Titul 390, KKR (propiconazole), which reduced the incidence of Septoria blotch by 84.3 %, while biologicals had no effect. The powdery mildew was best suppressed by seed treatment with Scarlet, ME (73.9 %), and the brown rust was best suppressed by Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, WP (78.8 %). The vegetation treatments inhibited the powdery mildew by 41–54 % but didn’t show a reliable effect against the brown rust. Seed treatment with microbial fungicides increased soil cellulolytic activity by 1.5–1.8 times while chemical disinfectant reduced it. The amount of plant residues decreased by 2.5–2.8 times due to the application of Sternifag, WP. The greatest increase in grain yield was obtained due to chemical fungicides - 0.64 t/ha, while biological preparations resulted in additional 0.25–0.33 t/ha.

Polygalacturonates of Biogenic Metals - Prospective Components of New Composite Preparations for Wheat

New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created.
 Aims: The goal of the research was to create effective environmentally safe preparations of multifunctional action, with low cost rates for grain crops based on natural polymers of pectin nature and to determine the effectiveness of their use for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds.
 Methodology: Methods of chemical synthesis of products, research of their structure by atomic force microscopy were used in the work. Laboratory and vegetative experiments were carried out. The substrate is quartz sand. Physiological and biochemical methods were used to determine the working absorbing surface of the roots and its absorbing activity, amylolytic activity, the content of photosynthesis pigments according to Wellburn. The results were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics.
 Results: The atomic force microscopy method made it possible to detect a mixture of individual polymer molecules and their aggregates in pectin fractions. Depending on the concentration of pectins in the solution, they form different structures. New bi- and polymetallic complexes of polygalacturonic acid with essential trace elements for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds were created. According to the results of laboratory and vegetation experiments, the growth-stimulating activity of polygalacturonates of copper, iron, calcium, and nickel, which were used for pre-sowing processing of Smuhlyanka variety winter soft wheat seeds was determined. Preparations contribute to the active development of the root system of plants, strengthening their physiological activity. The investigated compounds are effective promising components of complex compositional preparations for modern agrotechnologies of winter wheat cultivation. 
 Conclusion: The use of such metal complexes at an insignificant rate of expenditure should contribute to the increase of economic and ecological indicators of crop production — the reduction of the cost price of wheat grain due to the increase in yield and grain quality.

Quantitative Acetylome Analysis of Soft Wheat Seeds during Artificial Ageing.

Lysine acetylation (Kac) is a protein post-translational modification (PTM) widely found in plants that plays vital roles in metabolic pathways. Although seed germination and development are regulated by Kac, its potential function in seed ageing remains to be investigated. Our preliminary study demonstrated that Kac levels were altered during wheat seed artificial ageing. However, its specific role in this process still needs to be elucidated. Here, we performed quantitative acetylation proteomics analysis of soft wheat seeds with different germination rates during artificial ageing. A total of 175 acetylation proteins and 255 acetylation modification sites were remarkably changed. The differentially acetylated proteins were enriched in metabolism; response to harsh intracellular environment, such as ROS; protein storage and processing. Notably, expression, point mutation to mimic Kac by K to Q mutation at K80 and K138, protein purification and enzyme activity detection revealed that the Kac of ROS-scavenging glutathione transferase attenuated its activity, indicating that the defense ability of wheat seeds to stress gradually diminished, and the ageing process was inevitable. Collectively, our data provide a basis for further understanding the roles of Kac in seed ageing and might aid in the development of new techniques to prolong seed viability and food quality.

ФІЗІОЛОГО-БІОХІМІЧНІ ПОКАЗНИКИ ПРОРОСТКІВ ПШЕНИЦІ М’ЯКОЇ (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) ПРИ МОДЕЛЮВАННІ ВОДНОГО ДЕФІЦИТУ ЗА ДІЇ МЕТАБОЛІЧНО АКТИВНИХ СПОЛУК

The article presents a comparative description of the effect of metabolically active substances and their compositions on individual physiological and biochemical parameters of soft wheat in drought conditions. The study involved the use of 7 options for seed treatment: control (untreated seeds + distilled water); vitamin E solution (10-8M) - E; ubiquinone-10 solution (10-8M) - Q; methionine solution (0.001%) - M; paraoxybenzoic acid solution (PОBA) (0.001%) - P; MgSO4 solution (0.001%) - Mg; compositions of substances: vitamin E (10-8M) + ubiquinone-10 (10-8M) - EQ; vitamin E (10-8M) + methionine (0.001%) + POBA (0.001%) - EMР; vitamin E (10-8M) + methionine (0.001%) + POBA (0.001%) + MgSO4 (0.001%) - EMРMg. The experimental water deficiency was simulated by a 12% solution of PEG 6000.
 It was found that the germination of soft wheat seeds under the action of metabolically active substances in a solution of osmotically active substance PEG 6000 did not lead to a decrease in the germination energy of the experimental seeds compared to the control. Determination of germination of soft wheat seeds showed that treatment with Mg solution and compositions of EQ, EMР, EMРMg reduced the inhibitory effect of PEG 6000, showed a stimulating effect and increased seed germination. The highest seed germination in water-deficient conditions was found by treatment with EMРMg composition.
 Studies of the effect of metabolically active substances on the processes of rhizogenesis of soft wheat seedlings have shown that seeds’ treatment with the solution of methionine most effectively stimulated the formation of roots on wheat seedlings in conditions of water deficiency. Ubiquinone-10 solution stimulated linear root growth in conditions of water deficiency most effectively, exceeding the control by 16,9%, neutralizing the inhibitory effect of PEG 6000. High efficiency in stimulating linear root growth of wheat seedlings in drought conditions was observed after using the compositions EMР and EMPMg, and solutions of ubiquinone-10 and MgSO4. Ubiquinone-10 solution and composition EQ showed the best stimulating effect on the development of a shoot of soft wheat under water deficiency. Seeds treated with solutions of ubiquinone-10, MgSO4 and EQ had the highest rates of weight gain of roots. The seeds treated with ubiquinone-10 solution stimulated weight gain of the shoot more effectively under water deficiency (exceeded the control by 41.8%).
 Treatment of soft wheat seeds with compositions EQ and EMPMg stimulated the accumulation of free proline in wheat seedlings most effectively under water deficiency. Proline is an indicator of plant adaptation in conditions of slow water supply and increased drought resistance of soft wheat.
 Thus, seeds pre-sowing treatment with the studied metabolically active compounds and their compositions could be used as elements of technology in the cereals cultivation under water deficiency.

ВПЛИВ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЇ ОБРОБКИ НАСІННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЧНО АКТИВНИМИ РЕЧОВИНАМИ НА ПОКАЗНИКИ НАКОПИЧЕННЯ БІОМАСИ ПРОРОСТКАМИ ПШЕНИЦІ М’ЯКОЇ (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) ПРИ МОДЕЛЮВАННІ ВОДНОГО ДЕФІЦИТУ

For the first time, the effect of pre-treatment of seeds with metabolically active substances on the accumulation of biomass by soft wheat seedlings in conditions of water deficiency, modeled with PEG 6000. It was found that metabolically active substances enhance the accumulation of biomass water intake on PEG 6000 solution. The accumulation of raw matter of seedlings was much more active than the pre-treatment of soft wheat seeds with solutions of ubiquinone, MgSO4, and a combination of vitamin E-ubiquinone.

Biocontrol and plant growth promotion potential of new antibiotic-producing Streptomyces flavogriseus MK17

The actinomycete Streptomyces flavogriseus MK17 was isolated from the soil; it exhibits antagonistic properties with respect to phytopathogenic microorganisms. The MK17 strain produces an antibiotic complex containing polyene and non-polyene components. A crude antibiotic complex with high antifungal activity was isolated from the biomass of the producer. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of raw material for phytopathogenic fungi range from 10 μg / ml to 150 μg / ml, depending on the test cultures. Treatment of soft wheat seeds (Tríticum aestívum) with a solution of raw antibiotic had a positive effect on germination and stem length of the test culture. A wide spectrum of action and a high level of biological activity against phytopathogens in combination with the revealed growth-stimulating effect makes it possible to consider the strain Streptomyces flavogriseus MK17 as a promising candidate for the creation of multifunctional preparations in the field of plant protection.

RADIOSENSITIVITY OF SOFT WHEAT SEEDS TO GAMMA RADIATION

The study of the effect of different doses of $\gamma$-irradiation on the growth and development of seedlings of soft wheat seeds, resistance, and germination of seeds to irradiation has been carried out. The data show that the seeds of common wheat are resistant to ionizing radiation and up to 80% of the seeds remained viable. Under the influence of ionizing radiation, the functional and mitotic activity of the cell nucleus is disrupted, which has a significant effect on the growth parameters of the seedlings of irradiated seeds.

Fatty acid composition and biological activity of four olive oils from Kabylia (Algeria) against Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) infesting wheat seeds

The use of conventional insecticides is one of the most widely used methods of controlling pests of stored grains. But the presence of toxic residues in treated commodities and the emergence of insect resistant strains are becoming a growing concern. Olive oil is well known throughout the world for its benefits to human health, but little known for its biological activity against insect pests.The aim of this work is to study the fatty acid composition and the insecticidal activity of oils according to origin of plantation, against one of the main insect pests of stored grain Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). The olive oils were obtained using an oleodoser from olives of the 'Chemlal' variety harvested in 4 olive groves in Kabylia (Algeria) and the analysis of the fatty acid composition was carried out by gas chromatography. The main fatty acids found are oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids. Biological tests conducted under laboratory conditions, at a temperature of 30±1°C and a relative humidity of 70 ± 5 %, revealed that the 4 olive oils, applied on soft wheat grains, showed a contact toxicity against R. dominica. The toxicity of the oils varied as a function of the dose and the duration of treatments. After 24 h of exposure, all oils tested at the highest dose (0.4 mL/25 g) were found to be highly toxic to adults of R. dominica, with mortality rates ranging from 72.5 to 95 %. The toxicity of the 4 oils based on the LD50 (mL/25 g) values for 24 h mortality is established as follows: Maatkas (213), Bachloul (232), Tadmait (234) and M'Chedellah (263). The number of the F1 offspring decreases as the dose of oil is increased to reach zero with the highest dose, for all treatments. All oils tested completely preserve soft wheat seeds from R. dominica attacks using the same highest dose. On the other hand, results also revealed that treatments with olive oil do not affect the germination capacity of soft wheat seeds.

Dependence of germination of wheat grains after the treatment by impulse pressure and long-term storage on the vitreousness of endosperm

The aim was identification of patterns of changes in the physical and chemical state of biopolymers in durum and soft wheat seeds after the treatment of impulse pressure (IP) and during the storage of seeds. It was found that durum wheat seeds accumulated microcracks over the structure of the glassy endosperm after the IP treatment, while soft wheat seeds reacted to IP treatment by “collapsing” air gaps in the loose endosperm, as well as by vitrification of amorphous areas that were in a highly elastic state and the transition of crystalline areas to vitreous ones. The vitreous content of durum seeds decreased, while that of soft seeds increased linearly after the treatment by IP and storage. Treatment of soft wheat seeds with IP and storage increased their germination, growth and quality of seedlings due to vitrification of the seed endosperm. The decrease in the vitreousness of durum wheat grain after the treatment with IP and storage led to deterioration in the quality of grain and sprouts during storage. So the glassy state in seeds is suggested to serve as a stabilizer. The rapid progress of deterioration may represent a weakening of the glassy state.

The Impact of Short-Wave UV Radiation on Peroxidase Activity in Soft Wheat Seeds

The effect of UV radiation on plants provokes oxidative stress, accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species that can have a direct destructive effect on cellular structures and initiate free radical oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. There is an antioxidant defense system in plant cells that includes a complex of low and high molecular weight compounds. Antioxidants with high molecular weight are enzymes, the key of which is peroxidase [PO]. The paper studies changes in PO activity in soft spring wheat seedlings due to grain treatment with small and medium doses of short-wave UV radiation. A UV-dosed irradiation system (Bio-Link Vilber) with the exposure time 0–60 minutes in increments of 10 minutes was used for seed treatment. Pre-soaked wheat seeds were germinated in Petri dishes. PO activity was determined colorimetrically in three-day-old wheat seedlings, according to A. L. Boyarkin [3]. When the source was irradiated for up to 30 minutes, a clear dependence of the PO activity on the exposure time was not established. The maximum increase in peroxidase activity (by 25.9% relative to the control) was detected with 30-minute UV irradiation. A further increase in exposure time led to a significant decrease in enzyme activity. Moreover, vital feedback was revealed between the activity and exposure time in the range of 30–60 minutes.

Ecotoxicological assessment of soil-like mixtures made of drill cuttings

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the possibilities to use drill cuttings in soil formation processes on sandy substrates. The ecological and toxicological assessment of drill cuttings of various genesis and mixtures based on them is applied for the purpose. Design/methodology/approach Acute toxicity of mixtures consisting of various drill cuttings, sand and peat was estimated using soft wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) using the eluate method. Subacute toxicity experiments were carried out using creeping trefoil (white clover) seeds (Trifolium repens), rye seeds (Secale cereale), and garden radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L.). Drill cuttings of the West Siberian oil-and-gas basin generated as a result of drilling on clay-polymer drilling fluids can be used as a component of soil-like mixtures in the reclamation of sand fills. Patterns of the selective stimulation of seed growth by components of drilling fluids (xanthate and bentonite) were revealed. Findings It was found that the addition of bentonite and xanthan (0.05% by weight of the cuttings each) reduces the suppression of seed growth occasioned salt content by 21.1% and 24.0%, respectively. Originality/value Soil degradation and desertification is a serious and widespread problem. The restoration of the fertile layer can be launched by application of the artificial soil-like mixtures based on drill cuttings of a certain origin to the disturbed lands.

Determination of the level of toxicity of the soils of recreational areas of Odessa city by biotesting methods

The aim of the research – assessment of the level of chemical contamination of soils with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and assessment of the toxicity of the soils of the recreational areas of Odessa as an indicator of unfavorable effect on the health of the population by the integral method of analyzing the quality of the environment object - the biotesting method, during which laboratory standardized test objects are used.Materials and methods. In this research biotesting of different soil samples was done to determine their phytotoxicity according to SSU ISO 11269-1: 2004 and SSU ISO 11269-2: 2002. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn was determined according to SSU 4770.3: 2007, SSU 4770.9: 2007, SSU 4770.6: 2007, SSU 4770.2: 2007 with ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.8 on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS 115. Also determined: the content of humus according to Tyurin (SSU 4289: 2004), nitrogen by nitrifying ability (GOST 26951-86), phosphorus and potassium according to Machigin (SSU 4114-2002); pHN2O (SSU 8346: 2015), the composition of the salt extract (according to SSU 7943: 2015, SSU 7908: 2015, SSU 7909: 2015, SSU 7944: 2015, SSU 7945: 2015); granulometric composition according to Kaczynski (SSU 4730: 2007); the composition of the absorbed bases Ca, Mg, Na (according to GOST 26487-85, SSU 7912: 2015).Results. Soils of the coastal slopes and the largest parks of Odessa, which are located in the areas of influence of highways different in traffic intensity and load, was selected as the objects of the research. In the key areas 8 full-profile soil sections and two diggings were laid according to generally accepted methods. In recreazems, the maximum permissible concentration of Zinc content was found to be three times higher (key areas 14-PP, section P9), 74 % of the selected samples had a very high level of Lead content, the maximum permissible concentration was exceeded. Exceedance of the maximum permissible concentration of Cadmium and Copper was not detected. In the research soft wheat seeds Triticum aestivum, Antonovka sort and barley Hordéum vulgáre, Dostoiniy variety, was selected as test cultures, test reactions in response to anthropogenic impact (laboratory germination, vigor, length of underground and aboveground part of seedlings) were recorded. The influence on morphological and physiological characteristics of test cultures, which are shown in inhibition of plant, yellowing elevated part of some test cultures was revealed. The toxicity of the soils, that was studied for growth inhibition of the aboveground part is assessed by phytotoxic activity mainly as highly toxic (Іс = 64-72 %). According to growth inhibition of the underground part of wheat is moderately toxic (Ik = 48-58 %). With regard to barley, a non-toxic effect by phytotoxic activity was revealed (Ic = 27-44 % and Ik = 39-49 %), which is indicative of the greater durability of barley seeds to contamination by heavy metals. When determining soils toxicity, the most indicative is the use of wheat in biotesting compared to barley.Conclusions. Soils according to the mean values of growth inhibition indices have the following toxicity: recreazems (Ic = -65 %, Ik = -55 %) - hillozems (Ic = -64 %, Ik = -57 %). Recreazems, in which an excess of maximum permissible concentration of Zinc was found (4 times more in the Victory park, 2 times in “Airport’s”, 1.5 times in parks “named after M. Gorky” and "named after T. Shevchenko"), and of Lead (6 times more in the park “Dukivskiy Sad”), have the highest indicators of phytotoxicity of aboveground part of wheat and are assessed as highly toxic (Ic = 64-72 %). It was revealed that the high content of nutrients in the soils of parks (recreazems) does not eliminate the toxic effects of heavy metals

The formation of the crop, sowing qualities and yield properties of spring soft wheat seeds under the influence of mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga

The article presents the results of studies on the formation of the crop, sowing qualities, yield properties and biochemical composition of seeds of spring soft wheat (Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety) under the influence of complex liquid fertilizers with microelements in chelate form in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga. The application of mineral fertilizer Megamix increased the number of grains on one plant to 32.9–36.3 units, which exceeded the control by 1.1–4.5 units, or by 3.5–14.1%. The yield of spring wheat from the integrated application of the agrochemical increased to 3.90 t / ha, which is 21.1% higher than the control.

Injury of winter soft wheat seeds as an indicator of reducing its sowing traits

Present Russian agriculture tends to increase grain production not only due to increased productivity, but also by improving the quality of seed material. Due to the large number of injured grains in the total amount, their sowing qualities deteriorate, and the future yield decreases. The purpose of the current study is to identify the degree of the effect of seed injury on their sowing qualities. The objects of the research were the winter soft wheat varieties “Aksiniya” and “Lydia” developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. It has been established that it is impossible to obtain high-quality seeds without reducing grain injury during harvesting and post-harvesting processing. Seeds with a damaged hull and partly an embryo can germinate under laboratory conditions. In our trials, laboratory germination of the variety “Aksiniya” ranged from 92 to 99%, and that of the variety “Lydia” varied from 95 to 99%. The field germination rate of injured seeds is much lower than laboratory germination and it was 81 to 92% for the variety “Aksiniya”, and 92% for the variety “Lydia”. This is due to the fact that soil microflora has a negative effect on injured seeds. Seed processing increased a number of injured seeds from 11 to 17% of the total injury after a combine threshing, which resulted in a decrease of the number of sprouts and their dry weight for the variety “Aksiniya” by 7 pieces and 0.13 g; for the variety “Lydia” by 8 pieces and 0.1 g, respectively. The study of the injured seeds of winter soft wheat revealed that sprouts from injured seeds lag behind not only in growth and development, but also form a smaller weight of sprouts compared to the weight of sprouts grown from non-injured seeds. It was established that harvesting equipment injures from 11 to 39% of seeds, and the share of grain processing equipment accounts for 11–17% of injured seeds.

УРОЖАЙНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА И КАЧЕСТВО СЕМЯН ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ФОНА ПИТАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of nutritional background on productivity and quality of spring soft wheat seeds of Yoldyz variety. The agrometeorological conditions of the growing season had a decisive influence on the harvest of spring wheat. In more favorable weather conditions in 2017 and 2018 years, the difference in yield compared to the dry 2016 was 0.4-0.42 tons and 0.48-0.59 per hectare on fertilized backgrounds. The use of calculated rates of fertilizers for 3 tons per hectare of grain contributed to an increase in yield of 0.55 tons per hectare. A further increase in the fertilizer dose to obtain 4 tons per hectare of grain did not give a significant increase to the fertilizer background of 3 tons per hectare. The level of mineral nutrition has improved the seed sowing qualities. With an estimated nutrition level of 3 tons per hectare, on average for three years, the seed germination energy increased by 4.8% compared to the control, on the 4 tons per hectare variant - 5.2%, laboratory germination, respectively, by 1.8-1, 4%, growth rate - 4.1-5.7 percent. Seeds grown on fertilized backgrounds per 3 and 4 tons per hectare of spring wheat grain had increased yield properties. The yield increase to the control was 0.67-0.75 tons per hectare. Under the conditions of gray forest soils of Kama of the Republic of Tatarstan, spring wheat of Yoldyz variety should be grown on seed crops at the background of the application of calculated norms for fertilizers of 3 tons per hectare of grain.

POTENTIAL EFFECT OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SEED INFESTATION OF CEREALS DURING STORAGE

For stored cereals, pest protection methods are mainly based on the use of synthetic insecticides. However, in the face of the pollution and toxicity problems associated with these insecticides, the search for other alternative solutions is essential. It is within this framework that local natural products collected in the region of Gharb, Morocco have been used to: evaluate their insecticidal effect on Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) the main pests of the stored cereals, and test the effect of these natural products on the germination of soft wheat seeds. Before bioassays, a survey was conducted in three representative areas in the region of Gharb to advance our understanding on the type of methods commonly used by farmers to protect the stored cereals against different pest. During our investigation, we found that 91% of respondents favor the use of synthetic insecticides and only cereals intended for self-consumption are treated with natural products. The results of the insecticidal effect of different natural products indicated that the highest mortality percentage was recorded with a concentration of 5% of Mentha pulegium powder and Capsicum frutescens. The former product induced 69 % and 57 % while the latter caused 36 % and 22 % mortality on the adults of S. granarius and T. castaneum, respectively. The germination test showed that these natural products have no effect on the germination rate of soft wheat grains. Therefore, these products can be potential alternative the synthetic insecticides for the protection of stored against pest infestation.

Increasing sowing quality of injured seeds of soft winter wheat

Purpose. To study the effect of disinfectants on quality of sound and injured seeds of soft winter wheat after manual and mechanized harvesting. Methods. The study was carried out during 2015–2017. The sowing quality of seeds of soft winter wheat varieties of intensive type Midas and Balaton (Austria) was determined according to the methods of DSTU 4138–2002 at the Laboratory of Quality of Seeds and Planting Stock of the Department of Plant Cultivation of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences (NULES) of Ukraine. Vigor or intensity of initial seed growth was determined as the percentage of seedlings that broke through sand layer of 4 cm thickness 10 days after sowing and mass of 100 such seedlings in grams. Field germination of seeds was determined in microplot trial at the scientific laboratory “Demonstrational Collection Field of Agricultural Crops” of the NULES. Results. Reliable increase in sowing quality of injured soft wheat seeds after treatment with the disinfectants Maxim XL 035 FS (1.0 l/t) and Vitavax 200 FF (2.5 l/t) has been established. Field germination of injured seeds increased practically to the level of undamaged ones. Progress of pathogenic microflora on wheat seedlings derived from the treated seeds was lower. The Vitavax 200 FF was more effective to improve the sowing quality of injured seeds in which seed vigor increased by 24 %, laboratory germination by 26 %, vigor by 6 %, field germination increased by 7 %, pathogen damage decreased by 18 %. When manual threshing, the sowing qualities of seeds were higher: field germination exceeded 80 %, pathogen affection was below 10 %. After mechanized harvesting field germination of seeds was within 78–86 %, pathogen affection 7–13 %, respectively. Conclusions. Seed dressing reduces the negative consequences of seed injuring by increasing their germination due to decontamination of pathogenic microflora and stimulation of growth processes.

Dynamic proteomic changes in soft wheat seeds during accelerated ageing.

Previous research demonstrated that soft wheat cultivars have better post-harvest storage tolerance than harder cultivars during accelerated ageing. To better understand this phenomenon, a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis of soft wheat seeds was performed at different storage times during accelerated ageing (germination ratios of 97%, 45%, 28%, and 6%). A total of 1,010 proteins were differentially regulated, of which 519 and 491 were up- and downregulated, respectively. Most of the differentially expressed proteins were predicted to be involved in nutrient reservoir, enzyme activity and regulation, energy and metabolism, and response to stimulus functions, consistent with processes occurring in hard wheat during artificial ageing. Notably, defense-associated proteins including wheatwin-2, pathogenesis-related proteins protecting against fungal invasion, and glutathione S-transferase and glutathione synthetase participating in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, were upregulated compared to levels in hard wheat during accelerated ageing. These upregulated proteins might be responsible for the superior post-harvest storage-tolerance of soft wheat cultivars during accelerated ageing compared with hard wheat. Although accelerated ageing could not fully mimic natural ageing, our findings provided novel dynamic proteomic insight into soft wheat seeds during seed deterioration.