Soft Wheat Genotypes Research Articles

Variability of flour quality indicators of soft winter whea genotypes depending on preceding crop

The article presents the research results of preceding crop and growing season conditions influence on protein content variation, wet gluten content of varieties and breeding lines of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The purpose of the research was to establish the variability of flour quality indicators formation, namely protein content (PC) and wet gluten content (WGC) of soft winter wheat varieties and breeding lines depending on preceding crops in years with different hydrothermal conditions in environments of the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted during 2020/21-2022/23 at the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine. The influence of five predecessors on protein content and wet gluten content in flour of 12 genotypes of soft winter wheat was determined. Field, laboratory and statistical research methods were used. It was established that years with different hydrothermal conditions reveal unequal effects on the formation of flour quality indicators. It was found that under arid growing conditions the genotypes of soft winter wheat form a higher protein content and wet gluten content. The unequal influence of preceding crops on the formation of flour quality indicators under different research conditions was noted. Higher quality indicators of flour were determined after soybean as preceding crop (PC = 14.9%, WGC = 32.2%) in 2020/21, after corn (PC = 14.8%, WGC = 32.0%) in 2021/ 22, after green fallow (PC = 11.4%, WGC = 25.5%) in 2022/23. During three years the lowest values of protein content (9.4-11.8%) and wet gluten content (13.2- 24.0%) was noted after sunflower. The most stable genotypes of the influence of the predecessor on the protein content were identified – MIW «Feyeriya», MIW «Vidznaka» and «Lutescens 60400» were the most stable ones, while «Lutescens 60049» and «Lutescens 60302» were the most stable according to both indicators of flour quality. The determining influence for year conditions on flour quality indicators was established (PC – 21.9%, WGC – 35.2%): significant (PC – 17.6%, WGC – 17.0%) – predecessor and essential – interaction of factors year × preceding crop (PC – 17.5%, WGC – 10.4 %) and genotype × year × preceding crop (PC – 12.9%, WGC – 8.7%). The genotype share was 4.3% for protein content and 7.6% for wet gluten content. The genotypes with the most and the least parts of the influence of the studied factors were identified. A reliable strong (r = 0.86) linear relationship between protein content and wet gluten content in varieties and breeding lines of soft winter wheat was determined. The identified influence features of predecessors on the formation of flour quality indicators should be taken into account when growing winter wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., protein content, wet gluten content, growing season conditions, predecessor, variation coefficient, ANOVA.

Androgenesis in vitro in anther culture of bread winter wheat

Aim. Study of the effectiveness of stages of in vitro androgenesis in anther culture for the creation of dihaploid lines of bread winter wheat. Methods. In vitro culture of isolated wheat anthers. For each genotype, the following parameters of androgenesis in vitro were determined: the percentage of caluses and the percentage of regeneration of green plants from the number of planted anthers; the percentage of acclimatized plants from regenerated green plantlets, as well as the percentage of fertile (doubled haploid) plants. Results. Androgenesis in vitro in the anther culture of 105 genotypes of soft winter wheat of different genetic origin was studied. Differences regarding the frequency of callusogenesis induction (from 0.17 to 21.25 percent of planted anthers) and the ability to regenerate plants (from 0 to 4.94 percent of planted anthers) were found. The dihaploid lines in anther culturefor almost 50 % of the studied genotypes were obtained. Spontaneous diploidization averaged 29.41 % of the obtained regenerants. Conclusions. Genotype-specific morphogenetic reactions of bread winter wheat microspores in the process of in vitro androgenesis were revealed. 122 dihaploid lines of bread winter wheat were obtained.

Ecological plasticity of soft winter wheat varieties and resistance to snow mould pathogen (Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett)

Identifying superior genotypes of soft winter wheat with high ecological plasticity to soil and climatic conditions, combined with tolerance to common diseases caused by fungal pathogens, including snow mould, is becoming increasingly important for both production and breeding. This is driven by the global demand for environmentally safe products. The preliminary selection of the most valuable initial material with high-stress resistance to periodic climate changes and deteriorating phytosanitary conditions is essential for the success of the breeding process in addressing current challenges. This study aimed to determine the level of ecological plasticity in soft winter wheat varieties, differentiated by their resistance to the snow mould pathogen, through the analysis of genotype effect ranks and yield regression coefficients. Additionally, high-yielding sources were identified for use in breeding for adaptability. The research was conducted according to commonly accepted methodologies for evaluating materials based on disease resistance and adaptive traits, ensuring a highly objective interpretation of the results obtained. It was determined that the highest ecological plasticity among the studied material was differentiated by resistance to Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett, was exhibited by five varieties (16.7%) that achieved yields ranging from 118% to 129% of the standard. These include the varieties Muza Bilotserkivska, Askaniiska Berehynia, Hetmanska, Malovanka (UKR), and Nordika (CZE), as evidenced by the lowest sum of ranks (sum of ranks 2) for the genotypic effect (εi ) and regression coefficient (Ri ). New sources of high and stable resistance in soft winter wheat to the snow mould pathogen were identified, specifically: Sanzhara, Malovanka, Svitiaz, Muza Bilotserkivska (UKR); Smuga (POL), and Nordika (CZE). It was found that, in soft winter wheat varieties, resistance to Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & I.C. Hallett significantly negatively correlates with the sum of ranks for genotypic effect and yield plasticity, with r =-0.69, P < 0.01. The systematisation of the results obtained and the identification of varieties with the highest ecological plasticity under variable weather conditions within the agroecological zone allows for the identification of the best gene pool for adaptive breeding

Study of morphological traits and their relationship of yield in different genotypes of soft wheat

Study of morphological traits and their relationship of yield in different genotypes of soft wheat

Using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity to assess drought tolerance of spring wheat.

The improvement of phenotyping methods is necessary for large-scale screening studies of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) drought tolerance. The objective of our research was to find out whether it is possible to use chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters instead of biochemical indicators of drought tolerance when screening wheat. We measured shoot biomass, gas exchange, as well as biochemical and Chl fluorescence indicators in 11 wheat genotypes grown under contrasting water supplies and differing in drought tolerance. The effect of drought on the traits was evaluated using the effect of size index. We made two independent rankings: one based on biochemical indicators and the other on Chl fluorescence parameters. The positions of the three genotypes with the highest comprehensive drought tolerance index in the two independent rankings coincided completely. It is concluded that Chl fluorescence methods are suitable for identifying soft wheat genotypes that differ significantly in their ability to activate cellular defense mechanisms.

Effect of Glutamine and Proline Spraying on Yield and Quality of Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

A field experiment was carried out in one of the farmer’s fields in the Al-Batira area, 20 km from the center of Maysan Governorate, during the winter season of 2022-2023 in soil with a silty mixture texture in order to assess the effect of glutamine and proline spraying on the yield and quality of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experimental layout was a split-plot R.C.B.D (randomized complete block design). Treatments with sprayed concentrations of distilled water alone (control), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid glutamine (treatment 2), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid proline (treatment 3), and 150 mg l-1 of the combined amino acids gluten and proline (treatment 4) were carried out. The second factor is made up of eleven newly created genotypes of soft wheat, including Russian, ACSAD 133, ADANE 99, ACSAD 59, ACSAD 901, Iranian, Wafiya, Jad (German), Jihan, and Bohouth 22. The results demonstrated the superiority of the cultivar Wafia, which produced a mean of 434.73 fertile spikes per hectare and a yield of grains of 7.97 megagrams per hectare. In contrast, the ACSAD 901 cultivar was superior in terms of the protein content of its grains, the moisture content of its grains, and the composition of its grains. Grain specific weights ranged from 12.05% to 12.81% to 80.56 grains per spike on average. The study also showed that the amino acid glutamine, in a mixed concentration of (150 mg L-1 with 150 mg L-1 proline), significantly outperformed other concentrations when sprayed on plants during the elongation and flowering stages, producing the highest averages in the characteristic of the number of fertile spikes, amounting to 434.46 spikes m2, grains number per spike-1 amounted to 78.49 grains per spike-1, and the grain yield amounted to 7.97 megagram-1.

Estimation of genetic parameters for new entries of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The study was conducted in one of the fields of the Al-Yamja area, south of Mosul, which is (5) km from the city Centre for the season (2020-2021). Five genotypes of soft wheat were used, which were obtained from the Organization (C.I.M.M.Y.T.), adding an approved local cultivar (Abu Ghraib). The cultivation was carried out on lines with a length of (2) m and the distance between one line and another (30) cm using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications and in the manner explained by 1 .The study included the following traits: number of days to flowering at (50%), plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of grains/spike, number of spikes/plant, vital yield (g/plant) and grain yield (g /plant), The weight of 100 grains and the harvest index %, where the analysis of variance table shows that all the genotypes showed significance at the probability level of 1% except for the trait number of spikes/plant, which was significant at the probability level of 5% and trait of the harvest index %. The statistical significance was not reached, and the studied phenotypic, genetic and environmental variance values showed that they were more significant than zero for all studied traits except for the genetic variance for the characteristic of harvest index %, Where it did not differ significantly from zero, it was noted that the values of heritability in the broad sense were high and for all the studied traits except for the trait number of spikes/plant was medium. The recipe of harvest index % was low. The values of the expected genetic improvement were as an average percentage for the traits of plant height, spike length and the number of grains/spike. The vital yield, grain yield and weight of 100 grains were low for the characteristics of the number of days to flowering at (50%), the number of spikes/plant and harvest index %. We note that the values of the genetic variation coefficient were the highest for a trait of spike length, number of grains/spike and biological yield, and the values of the phenotypic variation coefficient were the highest for the traits of spike length, number of grains/spike and biological yield. Keywords: genetic parameters, bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L

Phytopathological assessment of Azerbaijan origin bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes against yellow rust

Yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has resulted in significant reductions in the yield losses and wheat grain quality. Infection rate to yellow rust disease and evaluation of the SPAD value of 90 soft wheat genotypes we studied has been implemented in the conditions of the Absheron Peninsula, the territory of the Absheron Experimental Base of ANAS ( N. 40°24.001? , E. 49°49.001? , H. = 50 m. ) in 2017-2020 years. Infection rate to yellow rust disease was 0-100 S. An indicator of the SPAD value we studied has changed from 28.9 to 83.5 between genotypes. The average indicator of this symptom was 50.5. The sample with the highest SPAD value of the soft wheat genotypes we studied was genotype k9530 belonging to the Erythrospermum variety, which had an indicator of 83.5. Infection rate to the yellow rust of this sample was 0 and showed an immune reaction. Different variety, as can be seen from the appreciation of resistance rate for the yellow rust and the value of the SPAD had different infection rates and SPAD values. As a result of this evaluation, although there was partial conformity, full sameness was not observed. Some genotypes had high SPAD values as resistance to the yellow rust. The cluster analysis is based on the Euclidean distance index of the WARD method of the PAST statistical software package. The genotypes we studied have grouped into 6 main clusters according to indicated tokens. According to the euclidean distance index, the farthest genotypes of the cluster were genotype k9530 from the Erythrospermum variety and genotype k7252 from the Milturum variety (54.63). It can be explained by the fact that they belong to different variety.

Morphophysiological Parameters of Hard and Soft Wheat Genotypes Depending on Different Water Supply

To determine drought tolerance of 10 wheat varieties (3 durum and 7 bread) differing in architectonics, the research was performed under normal and drought conditions. The reduction in the plant height due to cultivation conditions rather than genetic properties of the genotypes occurred because of the decreasing length of upper internodes by 0.47-9.51%. Structural components of the product were determined. The greatest reduction in above-ground dry biomass per unit of the field was detected in Barakatli 95 and Garagylchyg 2 genotypes. The amounts of pigments were determined to evaluate the level of the photosynthetic apparatus development, its physiological state, formation and accumulation potential of the product. The content of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids was determined during the grain forming, milk ripening, and wax ripening phases. Green plastids were broken down and chlorophyll content decreased under drought. Chlorophyll a content decreased more sharply compared with chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a content decreased more sharply in all phases in the durum variety Barakatli 95 (during the phases, respectively, 19.7; 16.6 and 35.6%) and bread variety Gyrmyzy gul 1 (21.9; 15.3; 39.5%). Chlorophyll b amount decreased less in the durum variety Tartar (11.0; 7.30; 14.2%) and bread variety 4th FEFWSN-50 (4.83; 10.8; 9.20%). Amounts of the photosynthetic pigments were determined in various regions (Gobustan and Jalilabad Regional Experimental Stations). Chlorophyll a content decreased more in the Gyrmyzy gul 1 and Garagylchyg 2 varieties (in Gobustan: 2.302 and 2.979 mg/g fresh weight) in Jalilabad: 2.096 and 2.737 mg/g fresh weight) under rainfed conditions. Drought had a relatively less impact on chlorophyll a content in the Azamatli 95 and Gobustan varieties. Chlorophyll b content ranged from 0.033 to 2.398 mg/g fresh weight in Gobustan and from 0.057 to 2.175 mg/g fresh weight in Jalilabad, whereas the content of did not decrease.

Evaluation of Drought Resistance of Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes in Field Conditions by Turgorometric Method

In the research work, 32 were local (materials of the “Cereals and Legumes” Department of the Institute of Genetic Resources of ANAS) and 25 were introduced by CIMMYT (International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement), a total of 57 (Triticum aestivum L.) studied the effect of stress factors on physiological processes of autumn soft wheat genotypes under field conditions, especially drought on the water retention capacity of leaves. Water retention capacity is considered as a very valuable trait of wheat genotypes and is evaluated as resistance to drought stress. As a result of the study, among 57 wheat genotypes, the following genotypes were classified as I- drought resistant (Gobustan (st.) (AZE), Bol wheat (AZE), Grekum75/50 (AZE), Taraggi (AZE), Akinchi84 (AZE), Giymetli 2/ 17(AZE), Sheki 1(AZE), Tale38 (AZE),TX96V2847(US-TX), Arlin/Yuma (USA-KSU), MV Dalma (HU-MV), Desin (RO-FL), Duopebusa (MOL ), SG-S1915 (CZ), U1254-7-9-2-1/TX86A5616//Rina-6)(TCI), II- moderately resistant to drought (Arzu (AZE), Zardabi (AZE), Durdane (AZE), Mirbashir128 (AZE), Nurlu99 (AZE), Ruzi84 (AZE), Aran (AZE), Murov2(AZE), GobustanS2 (AZE), Starshina (RUS-KR), MV06-02 (HU-MV), Gerek (TR- ESK), Gloria (RO-FL), Bezostaya1(TR-ESK), LC924/Petja (BG-SAD), Sonmez (TR-ESK), Dalnitskaya (UKR)) and III- drought (Birlik (AZE), Gurgane 1 (AZE), Karabakh10 (AZE), Parzivan 1(AZE), Parzivan 2(AZE), Azeri (AZE), Saba (AZE), Zubkov (KYR), Steklovidnaya 24 (KAZ)) are grouped as sensitive.

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of transgenic winter wheat plants withoverexpression of ornithine-d-aminotransferases gene

Ornithine-d-aminotransferase may be an important regulator of cellular metabolism, as the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme links a number of biochemical systems. Introducing the exogenous ornithine-d-aminotransferase gene (oat)into the plant genome is one of the promising methods of creating wheat genotypes resistant to abiotic stresses. The aim of this study has been to determine the physiological and biochemical characteristics of transgenic plants of new promising genotypes of winter soft wheat of the seed generation T2 with overexpression of the ornithine-d-aminotransferase gene under normal and stressful conditions. The enzyme activity, the free proline content, the photosynthetic pigments content and morphometric indicators were studied. It was shown that the presence of an additional copy of the oat gene in transgenic plants leads to an increase in the activity of the ornithine-d-aminotransferase enzyme (by 1.5—1.7 times, compared to the original plants), but they do not significantly differ from the original genotypes in terms of the free of L-proline content neither under physiological conditions nor under conditions of water deficit. It was found that under stressful conditions during period booting — anthesis, genetically modified plants of the seed generation T2 kept a higher total chlorophyll content (on average by 10 %) compared to the original genotypes, while under physiological conditions the difference between them was insignificant. Under drought conditions, an increase in the carotenoids to chlorophylls ratio in the original genotypes, compared to transgenic plants, was also established. A comparative analysis of the morphometric indicators of the main shoot at full maturity showed that under physiological conditions, the plants of transgenic lines did not differ from the plants of the original genotypes in spike length, however, they prevailed in terms of the main shoot stem height and the length of the roots.

ПУТИ МОРФОГЕНЕЗА В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO ИЗОЛИРОВАННЫХ ПЫЛЬНИКОВ ПШЕНИЦЫ: РОЛЬ БАЛАНСА ФИТОГОРМОНОВ

The study is aimed to the study of the peculiarities of the induction of morphogenesis pathways in vitro of morphogenetically competent anther cells - microspores in the isolated anther culture of a number of spring soft wheat genotypes, recommended for cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The content of IAA in seedlings of the studied genotypes of spring sof wheat was analyzed to determine the class of the genotype – characterized by high or low auxin content. Such morphogenesis pathways in vitro as embryoidogenesis, polyembryoidogenesis and callusogenesis have been identified and studied. Morpho-histological assessment of androclinic structures is given. It was established that the induction of a certain morphogenesis pathway in vitro is determined mainly by the balance between the content of endogenous auxin IAA in anthers before inoculation on a nutrient medium and the concentration of exogenous synthetic auxin 2,4-D in the composition of the nutrient medium. The fundamental possibility of regulation of morphogenesis pathways in vitro in isolated anther culture of wheat by selecting for each genotype an adequate balance of endogenous and exogenous auxins for the induction of a specific pathway has been shown.

Study of Photosynthetic Gas Exchange Parameters and Relative Water Content of Flag Leaf in Soft Wheat Genotypes Under Different Water Supply Conditions

The results of the study of the relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic gas exchange parameters of the flag leaves in 21 soft wheat genotypes under rainfed conditions of Mountain Shirvan have been presented in the paper. The research was performed with drought-exposed and irrigated variants during the grain filling phase. RWC of the flag leaves of Vostorg, Murov 2, Tale 38, and Gyrmyzy gul 1 genotypes was higher both under drought and irrigated conditions. There was a positive correlation between RWC and earing time, and a negative correlation between RWC and plant height. The average difference in RWC between irrigated and drought-exposed variants for all genotypes was 10.1%. In 12thIWWYT no. 9 and 12thIWWYT no. 20 lines, this difference was high (26.5 and 19.6%), while in Gyzyl bughda, Murov 2, and Ferrigineum 2/19 genotypes, it was low (3.5, 3.6, and 2.9%). The highest values of the rate of photosynthesis were observed in the drought-exposed genotypes Sheki 1, Aran, Tale 38, and Zirva 85 (14.2, 14.8, 14.1, and 14.3 µmol CO2m−2 s−1), and in the irrigated genotypes Aran, Vostorg, and 12thIWWYT no. 9 (24.9, 23.4, and 24.0 µmol CO2 m−2s−1). Stomatal conductance (0.115, 0.120, 0.130, 0.164 mol H2O m−2 s−1), the concentration of CO2 in intercellular spaces (146.3, 156, 5, 181.7, and 213.7 µmol CO2mol−1) and the transpiration rate (3.32, 3.58, 4.13 and 4.44 mmol H2O m−2s−1) were higher in the Sheki 1, Aran, Tale 38, and Zirva 85 varieties, which manifest higher photosynthetic rate under drought conditions than other genotypes. A significant positive correlation of RWC with the rate of photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance, the concentration of CO2in intercellular spaces, and the rate of transpiration was found under drought stress conditions.

Bioecological Features, Biochemical and Physicochemical Parameters of Grain of New Genotypes

The presented study allowed for better coverage of the features of new varieties of soft winter wheat and winter triticale, demonstrating the bioecological potential of their crops and the biochemical and physicochemical parameters of grain, which is a relevant matter. This paper presents the results of selection work on winter triticale, highlights the parameters of productivity, the biochemical composition of grain of the new Myronosets variety. The purpose of this study was to create new genotypes of winter triticale and soft winter wheat and investigate them in terms of bioecological potential and biochemical, physico-chemical parameters of grain. The study involved biometric, physico-chemical, biochemical, and mathematical research methods. The Myronosets variety has a high grain yield (6.8-7.2 t/ha), a high protein content (≥14.2%) and a composition of essential amino acids, which confirms its nutritional and consumer value. It is recommended to use flour from this variety to produce functional bakery products. For the first time, it was found that Myronosets triticale variety is superior (4919 mg/100 g DM) to Ariivka wheat variety (3977 mg/100 g DM) and Borotba rye variety (3241 mg/100 g DM) in total amino acid content. It was found that triticale grain is inferior to wheat grain in terms of tryptophan and isoleucine content. Rye is inferior to wheat grain in all essential amino acids except leucine, and to triticale – in all amino acids except tryptophan. The most represented amino acids in triticale grain were as follows: leucine (1442 mg/100 g), valine (733 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (720 mg/100 g) and isoleucine (510 mg/100 g), in rye – leucine (1343 mg/100 g), valine (481 mg/100 g) and phenylalanine (396 mg/100 g). Further broad targeted introduction of the new variety in agroecosystems will increase the volume of grain of valuable both animal feed and to produce functional bakery products

Evaluation of yield and parameters of ecological adaptability of breeding lines of winter soft wheat in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

The article presents the results of a study of breeding lines of winter soft wheat in terms of yield and various parameters of ecological adaptability. It has been established that the high adaptive properties of winter soft wheat genotypes are not combined with high yields. Breeding lines of winter soft wheat with a compromise between yield and ecological adaptability have been identified. A comprehensive assessment of the yield and parameters of ecological adaptability of genotypes in the breeding process of winter soft wheat contributes to greater agroecological stability of the created varieties.

Multi-Trait Multi-Environment Genomic Prediction for End-Use Quality Traits in Winter Wheat.

Soft white wheat is a wheat class used in foreign and domestic markets to make various end products requiring specific quality attributes. Due to associated cost, time, and amount of seed needed, phenotyping for the end-use quality trait is delayed until later generations. Previously, we explored the potential of using genomic selection (GS) for selecting superior genotypes earlier in the breeding program. Breeders typically measure multiple traits across various locations, and it opens up the avenue for exploring multi-trait–based GS models. This study’s main objective was to explore the potential of using multi-trait GS models for predicting seven different end-use quality traits using cross-validation, independent prediction, and across-location predictions in a wheat breeding program. The population used consisted of 666 soft white wheat genotypes planted for 5 years at two locations in Washington, United States. We optimized and compared the performances of four uni-trait– and multi-trait–based GS models, namely, Bayes B, genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forests. The prediction accuracies for multi-trait GS models were 5.5 and 7.9% superior to uni-trait models for the within-environment and across-location predictions. Multi-trait machine and deep learning models performed superior to GBLUP and Bayes B for across-location predictions, but their advantages diminished when the genotype by environment component was included in the model. The highest improvement in prediction accuracy, that is, 35% was obtained for flour protein content with the multi-trait MLP model. This study showed the potential of using multi-trait–based GS models to enhance prediction accuracy by using information from previously phenotyped traits. It would assist in speeding up the breeding cycle time in a cost-friendly manner.

GGE Biplot Analysis to Explore the Adaption Potential of Italian Common Wheat Genotypes

Given the substantial variation in global wheat yield, insufficient research in cultivar selection for climate change, and the lack of suitable germplasm in sustainable agroecosystems, there is a requisite for soft wheat genotypes, with stable grain yield as well as quality parameters. The present study was aimed at genotype evaluation (GGE biplot for “mean performance versus stability”) not only for yield, but also for technological, phytosanitary and functional quality parameters of 24 Triticum aestivum L. genotypes (eight landraces, old and modern varieties, respectively) within a single organic farm location (Argelato, Emilia-Romagna, Italy) over three consecutive years. Overall, high yield stability was shown for the landraces and old varieties. In particular, the landraces Piave and Gamba di Ferro, as well as the old variety Verna, showed high stability with above-average means for numerous quality parameters of interest. Additionally, relative stability combined with above-average mean for quality parameters was also demonstrated for the high-yielding Gentil Bianco and Guà 113. Aside from Verna, these “unrecognized” resilient genotypes were also shown to meet the requisites for suitable germplasm in sustainable agroecosystems. Future potential utilization of these more stable landraces in addressing climate change would also ultimately facilitate the survival of valuable genetic resources.

КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА НОВЫХ ГЕНОТИПОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The research on genotypes of soft winter wheat was carried out in “North CaucasusFederal Agrarian Research Centre” in order to study and identify their prospects as a sourcematerial in wheat breeding. The climate of the research area is moderately continental withhot and dry summers. The soil of the experimental area is slightly humic, medium loamordinary chernozem with medium humus layer thickness. The study material was 15 lines ofsoft winter wheat. As a result of this research, 4 winter wheat lines with the highest rates oftotal vitreousness (43-44,5%) were identified: 21378, 21242, 21963, 20029. Lines 20029 and21728 formed more than 23% of gluten, the 1st group , which is the 3rd degree of quality. Thelines studied showed different rates of flour strength by its swelling in acetic acid solution.Lines 21420, 21663, 21683, 21118, 21944, 21924 are classified as strong wheat – 52-54.5 ml.The genotypes isolated by complex of traits can be used as sources of high quality grain whendeveloping new varieties of soft winter wheat for regions with a dry grain-filling period.

The influence of drought on the change in the area of the assimilation surface of the genotypes of durum and bread wheat, which differ from the ripening period

The article discusses the dynamics of changes in the area of the assimilation surface of assimilation organs of different genotypes of durum and soft wheat as a result of drought, differing in the ripening period. As you know, under drought conditions, the water potential of the soil first decreases, and then the plants; at later stages, the turgor pressure decreases, stomata close and there is a sharp decrease in photosynthetic activity. This situation creates stress in organisms and various biochemical, physiological and molecular reactions arise to overcome and protect this stress, allowing plants to develop resistance mechanisms that allow them to adapt to the external environment. The study showed a wide range of changes in the surface area of assimilation to assimilate organs in ontogenesis, depending on the morphophysiological characteristics of genotypes and donor-acceptor relations. Expansion of these studies showed that chloroplasts of high-yielding genotypes are characterized by high rates of electron transport and phosphorylation. It has also been confirmed that there is a relationship between CO2 assimilation and productivity.

STUDYING POTENTIAL WINTER RESISTANCE OF COLORIFICATIONS AND GENOTYPES OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT BY ANALYSIS OF AUTO-FLUORESCENCE OF TISSUE PROTEINS

Winter crops of cereals are the most productive component of acrocyanoses, but in the conditions of the Russian Federation, large losses in the yield of winter grain crops occur due to damage and death of plants under unfavorable conditions of wintering, the main of which is the effect of low temperatures in the late autumn, winter and early spring periods. The task of determining winter hardiness of winter grain crops in a simple and fast way is relevant. In our work, the relationship between lignin content and plant resistance to frost has been studied. Winter wheat plants with different genotypes for the CAD1-F gene responsible for frost resistance are analyzed. A fluorescence analysis was also carried out in a number of varieties with known frost resistance.It was found that the higher the lignin content in the plant of winter soft wheat, the higher its frost resistance. A method of autofluorescence has been developed that makes it possible to evaluate varieties and genotypes of winter soft wheat for frost resistance.