Thiopental Research Articles

Erratum: Myocardial Infarction by Percutaneous Embolization Coil Deployment in a Swine Model.

An erratum was issued for:Myocardial Infarction by Percutaneous Embolization Coil Deployment in a Swine Model. The Protocol and Discussion sections were updated. Step 3.5 was updated from: Clean the right femoral area with surgical soap and antiseptic povidone-iodine solution under sterile conditions to: Clean the right femoral area with surgical soap followed by alternating antiseptic povidone-iodine solution and alcohol 3 times under sterile conditions. Section 9 was updated from: 9. Euthanasia method Under previous sedation and anesthesia, as previously described, administer an IV sodium thiopental overdose (200 mg/kg). Confirm cardiorespiratory arrest and death by monitoring vital signs (electrocardiogram, blood pressure, capnography). to: 9. Postoperative pain assessment and monitoring During the post-surgical follow-up, monitor the general condition of the animals, including the respiratory rate, food and water intake, activity and interaction with the other individuals, appearance and coloration of the skin, and the evolution of the surgical wound. Apply a daily supervision protocol according to the following scoring criteria: - Weight: 0: Normal 1: <10% weight loss 2: 10-20% weight loss 3:> 20% weight loss - Body condition: 0: Good: non-prominent vertebrae, pelvic or spinal bones 2: Regular: evidence of spinal segmentation, palpable pelvic bones 3: Emaciation: extremely marked skeleton, little or no meat to cover - Behavior: 0: Normal: Active and interactive in your environment 1: Slight decline in activity and less interactive 2: Abnormal: pronounced decline in activity, isolated 3: Abnormal: Immobile or hyperactivity, possible self-harm - Physical appearance: 0: Normal: skin/hair shiny and eyes bright 1: Disappears embalming, skin/hair without shine 2: Poor skin/nasal secretions 3: Poor skin, abnormal or hunched posture - Behavioral disorders: 0: None 1: Inability to move normally 2: Unable to reach food/drink, isolated from other animals 3: Intention to hide/corner, does not respond to stimuli (dying) - Clinical signs: 0: None 1: Hypothermia, fever, mild respiratory failure 2: Infection of the surgical wound, moderate respiratory failure with muco-bloody secretions 3: Heart failure, severe respiratory failure (cyanosis, open mouth) Score: - 1-5: Supervise the animals once a day. - 6-12: Provide supportive therapy if necessary. - Any animal with a score of 3 in any of the above parameters or with a total score >12 will be euthanized. NOTE: The animals should be monitored daily by the animal care staff and twice a week by the research and veterinary team. Although no pain and distress are expected from the procedure, if any animal shows signs of pain, give analgesic therapy (tramadol, oral, 2-4 mg/kg, daily). If any animal does not respond to analgesic medication and shows signs of chronic pain (very low probability), euthanize the animal with an anesthetic overdose (sodium thiopental, IV, 200 mg/kg). If the surgical wound shows signs of infection (low probability) despite the antibiotic therapy administered, treat the wound daily and initiate a new antibiotic regimen (cefquinome sulphate, IM, 2 mg/kg, daily). 10. Euthanasia method Under previous sedation and anesthesia, as previously described, administer an IV sodium thiopental overdose (200 mg/kg). Confirm cardiorespiratory arrest and death by monitoring vital signs (electrocardiogram, blood pressure, capnography).

Assessment of the anesthetic effect of modified pentothal sodium solution on Sprague-Dawley rats.

Clinically, pentothal sodium has been widely used for primary and general anesthesia induction. Also, it has been used to effectively inhibit convulsion. Pentothal sodium has a strong inhibitory effect on the respiratory center, excessive drug administration, and rapid dose rate that cause death of experimental animals on the respiratory depression. This study used a modified pentothal sodium solution to investigate its anesthetic effect. The pentothal sodium solution was modified based on pentothal sodium upon additions of magnesium sulfate, propylene glycol, and pure ethanol. The anesthetic effect of the modified pentothal sodium on Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats was investigated by comparing traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine; 60 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was treated with traditional pentothal sodium, modified pentothal sodium, or ketamine, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection. The symptoms of experimental rats were observed, and onset time and anesthetic time were both recorded. The data were analyzed using statistical software. There were no significant differences in onset time and anesthetic time between the three groups. The variation of onset time and anesthetic time of the group treated with modified pentothal sodium was shorter than that of the other two groups. Furthermore, the number of anesthetic rats after the first injection was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. The modified pentothal sodium is capable of providing a stable anesthetic effect. The function and effect are much better than traditional pentothal sodium and ketamine.

Comparison of Propofol Alone with Admixture of Propofol and Thiopentone Sodium for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion in Paediatric Elective Surgery

Background: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is mostly used for the application of general anesthesia. Intravenous Propofol is still preferable for induction of anesthesia due to its favorable recovery profile and low incidence of side effects. Thiopentone sodium is also one of the most commonly used intravenous induction agent. Combination of Propofol and thiopentone sodium may be more is beneficial rather than propofol alone. So we conducted this study to find more effective method. Objective: To compare the outcome of combination of Thiopentone sodium with Propofol versus Propofol alone for the Laryngeal mask airway insertion in pediatric patients. Methodology: This “Randomized controlled trial” was done at the Department of Anesthesia, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore for 6 months i.e. from July 2021 to Dec 2021. 80 children were selected for surgery through Non-Probability, Consecutive Sampling. Randomization of patients into group A &amp; B was done. Informed consent was obtained from parents. Intravenous induction agents were prepared, for Propofol group (A), propofol was mixed with lignocaine and for the combination group (B), Thiopentone was combined with propofol. A correct sized LMA was inserted. Excellent LMA insertion was assessed. Data was analyzed in SPSS. Excellent LMA insertion in both groups was analyzed using Chi Square test with p &lt;0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The mean age of patients in our study was 8.29±3.16 years. In Propofol group, there were 28 males and 12 were females while in combination group, 22 patients were male and 18 patients were females. In Propofol group, 15 cases had LMA score 1, 17 had LMA score 2 and 8 had LMA score 3. In combination group, 25 cases had LMA score 1 and 15 had LMA score 2 but no one had LMA score 3. The difference was significant (p&lt;0.05). In Propofol group, 15 cases had excellent outcome while in 25 cases, excellent outcome could not be achieved. In combination group, 25 cases had excellent outcome while in 15 cases, excellent outcome could not be achieved. The difference was significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: So it has been proved that combination of Propofol with thiopentone sodium is more effective for effective insertion of LMA in children instead of using porpofol alone. Keywords: General Anesthesia, Laryngeal Mask Airway, Children, Propofol, Thiopentone Sodium

Post-General Anesthesia Angioedema After General Anesthesia

&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;: General anesthesia includes the administration of avariety medicines to patient/in/ fairly short/period. Numerous negative consequences can occur because of reaction from the drugs given, one example is anaphylaxis that may lead to death if not been recognized and handled quickly &amp;amp; promptly.&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Case Illustration:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;A sixty-seven years old male patient 152 cm 65 kg with multiple cholecystitis and obstructive jaundice, who was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patient had no records of allergy to medication and food. Family has no records to hypersensitive reactions or angioedema. At initial evaluation, blood pressure was 190/90 mmHg and hemoglobin 10,4 g/dL while the rest parameter was within normal limits. We given propofol and rocuronium to induce relaxation and facilitate intubation in surgery. Approximately 90 minutes after rocuronium injection, patient evolved angioedema across the face/area, tongue, and floor of the mouth. Patient also complained of not being able to talk. Soon after that, we give 10 mg of dexamethasone and 100 mg hydrocortisone to the patient. Within 60 minutes after hydrocortisone administration the patient shows/clinical improvement that marked by swelling began to decrease and the patient was able to speak again. Then we educate patient about angioedema and its alert.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity response that take place to a particular allergen and mostly self-limited, but 11% of hypersensitive reaction require airway intervention. Most of anesthetic medication such as thiopental sodium, propofol, muscle relaxants, and etomidate may induce anaphylactic reaction during anesthesia induction. Discontinuation of underlying agent and airway control may prevent mortality and morbidity.&lt;/p&gt;

Clausena Harmandiana root extract attenuated cognitive impairments via reducing amyloid accumulation and neuroinflammation in A\u03b21-42-induced rats

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis is associated with amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation. In AD, the activation of microglia caused by Aβ accumulation is followed by the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and ultimately leads to cognitive impairments. Clausena harmandiana (CH) is a medicinal plant in the Rutaceae family and has been used in folk medicine to relieve illnesses such as stomachache and headache, and as a health tonic. Interestingly, CH root extract (CHRE) has several anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological activities, but there are no studies in AD-like animal models.ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the effects of CHRE on cognitive impairments, increased Aβ1–42 protein levels, and neuroinflammation in Aβ1–42-induced rats.MethodsForty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 8) of the sham control, V + Aβ, CB + Aβ CHRE125 + Aβ, CHRE250 + Aβ, and CHRE500 + Aβ. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Celebrex (10 mg/kg BW) and CHRE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW) were given orally or without any treatment for 35 days. On day 21, aggregated Aβ1–42 at a concentration of 1 μg/μl were injected into both lateral ventricles (1 μl/side) of all treated rats, while sterilized normal saline were injected to untreated rats. Ten days later, the novel object recognition test was performed to assess their recognition memory. At the end of the test period, an overdose of thiopental sodium (120 mg/kg BW) and transcardial perfusion with 0.9% normal saline solution were used to euthanize all rats. Then Aβ1–42 protein levels and the expression of inflammatory markers (CD11b-positive microglia, IL-1β, and TNFα) were investigated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.ResultsPretreatment with CHRE at all doses could attenuate short- and long-term impairments in recognition memory. Additionally, CHRE also inhibited the increase of Aβ1–42 protein levels and the expression of inflammatory markers in both brain regions as well as receiving Celebrex.ConclusionsThis suggests that preventive treatment of CHRE might be a potential therapy against cognitive impairments via reducing Aβ1–42 protein levels and neuroinflammation caused by Aβ1–42.

Histological aspects of rat ovaries supplemented with bee pollen from Cocos nucifera

Bee pollen is a food supplement for its medicinal properties. It has a high concentration of vitamins, mineral salts, proteins, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates, which are beneficial to health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of bee pollen supplementation on the ovarian performance of rats. Fifty pubescent rats were separated into groups maintained with a common feeding routine. Two experimental groups of 15 animals each were supplemented by intragastric administration with 50 mg of bee pollen from Cocos nucifera, for 30 and 90 days. The estrous cycle was followed in the last 12 days of treatment. In the first estrus after treatment, euthanasia was performed by intraperitoneal administration of sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg), to remove the ovaries for making histological sections. The number and types of ovarian structures present were analyzed: secondary follicle, Graafian follicle, atresic follicle and corpus luteum. In animals supplemented for 30 days there was a significant increase in the number of atresic follicles compared to controls. This increase also occurred in the supplemented 90 days compared to 30 days. It was also found a decrease in the number of corpora lutea, suggesting that the effects are time dependent.

Effect of Anesthesia on Postoperative Pain in Patients after Septoplasty.

The aim of the study was to assess acute pain syndrome in patients after septoplasty using different tactics of general anesthesia. All patients received local anesthesia with 2% procaine solution. In group 1 (95patients), premedication with 2% promedol solution and 60 mg of ketorolac in the evening was used; group 2 (72 patients) was administered with fentanyl, propofol, cisatracuria besylate, tranexamic acid, atropine, and metoclopramide; and group 3 (89 patients) received atracuria besylate, sodium thiopental, nitrous oxide, and halothane. In groups 2 and 3, 100 mg of ketoprofen was administered intramuscularly in the evening on the day of surgery. Anterior tamponade was performed with parolon tampons in glove rubber. In groups 1 and 2, the tamponade was removed on day 2, and in group 3 it was removed 1 day after surgery. Pain syndrome was assessed on 1, 3, and 6 h and on days 1 and 2 after surgery. It was found that the scheme of anesthesia in group 2 is the most preferable, and the nasal tamponade must be removed on the 2nd day after the surgery.

A Comparison of the Effect of Isoflurane and Propofol on Liver Enzymes.

Background:Isoflurane and propofol are routinely used for the maintenance of general anaesthesia. However, recently, they have been implicated in hepatotoxicity resulting in acute liver failure.Objective:We compared the effects of isoflurane and propofol on liver enzymes; aspartate transaminases (AST), alanine transaminases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (Tbil) following general anaesthesia.Materials and Methods:This randomized, controlled clinical trial involved 60 ASA I and II patients aged 18–64 years scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous sodium thiopentone 5 mg/kg and atracurium 0.5 mg/kg, and maintained in group I with isoflurane (MAC, 0.8%-1.5%) and in group P with (propofol infusion, 100–200µg/kg/minute). Blood samples were taken pre-induction, immediate- and 24 hours post operatively. The serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, Tbil were analyzed and compared in both groups. Risk factors for post operative hepatotoxicity were determined.Result:Propofol caused a significant reduction in ALP (P = 0.005) but increase in Tbil (P = 0.010) 24 hours postoperatively. Though isoflurane had consistently higher values of AST, ALP and Tbil than propofol, only the mean AST values at 24 hours post-operative was significantly higher (P = 0.045). There was a significant increase in the 24 hours post-operative Tbil following massive blood loss; [odd ratio 23.91, 95%, CI (1.685–339.315)], P = 0.019.Conclusion:Both agents had a varied effect on liver enzymes. Isoflurane resulted in a significantly higher increase in 24 hours post-operative serum AST than propofol. Propofol caused a significant increase in 24 hours post-operative total bilirubin. Caution is therefore recommended in their use in patients with altered liver enzymes.

Neuropharmacological and Antidiabetic Potential of Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Leaves Extract: An Experimental Analysis.

The present study examines the neuropharmacological and antidiabetic properties of methanol leaves extract of Lannea coromandelica in animal models. This study is carried out by elevated plus-maze apparatus, motor coordination, thiopental sodium has an induction role in sleeping time, hole board, hole cross, open field, antidiabetic studies. Mice were treated doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body weight in elevated plus-maze apparatus and motor coordination; 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in sleeping time, hole cross, hole board, and open field tests; and 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in the antidiabetic activity test. Extraction specifies a significantly decreased time duration and sleeping time in a thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test. The experimental extract decreased locomotor and exploratory behaviors of mice in the open-field and hole-cross tests compared to the effects of the control. Furthermore, the extract increased sleeping time with a dose-dependent onset of action. The hole-board test extract also demonstrated a reduced number of head dips. The findings showed that L. coromandelica has potential neuropharmacological effects. In addition, in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, leaves extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight revealed significant antidiabetic properties and could be used to manage blood glucose levels with more research.

Cardiovascular Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Compared with Thiopental Sodium in Sevoflurane Anesthetized Goats

Cardiovascular Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Compared with Thiopental Sodium in Sevoflurane Anesthetized Goats

Hepatoprotective effect of morin via regulating the oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism in STZ induced diabetic rats

Background: Diabetes mellitus is widely recognized as one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and progression of diabetes - induced liver damage.Objective: The main aim of the study was to explore the modulatory effect of the flavonoid morin (3,5,7,2’,4’ -pentahydroxyflavone) on oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albino rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg body weight) and subsequently, the animals were given morin intragastrically at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight for 60 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed by an intraperitoneal injection of thiopentone sodium. Blood and liver tissue were collected for further biochemical evaluation and the effects were compared with diabetic rats administered metformin, a standard antidiabetic drug.Results: Elevated blood glucose and HbA1c levels in diabetic rats were significantly decreased by morin administration. Morin effectively modulated the alternations in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products, activities of antioxidant enzymes and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in the liver of diabetic rats. The overall effects were comparable with diabetic rats administered with metformin.Conclusion: The results of our study proved that the morin administration exerts hepatoprotective activity by decreasing oxidative stress and regulating the altered activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in diabetes.Keywords: diabetes, morin, liver, oxidative stress, carbohydrate metabolism

Abstract No.: ABS0480: A retrospective study observing outcome following posterior fossa craniotomy in patients with sitting position

Background & Aims:To assess the outcome following posterior fossa craniotomy in sitting position with respect to haemodynamic changes as well as intra and post operative complicationsMethods:The study involved reviewing the case records of 100 adult patients who underwent posterior fossa craniotomy in sitting position under general anaesthesia. In these patients, induction was done with thiopentone sodium 5mg/kg. Neuromuscular blockade was achieved with vecuronium bromide 0.1mg/kg to facilitate intubation. Radial arterial line was inserted preferably in left hand side for invasive blood pressure monitoring. Patients were positioned in sitting position slowly over 20-30 minutes. Vital parameters of the patients were monitored during and after positioning. Patients were observed in ICU for first 48 hours for neurological status, cardiovascular status, respiratory and surgical complications.Results:We found significant haemodynamic changes during and after sitting position which normalised after 2 hours of position. There were no perioperative cardiac events and neurological alteration. The incidence of venous air embolism was 2 % and it was not associated with any postoperative morbidity and mortalityConclusion:Present study concluded that the use of sitting position for patients undergoing posterior fossa surgery is safe.Tumour TypePatients (n=100) Vestibular schwannoma36Meningioma27Epidermoid inclusion cyst20Astrocytoma5Glioma4Haemangioblastoma3Medulloblastoma3Ependymoma2

Thiopental sodium으로 유도된 수면에서 황련아교탕의 입면 및 수면지속 효과

Hwangryunagyo-tang (HT) is a herbal cocktail to treat insomnia induced by yin deficiency with effulgent fire. In the present study, the onset time and the duration time of sleep were measured 30 minutes after thiopental sodium injection. And c-fos immunohistochemistry was performed to find the activated nerve cells of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) sites in the brain. HT significantly increased the number of activated nerve cells in the sleep-inducing center (VLPO), whereas HT significantly decreased the number of activated nerve cells in the arousal center (TMN). It could be concluded that the HT shortened the onset time and increased the duration time for sleep induced by thiopental sodium. And it was confirmed that the mechanism acted by activating the sleep-inducing center (VLPO) and suppressing the arousal center (TMN) in the brain. The results are considered to be useful as scientific evidence HT can be used clinically for the treatment of insomnia caused by yin deficiency with effulgent fire.

Effect of thiamine pyrophosphate on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative ovarian damage and reproductive dysfunction in female rats.

Cyclophosphamide is a drug used in various types of cancer. It can cause oxidative and inflammatory ovarian damage and infertility. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) to be investigated for its effect on cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage and reproductive dysfunction in the present study is the active metabolite of thiamine. It has been shown that TPP protects organs and tissues from oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine damage. To investigate the effect of TPP against the ovarian damage and reproductive dysfunction caused by cyclophosphamide in rats. Albino Wistar type female rats were divided into healthy control (HG), cyclophosphamide (CYC) and TPP + cyclophosphamide (TPPC) groups (for each group, n = 12). Thiamine pyrophosphate at a dose of 25 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally (ip.) in the TPPC group, and 0.9% NaCI solution was injected ip. in the CYC and HG groups. One hour after the injection, 75 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide was administered ip. in the TPPC and CYC groups. This procedure was repeated once a day for 30 days. At the end of this period, 6 rats from each group were euthanized with a high dose of anesthetic (50 mg/kg of sodium thiopental). Biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed on the extracted ovarian tissue. The remaining animals were kept in the laboratory with mature male rats for 2 months for reproduction. Thiamine pyrophosphate significantly decreased the cyclophosphamide-induced increase in the levels of the oxidant parameter malondialdehyde (MDA), proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). In addition, TPP decreased the severe histopathological damage associated with cyclophosphamide in the ovarian tissue and prevented infertility. Our experimental results have suggested that TPP could be beneficial in the treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian injury and infertility.

Citrus limon L. (lemon) seed extract shows neuro-modulatory activity in an in vivo thiopental-sodium sleep model by reducing the sleep onset and enhancing the sleep duration.

Citrus limon L. is an ingenious alternative medication and has a broad scope in managing several health conditions as part of natural remedies. Recently, medicinal plants have witnessed incredible consideration worldwide in the field of neuroscience for remedial intervention. The present work has investigated the phytochemical compounds and neuropharmacological potential of the seed extract of Citrus limon as a step to partially validate its formulations as nutraceuticals using an in vivo model. Diverse phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, gums, saponins, steroids were qualitatively identified through colorimetric methods utilizing standard compounds. The neuropharmacological properties were studied in Swiss albino mice with the sleep time induced by thiopental sodium taken as an end-point, in standard hole cross, hole board, and open-field experiments at varying doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and glycosides are present in the aqueous extract of the seed. The extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in sleep onset and enhanced the sleep duration in a dose-dependent manner in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time, along with a marked decrease in unconstrained locomotors and explorative properties in both hole cross and open field tests. Moreover, in the hole board study, the extracts minimized the count of head dips observed in the treated mice. The results shown in this study demonstrate that Citrus limon extracts have neuropharmacological properties that can be further examined for their potential role as an adjuvant with conventional medications or nutraceuticals.

Consumption of mate Ilex paraguariensis: a folk beverage with antioxidant power against myocardial ischemic injury

The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip) and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivo myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Ip oral treatment, Ip oral treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ip and quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ip promoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.

Surgical measurement of the length of the large intestinal tract in Nigerian local dogs

This study aimed to determine the total large intestinal length (TLIL) and the lengths of its various segments in Nigerian local dogs. Six (6) adult autochthonous Nigerian local dogs were used for this study. The dogs were premedicated, intramuscularly, with atropine sulphate and xylazine hydrochloride. They were administered anaesthesia and maintained with Thiopentone sodium intravenously. Access to their abdominal cavity was obtained via a mid-ventral abdominal incision. The large intestine was exteriorized and measured from caecum to rectum. The crown-rump length (CRL) and caecum (C) were significantly longer (p&lt;0.05) in the larger dogs (11–16 kg) compared to the smaller ones (5–10 kg). The colon and rectum (CR), TLIL and the ratio of crown-rump length to intestinal length (CRLT) did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) between these two size-wise categories of dogs. The ratios of crown-rump length to weight (CRLW) and large intestinal length to weight (LILW) were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the smaller dogs than in the larger ones. There was a strong correlation between the weight and the CRL (0.53) and between the weight and TLIL (0.66). The average TLIL was 48.3 cm in the larger dogs and 45.1 cm in the smaller ones. The average colon and rectum length was 37.7 cm in the larger dogs and 36.8 cm in the smaller ones. The average C length was 10.2 cm in the larger dogs and 8.3 cm in the smaller ones. The average CRL was 1.5 times the average TLIL in Nigerian local dogs. Conclusion: Body size does not affect the total length of the large intestine of Nigerian local dogs. However, the caecum is significantly longer in the bigger dogs.

Comparing intensity of pain due to intravenous injection of sodium thiopental, propofol, diazepam, and etomidate during induction of general anesthesia.

The aim of the present study was to compare the pain intensity due to intravenous injection of sodium thiopental, propofol, diazepam, and etomidate during the induction of general anesthesia. This was a non-controlled quasi-experimental double-blinded study performed on eligible patients referred to the operating room of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Yasouj. A total of 200 patients were randomly selected by convenience sampling and based on a table of random numbers generated on a computer. They were then randomly divided into four intervention groups based on random blocks (sodium thiopental, propofol, etomidate, and diazepam). Finally, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive as well as analytical statistical tests such as Chi-square, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc test were analyzed in SPSS ver. 24. The results of the present study showed that the diazepam group experienced the highest pain intensity (8.42) compared to other groups, which was statistically significant (P = 0.001). Also, the sodium thiopental group experienced the highest pain (6.92) after the diazepam group, which was also statistically significant as compared to the other remaining two groups (P = 0.001). Propofol and etomidate groups experienced the lowest pain intensity (3.30 and 3.26, respectively). The present study revealed that the use of diazepam and sodium thiopental as anesthetic drugs was generally associated with greater pain intensity during injection and less hemodynamic stability. The results of the present study indicated that propofol and etomidate are preferred over diazepam and sodium thiopental in abdominal and gastrointestinal surgeries, considering their less pain intensity and fewer hemodynamic changes.

The role of nitric oxide on the antiarrhythmic effects of ketamine/xylazine in a rat model of acute cardiac ischemia-reperfusion.

The prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias during general anesthesia is about 70%. In experimental studies on the antiarrhythmic effects of different agents, using anesthetic drugs that do not have any protective properties are preferable. The present study was conducted to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in the antiarrhythmic effects of ketamine/xylazine (K/X).Sixty male rats were assigned to eight groups: K/X, L -NAME (25–35 mg/kg) with thiopental (TP), L-NAME (25–35 mg/kg) with ketamine/xylazine, L arginine (100 mg/kg) with thiopental, L-arginine (100 mg/kg) with ketamine/xylazine. After anesthetic induction using TP or K/X, the animals were subjected to 30 min of ischemia. Hemodynamic parameters, ventricular arrhythmias during ischemia, the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were measured. Additionally, in order to assess nitrite/nitrate ratio and LDH after ischemia, serum samples were collected and used.Our results showed that in the K/X group, the number of VT and VF, duration of VT (p = 0.006), the severity of arrhythmias (p = 0.0179). There was no VF incidence in this group.These protective effects were faded by administration of L-NAME with K/X. The combination of L- Arginine in the TP group decreased the number and duration of VT (p < 0.001, p = 0.0013) with no incidence of VF in comparison with TP. L-arginine with K/X groups increased the number and duration of VT (p < 0.0001, p < 0.001) compared to K/X and VF was seen (100%). However, there was no significant difference between TP and K/X groups in terms of this nitrite/nitrate ratio. These findings suggest that the antiarrhythmic effects of ketamine/xylazine might be partially relative to the nitric oxide synthesis pathway.

Effects of remifentanil on the recovery quality among pediatric candidates for dental procedures under general anesthesia.

Background:Remifentanil is a short-acting synthetic opioid, seems to facilitate hospital discharge, induce less agitation and better recovery quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remifentanil on the quality of recovery among healthy children who were candidate for dental procedures under general anesthesia.Materials and Methods:This study was a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial on healthy children who referred to the Department of Pediatric dentistry, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Both groups were anaesthetized using 5 mg/kg thiopental sodium, 1 μg/kg fentanyl and 0.6 μg/kg atracurium. The first group received propofol to maintain anesthesia and the second group was given remifentanil along with propofol. Then, the time span to regain consciousness, level of agitation during recovery and time of discharge were monitored and compared between the two groups. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test at P < 0.05 level of significance.Results:Findings showed that the propofol + remifentanil group recovered faster than the propofol group. Chi-square test showed a significant difference in recovery time between the two groups (P < 0.05). About 45 min after regaining consciousness, the mean pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium score in the propofol group was 4.02 ± 2.19 and was significantly higher than the propofol + remifentanil group (3.02 ± 2.83) (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean Postanesthetic Discharge Scoring System score in the propofol group was 6.04 ± 1.74 and was significantly higher than the propofol + remifentanil group (7.58 ± 2.14) (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Combination of propofol and remifentanil significantly reduced the time taken for recovery, discharge and agitation level compared to propofol.