Abstract
The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip) and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivo myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Ip oral treatment, Ip oral treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ip and quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ip promoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.
Highlights
Studies on strategies to generate cardioprotection have been on the rise
The aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip) has been identified as possessing elevated antioxidant potential (Schinella, Troiani, Daávila, De Buschiazzo, & Tournier, 2000) and the capability to reduce lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion induction (Schinella, Fantinelli, & Mosca, 2005)
Considering the current relevance of cardiomyopathies and by adding the aspect of ethnopharmacology, the aim of the present study was to compare the cardioprotective effects of acute oral administration of the aqueous extract of Ip and one of its compounds, the flavonoid quercetin, during ischemia and reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus
Summary
Studies on strategies to generate cardioprotection have been on the rise. The literature shows an inverse association of flavonoid consumption from fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine, with mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer (Baron-Menguy et al, 2007; Schinella et al, 2009). There is evidence that dietary supplementation with antioxidant beverages and foods is able to reduce some oxidative damage in biological systems (Liu et al, 2010). Cardioprotection by vegetable antioxidants during ischemia and reperfusion (IR) has been determined in terms of heart rate stabilization and elevation of myocardial antioxidant activity in rats (Adlam, 2005). The aqueous extract of Ip has been identified as possessing elevated antioxidant potential (Schinella, Troiani, Daávila, De Buschiazzo, & Tournier, 2000) and the capability to reduce lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion induction (Schinella, Fantinelli, & Mosca, 2005). Bixby, Spieler, Menini, and Gugliucci (2005) showed that antioxidant therapy reduces post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction in a study of antioxidant diets with natural compounds and vegetable extracts rich in flavonoids The aqueous extract of Ip has been identified as possessing elevated antioxidant potential (Schinella, Troiani, Daávila, De Buschiazzo, & Tournier, 2000) and the capability to reduce lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion induction (Schinella, Fantinelli, & Mosca, 2005). Bixby, Spieler, Menini, and Gugliucci (2005) showed that antioxidant therapy reduces post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction in a study of antioxidant diets with natural compounds and vegetable extracts rich in flavonoids
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