Monosodium Salts Research Articles

Activity and Activity Coefficient of Counter Monovalent Ions in Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions from Carboxyalkylated Starch

AbstractActivity and activity coefficient were determined and compared for counter H+, Li+, Na+, K+ and Ag+ ions in polyelectrolyte solutions prepared from the condensation products of starch and sodium salts of mono‐, di‐, and trichloroacetic acids. Na‐glass electrode was used for measuring the activity of Na+ ions; Ag‐electrode for the measurement of the activity of Ag+ ions, and ion‐exchange permselective membrane were also used in concentration cells to determine the activities of H+, Na+, and K+ ions. For salt‐free polyelectrolyte solutions, the activity coefficient of each ion, at equal concentrations, increases in the above mentioned order of the polymer used. In all cases the activity coefficient increases in the following order of the studied monovalent cations: Ag+ < K+ < Na+ < Li+ < H+.

The Nucleophilic Reaction of Electron-deficient Pyridone Derivatives. I. The Ring Transformation of 1-Substituted 3,5-Dinitro-2-pyridones with Sodio β-Keto Esters

Abstract A novel ring transformation is found in a series of reactions of 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-2-pyridones, electron-deficient substrates, with monosodium salts of β-keto esters. A variety of 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-2-pyridones are treated with diethyl sodio-3-oxopentanedioate and ethyl sodioacetoacetate to give, in addition to N-substituted nitroacetamides (3), 2,6-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-nitrophenol (2), and 2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-nitrophenol (4) respectively. The bicyclic intermediates, 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes, can be isolated on the reaction of 3,5-dinitro-1-methyl-2-pyridone at room temperature. The phenol derivatives (2 and 4) may consist of the reagent and a C4–C5–C6 moiety of the parent pyridone, while N-substituted nitroacetamides, 3, may result from the other fragment, N–C2–C3, of the pyridone. A probable course of the reaction, involving the step-by-step nucleophilic attack of the ambident nucleophiles, sodio β-keto esters, at the ambident electrophilic centers of 2-pyridones to form bicyclic intermediate, is proposed.

On the non-stoichiometry of the binding of Pt(II) anti-neoplastic agents to inosine 5′-monophosphate

A non-stoichiometric material [Na 4(5′-IMP) 2·15H 2O] 0.2[Na 2(Pt(5′-IMP) 2 (trimethylenediamine))·13.5H 2O] 0.8 has been prepared and investigated by single-crystal X-ray methods and 1H and 13C nmr spectroscopy. The compound is isomorphous with the monosodium and disodium salts of 5′-IMP and two Pt(II)-5′-IMP compounds previously reported to be non-stoichiometric. However, the structural changes in the packing motif of the 5′-IMP molecules induced on Pt(II) coordination are uniform only if the 5′-IMP complex containing (NH 3) 2Pt(II) is stoichiometric. Preliminary studies on the latter complex, synthesized in our laboratories, demonstrate that the complex is indeed stoichiometric.

Dynamic Structure of Water in Aqueous Solutions of Chloroacetate. I. Temperature Dependence of Limiting Mobilities of Mono-, Di-, and Tri-chloroacetate Ions

Abstract Electric conductivities of the sodium salts of mono-, di-, and tri-chloroacetic acids were measured in water at 15, 25, and 35 °C. The molar conductivities were analyzed by the Fuoss-Onsager equation to obtain the limiting mobility. On the basis of the temperature dependence of the limiting mobilities, the dynamic structure of Water around these anions was investigated by means of Samoilov’s theory, Chloroacetate ions are structure maker and the degree of the positive hydration is in the order TCA−>acetate ion>DCA−>MCA−. From the results, it is shown that a competition between the different orientation of water molecules in the surroundings of –CH2Cl and –CHCl2 groups occurs, and consequently, shown that the water molecules around DCA− and MCA− ions more mobile than those around TCA− and acetate ions.

Tautomerism of pyrazolidine-3,5-diones. II. Infrared spectra

The tautomerism of a number of N1- and N1,N2-substituted monotriazolylpyrazolidine-3,5-diones and their phenyl analogues has been examined by infrared spectroscopy. The diketo tautomer is the predominant form, both in the solid state and in chloroform solution. Monosodium salts of 4,4-dialkyl-1-triazolylpyrazolidinediones show unusual absorption which indicates strong hydrogen bonding in the compounds; a three-centre hydogen bond is proposed to explain the observed spectra.

Inhibition Effects of 6-Substituted 1, 3, 5-Triazine-2, 4-dithiol Monosodium Salts on Corrosion of Copper

The inhibition effect of 6-substituted 1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol monosodium salts (R-TDT) on the corrosion of copper in the ASTM aqueous solution without stirring at 501°C for 10-20 days has been investigated.The percent inhibition efficiency depended upon the structure of 6-substituted groups (R) in R-TDT and increased in the following order where R' was an alkyl or an, aryl group. The key atoms in the R groups seemed to play an important role for the inhibition of the copper corrosion. The R' groups with a large coverage area and with little steric hindrance gave a high inhibition efficiency. The concentration of RTDT, being effective for the inhibition of copper corrosion, was dependent upon R: x 10-6 mol/l for R'NH-TDT and 8 x10-6-10-4 mol// for (R'), N-TDT. Thee were good inhibitors in the pH range of 5.5-12. The inhibition efficiency of R-TDT decreased in the presence of salts such as NaCI, KCl, Na2S2O2-, Fe2(SO4)3, and (NaPO2-)6, but the corrosive action of the salts could be inhibited upon increasing concentration of R-TDT.R-TDT was found by polarization mesurements to act as an anodic inhibitor.R-TDT such as C6H5NH-TDT reacted easily with copper powder, Cu20, or CuO in water at 50°C for 72 hr. On the basis of the elemental analysis and infrared spectra of the obtained products, the chemical structure of the surface films appeared in this inhibition was discussed and generally indicated by the following structural formula.

Thermal analysis of nitraminocarboxylic acids and their sodium and barium salts

The thermal stabilities of nitraminomonocarboxylic acids, nitraminodicarboxylic acids, and their monosodium, disodium and barium salts were studied. The effects of the position of the nitramino group and the aliphatic chain length on the decomposition temperature peak and thepK and (pK2-pK1) values were followed. The experimental results revealed that the thermal stabilities of the acids and theirpK values are influenced by the relative position of the nitramino group in the molecule. The thermal stabilities of acids and salts increase with increasing chain length. A lower value ofpK was found to correspond to a lower thermal stability of the acids. Barium salts of nitraminodicarboxylic acids were subjected to drop-hammer sensitivity and nearly all of them were found to grow more active.

Amic Acids and Half Salts of Dicarboxylic Acids as Coreactant Catalysts for Creasable Durable-Press Fabrics

Amic acids and half salts derived from 1,2,- or 1,3-dicarboxylic acids were used with methylol reagents as coreactant curing catalysts to produce durable-press cotton fabrics by a pad-cure process. Maleamic acid (derived from malcic anhydride and ammonia) and the monosodium, ammonium, and potassium salts of maleic acid, when used with DMDIIEU, generated the highest levels of wrinkle recovery. The formation of permanent creases in these fully cured fabrics, which also had a strong affinity for basic dyes, is discussed.

The preparation of various metallo-organosiloxanes

1. Monomeric metallo-organosiloxanes have been obtained by the double decomposition of the monosodium salts of organosilanetriols and metal chlorides. 2. Infrared spectroscopy has shown that the hydroxyl groups in the compounds obtained are non-equivalent, and this has been confirmed by chemical studies. 3. Study of the reactions of the compounds obtained with nucleophilic reagents has shown that the compounds studied are coordinatively saturated; a structure has been proposed for the intramolecular compounds, with protons in the outer coordination sphere.

C-2801X, a new cephamycin-type antibiotic II. Isolation and characterization.

Two new species of Streptomyces, S. heteromorphus and heteromorphus and S. panayensis, were found to produce a new atibiotic named C-2801X together with cephamycins A and B. The antibiotics were separated from each other by column chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 and isolated in pure form as mono-sodium salts. C-2801X mono-sodium salt has a molecular formula C25H28N3O12SNa, and exhibits antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including those insensitive to cephamycins A and B. From its physicochemical and biological properties, C2801X was considered to be a new cephamycin-type antibiotic.

Synthesis of monosodium salts of organosilanetriols and organoaluminosiloxanes derived from them

1. Some previously unknown monosodium salts of organosilanetriols were synthesized and characterized. 2. Some organoaluminosiloxanes were synthesized from the obtained monosodium salts and characterized. 3. It was shown that intramolecular association of the hydroxyl groups exists in the investigated compounds. 4. It was observed that the Si-O-Al bond in the investigated compounds has a high hydrolytic stability, which is caused by the induction effect of a large number of hydroxyl groups.

Investigation of the electronic band structure of some linear polysilicates

The one-dimensional LCAO tight-binding method was applied to the study of the electronic structure of a model for a regular polymeric orthosilicic acid and its mono-sodium, di-sodium and calcium salts. The silicon d-orbitals are included and the orbital exponent and one-centre repulsion integral for these orbitals, together with the Mulliken-Wolfsberg A parameter, were optimised so as to produce the ‘best’ results for the acid. Replacement of H by metal atoms in the polymer is shown to perturb the system in such a way as to reduce the band gap by a factor of 3 to 4. Further, the non-bridging O atoms, along with the metal atoms themselves, become concentrated in the states bordering the band gap. Density-of-states curves are sharply peaked around the energy gap for all four systems and the peak height increases as the metal atomic number becomes larger.

Surface active N‐acylglutamate: II. Physicochemical properties of long chain N‐acylglutamic acids and their sodium salts

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of long chain N‐acylglutamic acids (AGA) and their sodium salts (AGSn) are described. The solubility, Krafft point, pH value, critical micelle concentration, surface tension and foaming power were measured. The properties of the optically active AGA or AGSn differed from those of the corresponding racemates, especially in solubility. The monosodium salts generally had high Krafft points, but monosodium N‐oleoylglutamate had a low Krafft point. The monosodium salts hydrolyzed in the diluted aqueous solution to liberate the AGA. The aqueous solutions of the monosodium salts had low surface tensions and good foaming properties. The disodium salts were highly soluble in water, while surface tensions and foaming properties were inferior to those of the corresponding monosodium salts.

On the thermal analysis of aliphatic carboxylic acids and their salts

The thermal behaviour of oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic and sebacic acid, and of their mono- and disodium salts and calcium salts has been studied by derivatography. Some of the acids were distilled off without decomposition, while the others were decomposed in accordance with the rule of Blanc. Up to 600°, the decomposition of the monosodium salts consists of two principal steps. The first process is the liberation or the decomposition of the acid formed from the salt, the second step the decomposition of the normal salt into sodium carbonate and “organic” molecules. This decomposition mechanism was verified also by tracer technique on compounds labelled with the14C isotope. With most of the compounds unable to form ketones, the decomposition of the normal salt yields a great variety of organic compounds. In the case of adipates and pimelates the formation of cyclanones predominates.

Oligomeric stannoxanes

The controlled basic hydrolysis of tetrabutyl-1,3-dichlorodistannoxane under interfacial conditions was found to lead to α,ω-dichlorooligostannoxanes, Cl(SnBu2O)nSnBu2Cl, n being controlled by the molar ratio of base to distannoxane. These oligostannoxanes were identical with those prepared by other methods. They were used in the preparation of oligostannoxane dicarboxylates and organotin polyesters, having stannoxane recurring units in their backbone, by reaction with the sodium salts of mono- or dicarboxylic acids under interfacial conditions.

Reactions of the Iodomethylate of N,N-Dimethylthiobenzamide with Nucleophilic Reagents

Abstract The reactions of the iodomethylate (I) of N,N-dimethylthiobenzamide with nucleophilic reagents have been examined. The iodomethylate I reacted with sodium ethylmercaptide and potassium cyanide to give N,N-dimethylbenzamide methylethylmercaptol and α-dimethylamino-α-methylthiobenzyl cyanide respectively. When primary amines and the monosodium salts of active methylene compounds were treated with the iodomethy late I, benzamidine hydroiodides and α-dimethylaminobenzylidene derivatives of the active methylene compounds were, respectively, obtained, and methyl mercaptan was eliminated. Further, it has been found that diamines, such as o-phenylenediamine, easily condensed with the iodomethylate I to yield such heterocyclic compoundsas 2-phenylbenzimidazole, while methyl mercaptanand dimethylamine were eliminated.

Crystals of Long-Chain n-Alkylphosphonic Acids

By means of X-ray powder method, the crystals of long-chain n-alkylphosphonic acids, having carbon atoms of 1118, and their monosodium salts were studied.The crystals of the acids were classified into three groups, one of which consisted of odd numbers of carbon and the other two were of even numbers, although the alternation of the melting point with the carbon number was not found.When the acids were treated with the solution of neutral alkali metal salts, such as sodium chloride, the salts were formed which were insoluble in water or in organic solvent. The salts were confirmed as the monosodium salts of the acids by X-ray analysis.

REQUIREMENT OF SPHAEROTILUS FOR CYANOCOBALAMIN.

Okrend, Harold (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), and Norman C. Dondero. Requirement of Sphaerotilus for cyanocobalamin. J. Bacteriol. 87:286-292. 1964.-Cultures of Sphaerotilus grew well in a culture medium containing pancreatic digest of casein, glycerol, and yeast autolysate, but grew poorly in a defined medium containing monosodium glutamate, glycerol, and salts. Measurement of dry weight, cell nitrogen, and deoxyribonucleic acid showed that the addition of 1.0 mmug/ml of cyancobalamin to the defined medium gave growth equivalent to that obtained with the pancreatic digest of casein. Methionine, in a concentration of 2 x 10(4)-fold, relieved the requirement for cyanocobalamin, but cobalt did not replace cyanocobalamin nor stimulate growth. Of 38 additional cultures of diverse origin, 19 showed stimulation by visible comparison of growth in tubes; nonquantitative comparisons, however, were not reliable for showing differences in growth of this organism.

Long chain alkanesulfonates and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates: Structure and property relations

AbstractEven chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the Strecker reaction, odd chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the alkaline decarboxylation of ॅ‐sulfo acids, and sodium 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates from the reduction of esters of ॅ‐sulfo acids were compared with respect to Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, detergency and foam height. Sodium alkanesulfonates and crude fusion products from the ॅ‐sulfo acids (mixtures of alkanesulfonates of one less carbon atom with a lesser amount of a soap of two less carbon atoms) are more soluble and have better detergent and foaming properties. Sodium 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates resemble monosodium salts of ॅ‐sulfo acids.Alkanesulfonic acids and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkane‐sulfonic acids obtained from the sodium salts by ion exchange have lower Krafft points and are more readily soluble. The critical micelle concentrations of 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonic acids and ॅ‐sulfo acids are nearly the same and about equal to those of alkanesulfonic acids of one less carbon atom.

Comparative activities of thyroxine and its monosodium and disodium salts.

Summary and ConclusionsExperiments, using 110-120 g Sprague-Dawley male rats, were conducted to compare the activity of L-Thyroxine, sodium-L-Thyroxine and disodium-L-Thyroxine administered by subcutaneous and oral routes. There are no significant differences in the antipropylthiouracil effect of the three synthetic thyroxine compounds when administered by the same route. Considering that the gavage method permits some technical error, the amount of thyroxine necessary to inhibit the effect of propylthiouracil is approximately 50% more by the oral method than that necessary by subcutaneous injection.Addendum. Since this paper went to press, a report of clinical work with sodium L-thyroxine has been published (Salter, William T., and Rosenblum, Ira, Am. J. Med. Sc., 1952, v224, 628). An assimilation by the patients of 67% of the orally given sodium L-thyroxine was reported.