Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate Research Articles

Control of particle size and surface properties of fluorinated acrylate microemulsion

Fluorinated acrylate microemulsion was prepared via co-polymerising methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate that were stabilised by polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonyl phenyl ether and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate and initiated by potassium persulphate. Many factors, which had an influence on the particle size and its distribution, had been investigated. It was possible to produce nanoparticles <100 nm and with narrower size distributions using the semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerisation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the structure of the microemulsion. The appearance of the microemulsion was translucent and accompanied with blue fluorescence. The stability of the microemulsion was very high. The solid content of the microemulsion was 38·65%. The contact angle of the film was not very high.

Surface difference of novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex prepared with different surfactants

The novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex was successfully prepared by emulsion polymerisation of perfluorononylene allyl ether (PFAE) with butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by potassium persulphate (KPS) in the water with different surfactants. PFAE was synthesised from the intermediate perfluoro nonene and 3-allyl alcohol as staring reactants. Films of the novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex were prepared by coating the latex directly on the clean glass sheet and allowed to dry at 80°C in a bake oven. The structure of the novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Surface difference of novel fluorinated polyacrylate latex prepared with different surfactants was studied. Results show that the latex prepared with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate surfactant has smaller particle size, contact angle and lower surface tension. The latex prepared with sodium 2-hydroxy-3-(methacryloyloxy) propane-1-sulphonate surfactant has larger particle size, higher surface tension and larger contact angle.

Overcoming non-specific adsorption issues for AZD9164 in human urine samples: Consideration of bioanalytical and metabolite identification procedures

A key challenge in the development of robust bioanalytical methods, for the determination of drug analyte in human urine samples, is the elimination of potential analyte losses as a result of non-specific adsorption to container surfaces in which the samples are collected, stored or processed. A common approach to address adsorption issues is to treat the urine samples with additives that serve to increase analyte solubility and/or minimise interaction with the container surfaces. A series of adsorption experiments were performed on human urine samples containing an adsorption-prone in-house development compound (AZD9164). A roller-mixing methodology was employed to maximise sample interaction with container surfaces and quantification of analyte was performed by LC–MS/MS following minimal sample preparation. In the absence of any urine additive, adsorptive losses averaged 35% but were highly variable between different lots of urine. In the presence of a range of additives, including the surfactants Tween 80, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS), analyte adsorption was shown to be eliminated. Of particular academic interest was the finding that adsorptive losses could also be reduced upon the addition of phospholipid. The presence of additive generally had no marked impact on the analyte MS response but the use of an isotopically labelled internal standard satisfactorily compensated for instances in which ion suppression was observed, e.g. in the presence of Tween 80. Since metabolite profiling/identification investigations are often performed on urine samples originating from early clinical pharmacology studies, the elution of selected additives was also monitored by MS. CHAPS, dimethylacetamide (DMA) and HP-β-cyclodextrin eluted as single chromatographic peaks in, or just after, the column void volume whilst polymeric Tween 80, and to a lesser extent SDBS, eluted over a wide retention time window. The potential of the latter surfactants to obscure the detection of unknown metabolites is significant and therefore their use in urine samples, upon which metabolite investigations are to be performed, is not recommended. Upon consideration of other factors such as additive cost and toxicity, CHAPS was selected for use in development of the validated assay.

Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Sparfloxacin Using Europium(III) as a Fluorescence Probe in Micellar Medium

School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, KoreaReceived September 1, 2011, Accepted November 6, 2011A europium (III)-sensitized, spectrofluorimetric (FL) method is presented for the determination of sparfloxacin(SPAR) using an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). The method is based on thestrong fluorescence (FL) enhancement of SPAR after the addition of Eu

Effect of various structure directing agents on the properties of nanostructured conducting polyaniline

In this study the effects of various structure directing agents on the size, morphology, chemical structure and electronic properties of various (Nano Structured Polyaniline) NSPANI were investigated. A number of chemical synthesis of NSPANI were carried out using various Structure Directing Agents (SDA) like Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate (SDBS) and Camphor Sulphonic Acid (CSA). The resulting NSPANI were characterised by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) and I–V characteristics. Smallest spherical polyaniline nanoparticles are formed when SDBS is used as SDA as well as dopant. When CSA is used as a dopant, the particle size increases but the morphology of the NSPANI changes from fibrous to spherical.

Manipulation of Concentration-Conductivity Data of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulphonate in KCl Solution in Relation to Micellisation Parameters

The conductivity of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (SDBS) has been studied in varying concentrations (0-5 mM) of aqueous KCl solution at 25oC. Data analysis was based on the conventional treatment of conductivity-concentration data, differential, and integration methods with the aim of knowing the best method. As expected, the conductivity increased with an increase in surfactant concentration; the plot of which showed a kink at critical micelle concentration, cmc (i.e. point of aggregation). The results showed no apparent relationship between the degree of counterion binding, β and [KCl]; and an inverse relationship between the cmc values and [KCl]. β was within 0.4-0.6 for SDS and 0.1-0.3 for SDBS. The cmc of SDS decreased from ca. 8 to 6 mM and that of SDBS from ca. 2 to 1 mM as the [KCl] increased from 0-5 mM. These values are in mutual agreement irrespective of the method used. It was confirmed that in the absence of KCl, values obtained from the integration method were more consistent with those reported in the literature; therefore this method is recommended as the best method for determination of micellisation parameters provided the process is followed by conductivity measurements.

Use of surfactants and blends to remove DDT from contaminated soils

AbstractRemoval of dichloro‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane (DDT) from soils using surfactant‐enhanced solubilisation was studied both in batch and continuous flow arrangements to determine if there were advantages to using a combination of non‐ionic (Tween and Brij) and anionic surfactants. It was observed that the presence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate improved the DDT removal efficiency, but had a potentially negative effect on flow rates in column leaching experiments at concentrations over 0.1%. The potential for re‐use of the surfactant mixture was studied and demonstrated by removing DDT and its metabolites from the surfactant solution using activated carbon. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering

Highly sensitive chemiluminescence determination of tenoxicam using a cerium(IV)–sodium hyposulphite system in micellar medium

ABSTRACTA simple, rapid and precise flow‐injection–chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method is presented for the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples. The method is based on the weak chemiluminescence signal arising from the reaction of cerium(IV) in a nitric acid medium with sodium hyposulphite being significantly increased by tenoxicam in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. Several experimental parameters affecting the CL reaction were examined and optimized systematically. Under the optimum conditions, the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of tenoxicam in the range 7.0 × 10–11–5.0 × 10–8 g/mL. The detection limit was 2.3 × 10–11 g/mL tenoxicam and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.1% for 1.0 × 10–9 g/mL tenoxicam solution (n = 11). The proposed method was applied to the determination of tenoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations, serum and human urine, with satisfactory results. The possible mechanism of the chemiluminescence reaction is also briefly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Push–pull effect and synergistic discrimination of β-cyclodextrin and 18-crown-6

The present work was devoted to the study of the effect of one host (18-crown-6, 18C6) on the binding behaviour of the other host (β-cyclodextrin, β-CD) to amphiphilic guests such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) and d- and l-tryptophan (d- and l-Trp). Our results indicated that different combinations of the two hosts exhibited different push–pull effects in their binding process to SDBS, and the extent of the push–pull effect was dramatically dependent on the initial stoichiometric ratios of the two hosts. That is to say, the effect of 18C6 on the binding behaviour of β-CD to SDBS was not linear with its mole fraction, but first decreased and then increased with the increase in its mole fraction. On the other hand, there was a concentration dependence on synergistic effect of 18C6 and β-CD on the binding behaviour to d- or l-Trp. And there were rather remarkable differences in the molecular recognition abilities (K L/K D) of β-CD to d- and l-Trp in the presence of 18C6, such as free β-CD (0.48), 18C6–β-CD-a (0.27), 18C6–β-CD-b (0.86), 18C6–β-CD-c (1.17), 18C6–β-CD-d (1.72) and 18C6–β-CD-e (2.31). These results clearly revealed the important role of 18C6 in mediating the intermolecular interaction between the amphiphilic guests and β-CD, providing a new insight into the mutual effect between two hosts in multicomponent systems.

A precursor route to synthesize mesoporous γ-MnO 2 microcrystals and their applications in lithium battery and water treatment

MnCO 3 microstructures, including 2.3 μm microplates with the thickness of 200 nm and 3.1 μm microspheres stacked with 50 nm-thick sheets, were hydrothermally prepared in the assistance of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) and dodecyl sulfonic acid sodium (SDS), respectively. With the as-synthesized MnCO 3 as precursors followed by annealing at 400 °C for 4 h, mesoporous γ-MnO 2 microplates and microspheres with the pore size of 4–50 nm, which basically preserved the initial shapes, were obtained. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of the as-prepared γ-MnO 2 microplates and microspheres were 52.1 m 2 g −1 and 50.2 m 2 g −1, respectively. The electrochemical property tests over Li + batteries showed that the initial discharge capacity of γ-MnO 2 microplates and microspheres were 1997 mAh g −1 and 1533 mAh g −1. Noticeably, even after 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of γ-MnO 2 microplates was still as high as 626 mAh g −1, indicating the decent cycle behavior. In addition, mesoporous γ-MnO 2 was also applied as adsorbents in water treatment, and γ-MnO 2 microplates and microspheres could remove about 55% and 80% of Congo red.

Determination of trace carvedilol by solid substrate–room temperature phosphorimetry, based on its activating effect on hypochlorite‐oxidizing amaranth using sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as sensitizer

This work proposes a simple and sensitive solid substrate-room temperature phosphorimetry (SS-RTP) for the selective determination of carvedilol (CV). The method is based on the sensitizing effect of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) on CV to activate the oxidation between NaClO and amaranth, resulting in the intense quenching of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of the system. Compared with non-SDBS system, the reduction of phosphorescence intensity (ΔI(p)) with SDBS is 16.5 times higher and is directly proportional to the content of CV, covering a wide range 0.080-16.00 fg/spot. The regression equation of the working curve can be expressed as ΔI(p) = 0.7780 + 7.057 m(CV) (fg/spot) (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9976, n = 8), with a detection limit (LD) of 0.020 fg/spot (corresponding concentration is 5.1 × 10(-14) g/mL, sample volume is 0.40 μL/spot). This sensitive method has also been applied to determine trace CV in human plasma and the results agreed with synchronous fluorimetry (SF). The activation energy (E) and rate constant (k) of this activating reaction were 69.04 kJ/mol and 3.580 × 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.

A terbium-sensitized spectrofluorimetric method for determination of catecholamines in a serum sample with micelle medium

A terbium-sensitized spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for determination of catecholamines such as norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP) and dopamine (DA), using sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). Fluorescence sensitization of terbium ions (Tb(3+) ) by complexation with catecholamines in the presence of SDBS was observed. The fluorescence intensities of the Tb(3+) -catecholamine complexes were highly enhanced by introducing SDBS with an emission maximum at 545 nm after excitation at 290 nm. The conditions for the complex formation of Tb(3+) -catecholamine were investigated systematically and optimized to determine catecholamines in a serum sample. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensities of the Tb(3+) -catecholamine complexes were increased linearly with the concentration of NE, EP and DA over the ranges 2.5 × 10(-10) -1.0 × 10(-8) , 2.5 × 10(-10) -1.0 × 10(-8) and 2.5 × 10(-9) -1.0 × 10(-7) g/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.9996, respectively. The limits of detection (3δ) of NE, EP and DA were found to be 4.6 × 10(-11) , 7.8 × 10(-11) and 8.38 × 10(-10) g/mL, respectively. Precision of the method was tested at the concentration level of 1.2 × 10(-7) g/mL for five replicate measurements of NE, EP and DA, giving relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.41%, 1.23% and 1.89%, respectively. The interaction mechanism of the Tb(3+) -catecholamine complexes system was investigated and presented with ultraviolet absorption spectra. The proposed method has been applied for the quantitative determination of NE, EP and DA in a spiked serum sample and a pharmaceutical preparation sample.

Characterization and electrochemical investigations of micellar/drug interactions

The effect of adding surface-active agents to electrolytes containing isoniazid (INH), an antituberculous drug, on the voltammetric response of carbon paste electrode (CPE) was studied. The enhancement of current signal due to the oxidation process was a function of the amount of analyte, pH of the medium, surfactants’ type, and chain length and aromaticity and accumulation time at the electrode surface. Eight surfactants were used, three anionic type, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium octyl sulphate (SOS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS), three cationic type, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), trimethyl octyl ammonium bromide (TMOB) and cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) and two nonionic surfactants, albumin and Triton X-405. Addition of SDS and SDBS to the isoniazid-containing electrolyte was found to enhance the oxidation current signals while SOS showed an opposite effect. The addition of either the cationic or nonionic surfactants was found to decrease oxidation current signals. To confirm the interactions between surfactant and isoniazid, absorbance spectroscopy has been performed. NMR measurements gave a good expectation for the location and orientation of INH in different micelles and gave a similar conclusion to that obtained from electrochemical and UV–vis data. The use of SDS in the electrochemical determination of isoniazid using differential pulse voltammetry at carbon paste electrode improved the limit of detection to 6.29ngmL−1. The validity of using this method in the determination of drug active ingredient in tablet formulations was also demonstrated.

Kinetics of dodecylbenzenesulphonate mineralisation by TiO2 photocatalysis

In this work, the kinetics of mineralisation of sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (DBS) by TiO2 photocatalysis has been studied. Although several works have studied the kinetics of photodegradation of the primary pollutant, the formation of organic intermediates brings a worse situation when those compounds are hardly oxidised. Total mineralisation is thus the desired objective in any oxidation process, being the kinetics a good indicator of the process efficacy. Working between 50mgL−1 and 200mgL−1 of DBS and catalyst loadings between 0.5gL−1 and 5gL−1, the mineralisation kinetics of DBS degradation by TiO2 photocatalysis has been experimentally and theoretically analysed. The mineralisation kinetic curves presented two different zones with different slopes, the second one attributed to the intermediate compounds and with a lower rate. Data in the two zones fitted to second order kinetic models with different values of the kinetic parameters. Additionally, the kinetics of DBS removal has also been analysed observing that kinetic data corresponding to high surfactant concentration followed a second order trend similar to the mineralisation results.

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate mediated tautomerism of Eriochrome Black-T: Effect of charge transfer interaction

Interaction between anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, (SDBS) and an anionic dye Eriochrome Black-T, (EBT) has been investigated by visible spectroscopy, conductometry, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Spectral changes of EBT observed on addition of SDBS indicate formation of quinone-hydrazone tautomer at pH 7.0, whereas in absence of SDBS this change appears at pH ∼ 9.45. However, at pH 7.0 this change in tautomerism is not observed in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Experimental results indicate presence of charge transfer interaction between less stable quinone-hydrazone tautomer of EBT and SDBS molecules, which is confirmed using Benesi–Hildebrand and Scott equations.

Self‐Assembled Graphene–Enzyme Hierarchical Nanostructures for Electrochemical Biosensing

AbstractThe self‐assembly of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) functionalized graphene sheets (GSs) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by electrostatic attraction into novel hierarchical nanostructures in aqueous solution is reported. Data from scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction demonstrate that the HRP–GSs bionanocomposites feature ordered hierarchical nanostructures with well‐dispersed HRP intercalated between the GSs. UV‐vis and infrared spectra indicate the native structure of HRP is maintained after the assembly, implying good biocompatibility of SDBS‐functionalized GSs. Furthermore, the HRP–GSs composites are utilized for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes (HRP–GSs electrodes). Electrochemical measurements reveal that the resulting HRP–GSs electrodes display high electrocatalytic activity to H2O2 with high sensitivity, wide linear range, low detection limit, and fast amperometric response. These desirable electrochemical performances are attributed to excellent biocompatibility and superb electron transport efficiency of GSs as well as high HRP loading and synergistic catalytic effect of the HRP–GSs bionanocomposites toward H2O2. As graphene can be readily non‐covalently functionalized by “designer” aromatic molecules with different electrostatic properties, the proposed self‐assembly strategy affords a facile and effective platform for the assembly of various biomolecules into hierarchically ordered bionanocomposites in biosensing and biocatalytic applications.

Adsolubilisation of organic compounds onto collagen fibres

Adsolubilisation has been defined as the incorporation to solid-water interfaces of molecules that do not adsorb spontaneously to such interfaces, but can be incorporated through an interaction with an adsorbing surfactant molecule. The aim of this work was to study the adsolubilisation of organic molecules with different hydrophobicity on collagen fibres. Hide powder collagen was treated under mild acidic aqueous conditions with an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate. Thereafter, five different organic molecules, i.e., benzyl alcohol, 2-naphtol, pararosaniline, hexamethylpararosaniline and nonylphenol with 10 mol ethylene oxide were separately applied to the treated collagen in order to study adsolubilisation as a function of their hydrophobicity. It was found that under acidic conditions all molecules were scarcely adsorbed or not adsorbed by the native hide powder collagen. However, all organic molecules, except benzyl alcohol, were adsolubilised if the hide powder collagen was previously treated with the anionic surfactant. The hydrophobicity of the molecules plays an important role in the adsolubilisation phenomenon with the result that the higher the hydrophobicity (nonylphenol with 10 mol ethylene oxide), the higher the adsolubilisation.

Spin‐ and Spray‐Deposited Single‐Walled Carbon‐Nanotube Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells

AbstractOrganic bulk‐heterojunction solar cells using thin‐film single‐walled carbon‐nanotube (SWCNT) anodes deposited on glass are reported. Two types of SWCNT films are investigated: spin‐coated films from dichloroethane (DCE), and spray‐coated films from deionized water using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) as the surfactant. All of the films are found to be mechanically robust, with no tendency to delaminate from the underlying substrate during handling. Acid treatment with HNO3 yields high conductivities &gt;1000 S cm−1 for all of the films, with values of up to 7694 ± 800 S cm−1 being obtained when using SDS as the surfactant. Sheet resistances of around 100 Ω sq−1 are obtained at reasonable transmission, for example, 128 ± 2 Ω sq−1 at 90% for DCE, 57 ± 3 Ω sq−1 at 65% for H2O:SDS, and 68 ± 5 Ω sq−1 at 70% for H2O:SDBS. Solar cells are fabricated by successively coating the SWCNT films with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a blend of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1‐(3‐methoxy‐carbonyl)‐propyl‐1‐phenyl‐(6,6)C61 (PCBM), and LiF/Al. The resultant devices have respective power conversions of 2.3, 2.2 and 1.2% for DCE, H2O:SDS and H2O:SDBS, with the first two being at a virtual parity with reference devices using ITO‐coated glass as the anode (2.3%).

Determination of Protein by Fluorescence Enhancement of Curcumin in Lanthanum-Curcumin-Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate-Protein System

We found that the fluorescence intensity of the lanthanum (La(3+))-curcumin (CU) complex can be highly enhanced by proteins in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). Based on this finding, a new fluorimetric method for the determination of protein was developed. Under optimized conditions, the enhanced intensities of fluorescence are quantitatively in proportion to the concentrations of proteins in the range 0.0080-20.0 μg·mL(-1) for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.00080-20.0 μg·mL(-1) for human serum albumin (HSA) with excitation of 425 nm, and 0.00020-20.0 μg·mL(-1) for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.00080-20.0 μg·mL(-1)for human serum albumin (HSA) with excitation of 280 nm, while corresponding qualitative detection limits (S/N ≥ 3) are as low as 5.368, 0.573, 0.049, 0.562 µg·mL(-1), respectively. Study on reaction mechanism reveals that proteins can bind with La(3+), CU and SDBS through self-assembling function with electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals forces, etc. The proteins form a supermolecular association with multilayer structure, in which La(3+)-CU is clamped between BSA and SDBS. The unique high fluorescence enhancement of CU is resulted through synergic effects of favorable hydrophobic microenvironment provided by BSA and SDBS, and efficient intermolecular energy transfer among BSA, SDBS and CU. In energy transfer process, La(3+) plays a crucial role because it not only shortens the distance between SDBS and CU, but also acts as a "bridge" for transferring the energy from BSA to CU.

Polyaniline and poly(m‐toluidine) prepared by inverse emulsion pathway as corrosion inhibitors in surface coatings

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine the synthesis of polyaniline (PAn) and poly(m‐toluidine) (PmT) via an inverse emulsion polymerisation pathway and evaluate of the synthesised polymers as corrosion inhibitors for steel protection in surface coatings.Design/methodology/approachPAn and PmT were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerisation using ammonium persulphate as an initiator and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as an emulsifier. Spectrophotometric measurements were conducted to characterise the prepared polymers. Latex paint formulations were prepared and dry paint films were evaluated for their physical, mechanical and corrosion protection performance.FindingsThe prepared conducting polymers of PAn and PmT are good candidates for enhancing the corrosion protection of steel. They showed good performance as corrosion inhibitors in latex paints without bad side effects on the physico‐mechanical properties of paint films.Practical implicationsRecent advances in corrosion protection of steel by coatings via inverse emulsion polymerisation of aniline and m‐toluidine have improved performance of anti‐corrosive water‐borne paints. Using formulations based on this new technology, offer uncompromised high performance eco‐friendly anti‐corrosive water‐borne systems that answer the future industrial demands from the economical and environmental points of view.Originality/valuePAn and PmT prepared by inverse emulsion polymerisation showed promising results as corrosion inhibitors for steel protection. The polymerisation process was conducted in water (emulsion polymerisation) and the polymer lattices were incorporated in water borne paints from ecological and economical points of view.