Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid Sodium Research Articles

Enrichment of surfactant from its aqueous solution using ultrasonic atomization

Dilute aqueous solutions of dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS-Na) and polyoxyethylenenonylphenyl ethers (PONPEs) were ultrasonically atomized. The surfactants were concentrated in collected mist droplets. The enrichment ratio increased with decreasing surfactant concentration. Depending on the surfactant’s molecular weight and affinity to water, different enrichment ratio was observed in the range of low feed concentrations. For anionic surfactant, DBS-Na, the enrichment ratio was significantly improved by KCl addition and a peak appeared on the plot of the ratio against KCl concentration. Addition of NaCl or CaCl 2 · 2H 2O to the surfactant solution also enhanced the enrichment ratio; however, the effect was relatively small. Such behaviors of the ratio were interpreted as enhanced interfacial adsorption of the surfactant and a lack of supply of surfactant monomers from liquid bulk because of slow breaking of surfactant micelles. Time required for collecting an amount of mist was also observed. Among the three salt systems, the time for KCl system was twice as long as others. This fact suggested that the formation of smaller droplets in KCl system.

Synthesis and characterization of water soluble polypyrrole doped with functional dopants

Several soluble polypyrroles (Ppys) in organic solvents were prepared using functional dopants [di(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinic acid sodium salt (NaDEHS), butylnaphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaBNS), or dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaDBSA)] as previously described, and the resulting soluble Ppys were treated with chlorosulfonic acid to provide chlorosulfonyl (–SO 2Cl) group functionalized Ppys. Subsequent treatment of these polymers with hot water yielded sulfonic acid (SO 3H)-bearing water soluble polypyrroles [Ppy(SO 3H)–DEHS, Ppy(SO 3H)–BNS, Ppy(SO 3H)–DBSA]. The extent of sulfonylation was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis and was proportional to the solubilities of the precursor polymers in organic solvent. Out of the series, Ppy(SO 3H)–DEHS powder showed the highest solubility (∼4% (w/v)) in water and film conductivity of ∼5×10 −1 S/cm. The charge carrier mechanism in accordance with the temperature change followed the typical 3D VRH model by σ= σ 0 exp[−( T 0/ T) 1/ n+1 ] formula, the VRH model of Mott. The sulfonic acid derivatized water soluble Ppy films showed reasonable thermal stability up to ∼180 °C as tested by TGA, and chemical stability in a wide range of pH.

Magnetic and conductive Fe 3O 4–polyaniline nanoparticles with core–shell structure

Magnetic and conducting Fe 3O 4–polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles with core–shell structure have been prepared in the presence of Fe 3O 4 magnetic fluid in aqueous solution containing dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (NaDS) as a surfactant and dopant. The conductivity of the composites at room temperature depended on Fe 3O 4 content and doping degree. The magnetic properties of the resulting composites showed ferromagnetic behavior, such as high-saturated magnetization ( M s=4.22–48.4 emu/g) and high coercive force ( H c=8–55.3 Oe). The saturated magnetization increased with the increasing Fe 3O 4 content. A structural characterization by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron micrograph (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), proved that nanometer-sized Fe 3O 4 (20–30 nm) in the composites was attributed to the ferromagnetic behavior of the composites. The average size of Fe 3O 4–polyaniline nanoparticles with core–shell structure was about 80 nm, and polydisperse. The results of TG, IR and UV spectra indicated that Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles could improve the composite thermal stability possibly due to the interaction between Fe 3O 4 particles and polyaniline backbone.

Synthesis and evolution of rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers to ZnO nanoparticles

A new route has been developed to prepare rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers using dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS) as a template. Rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers with diameters of 200–300 nm and lengths in the range of 5–20 µm were prepared successfully. The structure and morphology changes on heat treatment of the as-prepared product were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). By heating the rod-like nano-scaled ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers below 280 °C, rod-like anhydrous nano-scaled β-ZnC2O4 whiskers with several small holes were obtained. On increasing the temperature to 500 °C, the rod-like nano-scaled whiskers broke into ZnO nanoparticles with diameters of 50–60 nm and display wurtzite crystal structure. On heating the products to 1280 °C, the particles gradually melted into each other to form blocks with smooth surfaces which keep the same phase structure. When we compare the products of this method with the crystalline octahedron ZnC2O4·2H2O prepared in aqueous solution, we can conclude that the surfactant DBS plays a pivotal role in the shape and structure formation. ZnC2O4·2H2O whiskers were formed in a microreactor formed by DBS, thus the size and shape of the microreactor determines and limits the product’s shape and diameter as well as the temperature.

STUDYING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AN ARABIAN HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND ALKALINE SOLUTIONS

ABSTRACT An experimental study to examine the effectiveness of alkaline flooding for the recovery of an Arabian heavy crude oil is presented. The interfacial tension (IFT) behavior of crude oil/alkali systems over a wide range of parameters (pressure, temperature, alkali concentration and time) was studied. These alkaline reagents react with the acidic species in crude oil to form surface-active soaps in-situ. This leads to a lowering of interfacial tension (IFT) and subsequently the mobilization of residual oil. The equilibrium IFTs obtained through alkaline flooding are compared with the IFTs when a synthetic surfactant (dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt) is used in EOR recovery. A mathematical model representing the complete chemistry of the transient process is also presented. The model consists of a set of differential equations describing reactions, diffusion, and adsorption at the oil/alkaline solution interface. The kinetic parameters in the model are obtained through a differential algebraic optimization technique. The concentration of the surface active species are related to the measured IFTs through an independent step that is based on isolating the surface active species formed by the reaction between the acids in the crude oil and the alkaline solution. A sensitivity analysis using the model is carried out to study the effect of surface potential and alkaline concentration on the transient interfacial tensions.

Efficacy of Two Acidified Chlorite Postmilking Teat Disinfectants with Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid on Prevention of Contagious Mastitis Using an Experimental Challenge Protocol

Two acidified sodium chlorite postmilking teat disinfectants were evaluated for efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae by using National Mastitis Council experimental challenge procedures. The effect of these teat dips on teat skin and teat end condition was also determined. Both dips contained 0.32% sodium chlorite, 1.32% lactic, and 2.5% glycerin. Dips differed in the amount of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (0.53 or 0.27%) added as a surfactant. Both dips significantly reduced new intramammary infection (IMI) rates compared with undipped controls. The dip containing 0.53% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid reduced new IMI by Staph. aureus by 72% and Strep. agalactiae by 75%. The dip containing 0.27% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid reduced new IMI by Staph. aureus by 100% and by Strep. agalactiae by 88%. Changes in teat skin and teat end condition for treatment and control groups varied in parallel over time. Teats treated with either teat dip had higher mean teat skin and teat end scores than control teats at some weeks. However, teat skin and teat end condition did not tend to change from the start to the completion of the trial. Application of the two new postmilking teat dips was effective in reducing new IMI from contagious mastitis pathogens.

Synthesis of Exfoliated PMMA/Na-MMT Nanocomposites via Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization

PMMA/Na-MMT nanocomposites were synthesized through a soap-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). A conventional anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (DBS-Na), was also used to compare with AMPS in the interaction with pristine Na-MMT. Both surfactants were intercalated into the layers of the pristine Na-MMT dispersed in water before polymerization. The nanocomposites with AMPS were exfoliated during polymerization because AMPS made the polymer end-tethered on pristine Na-MMT. The nanocomposites were exfoliated up to the 10 wt % content of pristine Na-MMT relative to the amount of MMA. The molecular weight of PMMA obtained from the nanocomposite with AMPS decreased, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) and storage modulus (E‘) of the nanocomposites became higher as the amount of Na-MMT increased.

Influence of some environmental substances on atrazine adsorption in Baiyangdian lake area soil

Soil environmental substances such as humic acids, nitrates and other organic substances, are major factors affecting adsorption of atrazine in soils. In this paper, the influence of humic acid (HA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (SDBS) and NH4NO3 on atrazine adsorption by soils was studied through batch equilibrium procedures and adsorption isotherm methods. The results showed that the Freundlich equation can be used to describe the adsorption isotherm of atrazine in soils. It can be found that the HA and SDBS enhance in varying degrees the adsorption capacity of atrazine in soil, except for NH4NO3.

Development of an in situ soil binding agent

This paper describes the use of water glass and calcium chloride as a complex base binding agent for in situ soil stabilization. Four kinds of dust samples were used as the penetration and silicification mediums. Three surfactants were used as the penetration aiding agents and individually added to the solutions of water glass and calcium chloride for increasing their penetration ability. The test results show that the suitable concentration of the penetration aiding agents is about 0.3%, if the solutions are applied to wetting dust. The penetration ability of the solutions in the dust samples increases by 24–47%. The surface tension of the solutions after individually adding the penetration aiding agents can be effectively reduced, but it has no strict relationship with the penetration ability of the solutions. To increase the penetration depth in the dust samples in a shorter time, water glass solution should penetrate first and then calcium chloride solution. The penetration aiding agents can greatly improve the penetration ability of the base binding agent solutions in the dust samples with poor wetting property. However, the penetration ability also depends on other physical and chemical properties of the dust samples. Using the penetration aiding agent, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, with 0.3% concentration, the penetration time of water glass and calcium chloride solutions with 5, 15 and 25% concentrations can reduce by 29, 46 and 62%, respectively.

An Acid-Induced Phase Cloud Point Separation Approach Using Anionic Surfactants for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Organic Compounds

The acid-induced liquid−liquid phase separation of anionic surfactants in aqueous solutions, and its applicability to cloud point extraction methodology, were examined. The phase diagrams obtained (e.g., [HCl] vs [surfactant]) consisted of three regions: a homogeneous liquid region, two coexisting isotropic phases, and a solid region. The breadth of each region was found to depend on the surfactant structure. The behavior of each phase was also examined in relation to temperature and added salts. The anionic surfactants investigated were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (SDBSA), sodium dodecanesulfonic acid (SDSA), and sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT). The use of anionic surfactant-mediated phase separations provided very high extraction efficiencies (80−100%) for pyrene in aqueous samples and various PAHs in a certified reference material (dried sewage sludge). The preconcentration factor achieved was found to be a function of both surfactant and acid concentrati...

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition of anion surfactants on aluminium surface in hydrochloric acid

The adsorption and corrosion inhibition of the anion surfactants such as Dodecyl Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt (DSASS), Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt (DBSASS) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) on the aluminium surface in hydrochloric acid solution was studied using the weight loss method. It was found that the adsorption of surfactants could prevent aluminum from weight loss and the adsorption accorded with Langmuir equation. The thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption heat, adsorption entropy and adsorption free energy were calculated and the changes of the contact angles of aluminum sheets with and without surfactants were determined. According to the above mentioned experimental results, the relations between the adsorption and corrosion inhibition of the anion surfactants on aluminium surface were discussed.

Properties of Flame-Retarding Blends of Polycarbonate and Poly(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene)

Abstract Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal degradation profile, morphology, and tensile strength and elongation at break of the flame-retarding polycarbonate (PC)-poly(acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene) (ABS) (7/3) blends were studied. The flame retardants used were huntite-hydromagnetite compounds (HHM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide. The LOI values were increased with the increase of TPP content, but they did not change significantly when the HHM was used as a flame retardant Glass transition temperatures of the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends were decreased significantly when TPP was added to the blends. This is mainly due to the plasticizing effect of the TPP on the PC-ABS (7/3) blends. In the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends, the LOI value, tensile strength, and elongation at break were measured and found to be 24.6 - 31.6%, 41.4 - 50.3 MPa, and 2.16 - 33.7%, respectively. These LOI values and mechanical properties were achieved when the TPP, zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide were used as flame retardants, and when dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt and dimethylsulfone were used as additives into the PC-ABS (7/3) blends.

Effect of Binary Surfactant Mixtures on the Stability of Asphalt Emulsions

The interfacial tension (IFT) of different asphalt components (aromatics, waxes, resins and asphaltenes) as 10% solutions in kerosene against different surfactant solution systems has been measured. The data revealed that both asphaltenes and waxes increased the IFT while aromatics and resins decreased it. The former two components are believed to destabilize asphalt emulsions, on the other hand, the latter two components facilitate asphalt emulsion formation and stability. A correlation between the rheological properties of the prepared asphalt emulsions by different binary and single surfactants mixtures and the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The flow curves of the different emulsion formulations clarified that the rheograms were found to attain plastic properties. The yield values, τB and plastic, and apparent viscosities, ξpl and ξapp respectively, were determined from these plots. The results showed that the enhancement of the rheological properties of the asphalt emulsions using different binary surfactant systems were in the following order: dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DDBS-Na)/decyl phenol ethoxylate e.o.= 15 (DPE-15)>1,1′ (lauryl amido)-propyl ammonium chloride (LAPAC)/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na>LAPAC. On the other hand, the order of emulsion stability is as follows: LAPAC>DDBS-Na/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na. The effect of the aqueous phase salinity up to 5% NaCl concentration on the stability of asphalt emulsions stabilized by different surfactant solutions systems is discussed. © 1997 SCI.

Effect of Binary Surfactant Mixtures on the Stability of Asphalt Emulsions

The interfacial tension (IFT) of different asphalt components (aromatics, waxes, resins and asphaltenes) as 10% solutions in kerosene against different surfactant solution systems has been measured. The data revealed that both asphaltenes and waxes increased the IFT while aromatics and resins decreased it. The former two components are believed to destabilize asphalt emulsions, on the other hand, the latter two components facilitate asphalt emulsion formation and stability. A correlation between the rheological properties of the prepared asphalt emulsions by different binary and single surfactants mixtures and the stability of the emulsion was investigated. The flow curves of the different emulsion formulations clarified that the rheograms were found to attain plastic properties. The yield values, τB and plastic, and apparent viscosities, ξpl and ξapp respectively, were determined from these plots. The results showed that the enhancement of the rheological properties of the asphalt emulsions using different binary surfactant systems were in the following order: dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt (DDBS-Na)/decyl phenol ethoxylate e.o.= 15 (DPE-15)>1,1′ (lauryl amido)-propyl ammonium chloride (LAPAC)/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na>LAPAC. On the other hand, the order of emulsion stability is as follows: LAPAC>DDBS-Na/DPE-15>DPE-15>DDBS-Na. The effect of the aqueous phase salinity up to 5% NaCl concentration on the stability of asphalt emulsions stabilized by different surfactant solutions systems is discussed. © 1997 SCI.

The Determination of the Adsorption of an Ionic Surfactant on Latex from Conductivity Measurements

The adsorption isotherm of NaDBS, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, on polystyrene latex is determined from conductivity data. A previously published procedure (Zwetsloot, J. P. H., and Leyte, J. C., J. Colloid Interface Sci.163, 362 (1994)) to calculate the conductivity of a well-defined latex dispersion is inverted to determine the amount of adsorbed surfactant which is the only free parameter in the method. A quickly obtainable conductometric titration curve yields an isotherm in agreement with earlier results as reported by Paxton (Paxton, T. R., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 31, 19 (1969)).

Estimation of critical micellar concentration through ultrasonic velocity measurements

AbstractA technique based on ultrasound propagation velocity measurements has been developed to investigate surfactant's behavior in aqueous solutions. Applications to the estimation of the critical micellar concentration of two emulsifiers, sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, and a mixture of them are discussed. A simple model was developed to interpret the experimental ultrasound propagation velocity measurements. The model provides a theoretical foundation to the experimental results as well as a valuable tool for smoothing out the disturbances affecting the experimental data. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Third-derivative spectrophotometric determination of neodymium and erbium in mixed rare earths with 2-(diphenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione and dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt

The absorption spectra of 4f electron transitions of neodymium and erbium complexes with 2-(diphenylacetyl)indan-1,3-dione and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt have been studied by normal and derivative spectrophotometry. The use of third-derivative spectra both eliminates the interference from other REEs and enhances the sensitivity for neodymium and erbium. Beer's law is obeyed for ⩽21.6 µg cm–3 of neodymium and ⩽25.1 µg cm–3 of erbium. The detection limits (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2) are 0.28 and 0.77 µg cm–3 for neodymium and erbium, respectively. A method for the direct determination of neodymium and erbium in mixed REEs and lanthanide–based samples with good accuracy and selectivity is described.

Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by sorghum root tips during concomitant exposure to several surfactants

Abstract Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by 1‐cm root tips of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv GP‐10] was significantly decreased by 16 mg/L lignosulfonic acid‐calcium salt; decreased by 5 mg/L but stimulated by 20 mg/L dodecylbenzenesulfonic acidsodium salt; decreased by >5 mg/L poly‐vinylpyrillidone K‐30; and stimulated by silica‐sodium salt (1 mg/L). These responses to common adjuvants indicate that the term “inert”; may be inaccurate.

Embryotoxic effects of environmental chemicals: Tests with the South African clawed toad ( Xenopus laevis)

In the course of the investigations reported below, it was shown that p-chloroaniline has a lethal effect on the embryos of Xenopus laevis at a concentration of 100 ppm and is development inhibiting (teratogenic) at concentrations of 1 and 10 ppm, respectively. In the case of aniline, a significant development-inhibiting effect was observed at a concentration as low as 1 ppm. A toxic effect was caused by concentrations between 30 and 40 ppm during embryogenesis and by concentrations above 40 ppm during larval development. A very conspicuous finding was an inhibiting effect of 20 to 40 ppm aniline on pigmentation during embryogenesis and of a concentration as low as 1 ppm on the body size of the young toads. In the case of potassium dichromate, it was possible to barely detect a weak development-inhibiting effect during embryogenesis but no development-retarding effect during larval development. Toxic effects of potassium dichromate occurred during embryogenesis at concentrations of 5 and 7.5 ppm and during the larval development at concentrations above 10 ppm. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid at a concentration of 50 ppm was found to have such a strong embryolethal effect that 80% of the eggs showed no cell division at all and the remaining 20% developed to only the bicellular stage. A teratogenic effect of this substance was not observed. Phenol, too, was found to be toxic at a concentration of 50 ppm; in contrast to sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, however, it did not show any lethal effect on the embryos but it did on the tadpoles, mainly in the first stages of larval development. Lower concentrations of phenol (5 and 10 ppm) had a nonsignificant inhibiting effect on the growth of the larvae. A teratogenic effect of phenol was not detected.