Diethyldithiocarbamate Research Articles

Copper Deposition in Polydopamine Nanostructure to Promote Cuproptosis by Catalytically Inhibiting Copper Exporters of Tumor Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Cuproptosis is an emerging programmed cell death, displaying great potential in cancer treatment. However, intracellular copper content to induce cuproptosis is unmet, which mainly ascribes to the intracellular pumping out equilibrium mechanism by copper exporter ATP7A and ATP7B. Therefore, it is necessary to break such export balance mechanisms for desired cuproptosis. Mediated by diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC) coordination, herein a strategy to efficiently assemble copper ions into polydopamine nanostructure (PDA-DTC/Cu) for reprogramming copper metabolism of tumor is developed. The deposited Cu2+ can effectively trigger the aggregation of lipoylated proteins to induce cuproptosis of tumor cells. Beyond elevating intracellular copper accumulation, PDA-DTC/Cu enables to break the balance of copper metabolism by disrupting mitochondrial function and restricting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy supply, thus catalytically inhibiting the expressions of ATP7A and ATP7B of tumor cells to enhance cuproptosis. Meanwhile, the killed tumor cells can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) to stimulate the immune response. Besides, PDA-DTC/Cu NPs can promote the repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs ) to relieve the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIME). Collectively, PDA-DTC/Cu presented a promising "one stone two birds" strategy to realize copper accumulation and inhibit copper export simultaneously to enhance cuproptosis for 4T1 murine breast cancer immunotherapy.

In situ generation of copper(Ⅱ)/diethyldithiocarbamate complex through tannic acid/copper(Ⅱ) network coated hollow mesoporous silica for enhanced cancer chemodynamic therapy

The Cu2+ complex formed by the coordination of disulfiram (DSF) metabolite diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC), Cu(DTC)2, can effectively inhibit tumor growth. However, insufficient Cu2+ levels in the tumor microenvironment can impact tumor-suppressive effects of DTC. In this study, we proposed a Cu2+ and DSF tumor microenvironment-targeted delivery system. This system utilizes hollow mesoporous silica (HMSN) as a carrier, after loading with DSF, encases it using a complex of tannic acid (TA) and Cu2+ on the outer layer. In the slightly acidic tumor microenvironment, TA/Cu undergoes hydrolysis, releasing Cu2+ and DSF, which further form Cu(DTC)2 to inhibit tumor growth. Additionally, Cu2+ can engage in a Fenton-like reaction with H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment to form OH, therefore, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and Cu(DTC)2 are used in combination for tumor therapy. In vivo tumor treatment results demonstrated that AHD@TA/Cu could accumulate at the tumor site, achieving a tumor inhibition rate of up to 77.6 %. This study offers a novel approach, circumventing the use of traditional chemotherapy drugs, and provides valuable insights into the development of in situ tumor drug therapies.

Screening stabilisers for cyanoenone triterpenoid TX101 in rat plasma samples by simultaneous analysis of parent drug and the epoxidation product.

In the development of bioanalytical methods, stabilizing drug molecules in biological matrices is crucial for ensuring reliable exposure data in pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic sample analyses. This study focuses on the evaluation of stabilizing effects on the synthetic triterpenoid TX101, a cyanoenone triterpenoid Nrf2 activator with known instability in plasma samples. The molecule's unsaturated double bond is susceptible to oxidation, either nonenzymatically via oxygen or enzymatically through cytochrome P450 enzyme-catalyzed epoxidation. The research explores the impact of antioxidants (L-ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite) and P450 enzyme inhibitors (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, memantine hydrochloride, 1-aminobenzotriazole) on TX101 stability in rat plasma samples. Results reveal that adding 2.5 mg/mL sodium sulfite or sodium metabisulfite effectively inhibits the nonenzymatic oxidation of TX101 to TX101-epoxide, while L-ascorbic acid shows minimal stabilizing effect. Among P450 enzyme inhibitors, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and memantine hydrochloride exhibit modest stabilizing effects, likely attributed to their antioxidant activity. The developed High-formance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, incorporating Supported Liquid Extraction for sample cleanup, allows simultaneous monitoring of TX101 and TX101-epoxide. Application of this method in a rat dose-range finding study confirms successful inhibition of TX101-epoxide formation in samples treated with sodium sulfite or sodium metabisulfite. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of stabilizers in preventing nonenzymatic oxidation reactions during sample storage, providing valuable insights for bioanalytical method development and validation.

Modifying Surface Termination by Bidentate Chelating Strategy Enables 13.77% Efficient Kesterite Solar Cells.

Surfaces display discontinuities in the kesterite-based polycrystalline films can produce large defect densities, including strained and dangling bonds. These physical defects tend to introduce electronic defects and surface states, which can greatly promote nonradiative recombination of electron-hole pairs and damage device performance. Here, an effective chelation strategy is reported to suppress these harmful physical defects related to unterminated Cu, Zn, and Sn sites by modifying the surface of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC). The conjoint theoretical calculations and experimental results reveal that the NaDDTC molecules can be coordinate to surface metal sites of CZTSSe films via robust bidentate chelating interactions, effectively reducing surface undercoordinated defects and passivating the electron trap states. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency of the NaDDTC-treated device is increased to as high as 13.77% under 100mW cm-2 illumination, with significant improvement in fill factor and open-circuit voltage. This surface chelation strategy provides strong surface termination and defect passivation for further development and application of kesterite-based photovoltaics.

Characterization and stabilization of incineration fly ash from a new multi-source hazardous waste co-disposal system: field-scale study on solidification and stabilization.

The multi-source hazardous waste co-disposal system, a recent innovation in the industry, offers an efficient approach for hazardous waste disposal. The incineration fly ash (HFA) produced by this system exhibits characteristics distinct from those of typical incineration fly ash, necessitating the use of adjusted disposal methods. This study examined the physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, heavy metal leaching concentration, and dioxin content of HFA generated by the new co-disposal system and compared them with those of conventional municipal waste incineration fly ash. This study investigated the solidification and stabilization of HFA disposal using the organic agent sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate combined with cement on a field scale. The findings revealed significant differences in the structure, composition, and dioxin content of HFA and FA; HFA contained substantially lower levels of dioxins than FA did. Concerning the heavy metal content and leaching; HFA exhibited an unusually high concentration of zinc, surpassing the permitted emission limits, making zinc content a critical consideration in HFA disposal. After stabilization and disposal, the heavy metal leaching and dioxin content of HFA can meet landfill disposal emission standards when a 1% concentration of 10% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and 150% silicate cement were employed. These results offer valuable insights into the disposal of fly ash resulting from incineration of mixed hazardous waste.

Self-supplying Cu2+ and H2O2 synergistically enhancing disulfiram-mediated melanoma chemotherapy.

Disulfiram (DSF) can target and kill cancer cells by disrupting cellular degradation of extruded proteins and has therefore received particular attention for its tumor chemotherapeutic potential. However, the uncontrollable Cu2+/DSF ratio reduces the efficacy of DSF-mediated chemotherapy. Herein, self-supplying Cu2+ and oxidative stress synergistically enhanced DSF-mediated chemotherapy is proposed for melanoma-based on PVP-coated CuO2 nanodots (CPNDs). Once ingested, DSF is broken down to diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC), which is delivered into a tumor via the circulation. Under the acidic tumor microenvironment, CPNDs produce sufficient Cu2+ and H2O2. DTC readily chelates Cu2+ ions to generate CuET, which shows antitumor efficacy. CuET-mediated chemotherapy can be enhanced by H2O2. Sufficient Cu2+ generation can guarantee the maximum efficacy of DSF-mediated chemotherapy. Furthermore, released Cu2+ can be reduced to Cu+ by glutathione (GSH) and O2- in tumor cells, and Cu+ can react with H2O2 to generate toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) via a Fenton-like reaction, promoting the efficacy of CuET. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that employing CPNDs instead of Cu2+ ions could enhance DSF-mediated melanoma chemotherapy, providing a simple but efficient strategy for achieving chemotherapeutic efficacy.

Exogenous spraying of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DIECA) increased the female to male ratio and seed production of buffalo grass

Exogenous spraying of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DIECA) increased the female to male ratio and seed production of buffalo grass

Feasibility of NDEA formation control from DEDTC in chlorination/chloramination by pre-ozonation: Mechanisms and influencing factors

N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which is the most toxic nitrosamine among the 9 detected species, has been widely detected in drinking water. Amines containing diethylamine (DEA) groups in the structure would generate NDEA during the disinfection processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of reducing NDEA formation from a commonly used dithiocarbamate pesticide sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) in subsequent chlorination and chloramination by pre-ozonation. The results demonstrated that NDEA could be generated directly during ozonation, its amounts increased from 0 to 14.34 μg/L with increasing ozone dosages (0–4 mg/L), which was higher than that chlorination (2.68 μg/L) and chloramination (4.91 μg/L) when the initial concentration of DEDTC was 20 μM. Pre-ozonation significantly raised NDEA formation from 2.68 to15.32 μg/L in subsequent chlorination; and that from 4.91 to 9.54 μg/L during subsequent chloramination processes. The addition of •OH scavenger tert-butanol (tBA) increased the production of NDEA from 8.14 to 20.80 μg/L during ozonation, and that from 6.76 to17.98 μg/L in O3/HClO process, 8.74 to 17.33 μg/L in O3/NH2Cl process. Except for NO3− and CO32−, most of the co-existing substances promoted NDEA generation from DEDTC under disinfection conditions. Based on the results of Gaussian theory calculations, GC/MS and UPLC-Q-TOFMS analysis, the influencing mechanisms of pre-ozonation on NDEA generation in the subsequent disinfection process were proposed. In addition, not only acute/chronic toxicity calculation but also luminescent bacteria test was performed to assess the possibility of pre-ozonation on the risk control of DEDTC. The research results fill a gap in the control of NDEA pollution and help to develop a safer ozone oxidation technology.

Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study on DDA/DDTC mixed collector co-adsorption on sulfidized smithsonite surfaces

The significance of zinc oxide ore as an important supplementary source to meet the growing demand for zinc resources has been underscored. In this study, a combination of dodecylamine (DDA) and sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) was employed as a mixed collector system to enhance the flotation of smithsonite. The utilization of the DDA/DDTC mixed collector led to a remarkable flotation performance improvement of nearly 30% compared to using 2 × 10-4 M DDA alone. The evidence for the synergistic effect of DDA and DDTC was demonstrated through measurements of adsorption capacity and zeta potential. Moreover, solution surface tension measurements indicated that the mixed collector system contributed to a decrease in surface tension. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to verify the simultaneous physisorption and chemisorption of DDA and DDTC on the sulfidized smithsonite surface. Additionally, the variation in contact angles demonstrated that the mixed collector effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity of smithsonite. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that DDTC and DDA undergo multilayer adsorption on the smithsonite (101) surface, with DDTC promoting the adsorption of DDA.

Revealing electron transfer mechanisms of microelectrolysis for pollutant degradation by a dual electrode approach

Microelectrolysis has been proven to be a practical technology for the catalytic elimination of pollutants in wastewater. This study presents a research method focusing on the demonstration of electron transfer in microelectrolysis through a dual-electrode unit. 2,4-Dichlorophenol, sodium isobutyl xanthate and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate were taken as the typical pollutants for degradation. The results of electrochemical tests and quantum chemical calculations indicated that the ΔG among electron transfer steps proceeding on cathodes is the internal factor deciding the electron flow kinetics between the anode and cathode. The electron transfer rate is influenced by the electron transfer step with a ΔGmax in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of the cathode process and is restricted by the number of active sites on the cathode surface. Organics that react with intermediates formed in electrochemical chain reactions promote the entire electron transfer process between the poles, while organics that increase cathode electronegativity have the opposite effect. The cathode products of ·OH, ⋅H, ⋅OOH/⋅O2—, and H2O2, which are derived from the ORR and HER processes, are important for pollutant degradation. Catalysts can be selected and designed based on the required active substance and solution chemical environment for the degradation of targeted contaminants. This study elucidates the electrode kinetics of microelectrolysis, which can be the inspirational basis for catalyst design and technology application.

Effect of combined use of melatonin and diethyldithiocarbamate on the N1E-115 cell line (a clone of cells from mouse neuroblastoma C-1300)

A study has been made on the effects of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and melatonin and their interaction on proliferative activity, the variation in cytosolic Ca2+, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production in the neuroblastoma N1E-115 cell line (a clone of cells from mouse neuroblastoma C-1300). This study showed that combined use of diethyldithiocarbamates and melatonin inhibited proliferation and enhanced cell differentiation. At the same time, the content of Bcl-2 decreased, while the content of Bax increased, that were likely to trigger an apoptotic cascade. However, the use of these two drugs in combination did not enhance the observed effects. Therefore, this study suggests that the mechanisms by which diethyldithiocarbamates and melatonin act are apparently different.

Evaluation of adsorption differences of DL-cysteine on sphalerite surfaces with different degrees of iron substitution: Experimental and DFT studies

Conventional flotation processes often employ cyanide as a depressant for sphalerite, posing environmental concerns. This study investigates the adsorption of 2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid (also known as DL-Cysteine) on sphalerite surfaces with varying degrees of Fe substitution using density functional theory calculations. The focus encompasses electronic properties, charge transfer, and orbital coordination. The potential of DL-cysteine as a sphalerite depressant was assessed and subsequently confirmed experimentally. Our findings indicate that Fe substitution increases the acidity of the mineral surface, thereby enhancing its reactivity to readily interact with the S, O, and N atoms abundant in lone-pair electrons. The Fe-substituted sphalerite surface primarily adsorbs DL-cysteine through interactions with -SH and –NH2 groups on Fe ions, in contrast to those on Zn ions. Analyses of the partial density of states and charge transfer confirm the spatial and orbital compatibility in the system. Moreover, micro-flotation tests, contact angle measurements, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy substantiate that DL-cysteine efficaciously adsorbs onto marmatite surfaces, thereby reducing their hydrophobicity. On the contrary, the adsorption strength of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate on the mineral surface is significantly weaker. Overall, the potent adsorption capability of DL-cysteine makes it a viable, eco-friendly depressant alternative for marmatite.

Response to oxidative stress generation in Rhodotorula glutinis and Candida tropicalis by thallium dithiocarbamate complexes

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (NaEt2dtc·3H2O) and sodium piperidine dithiocarbamate monohydrate (NaPidtc·H2O) reacted with thallium(I) carbonate to produce the complexes [Tl2(Et2dtc)2] C1 and [Tl2(Pidtc)2] C2. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complexes elucidated their triclinic P-1 and monoclinic P21/n space groups, respectively, in addition to chelation via SS atoms from the uninegative ligands. Further, this analysis revealed the complexes' assembly as one-dimensional polymers of dimeric building blocks. The complexes (50 µg/ml) caused greater growth inhibitions in two pathogenic yeasts comparing with the ligand salts and cycloheximide. The ligand salts, respectively, inhibited R. glutinis with 15.02 and 15.14 % and C. tropicalis with 11.09 and 11.45 %, while cycloheximide, C1 and C2 offered inhibitions with 26.16, 38.9 and 46.4 % in R. glutinis and 13.4, 29.8 and 38.9 % in C. tropicalis, respectively. Further, the thallium complexes significantly affected the yeasts' soluble proteins {cycloheximide, C1 and C2 afforded 7.06 ± 0.05, 6.11 ± 0.08 and 5.43 ± 0.05 mg/g fresh weight (for R. glutinis) and 7.67 ± 0.15, 7.26 ± 0.06 and 6.025 ± 0.14 mg/g fresh weight (for C. tropicalis)} and total antioxidants {cycloheximide, C1 and C2 afforded 10.15 ± 0.21, 11.27 ± 0.16 and 14.97 ± 1.3 mg/g protein (for R. glutinis) and 19.4 ± 0.65, 16.0 ± 0.24 and 17.19 ± 0.55 mg/g protein (for C. tropicalis)} in addition to the catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities.

Effect of DL-cysteine on the flotation behavior of jamesonite and marmatite: Experimental and DFT studies

Flotation is an effective separation technique for removing marmatite, a harmful impurity, from jamesonite. In this study, DL-cysteine (DL) was used as an eco-friendly flotation agent for the targeted separation of jamesonite from marmatite. Micro-flotation experiments, zeta potential measurement, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies show that DL can combine with metal ions on the surface of marmatite through chemical complexation, thereby selectively hindering the flotation of marmatite. The competitive adsorption of DL and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate on marmatite surface is the main factor leading to the change in marmatite floatability. The flotation coordination theory confirms that Fe2+ is the main active site on marmatite surface. π-back-bonding and σ-bonding are the main driving forces for the adsorption of DL on marmatite surface. Importantly, DL can be produced using animal hair as a raw material. It is, thus, a low-cost material with good environmental compatibility and high selectivity and a potential green depressant for marmatite flotation.

Matrix removal and enrichment of cadmium atnd lead in mineral‐rich samples using liquid‐liquid extraction and analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

AbstractThe present work aimed to study matrix removal and enrichment of cadmium and lead in samples containing highly mineral‐rich using liquid‐liquid extraction. Cadmium and lead were extracted by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) in pH 5.0 buffer solution (acetic acid/acetate) to chloroform. Cd and Pb in chloroform were re‐extracted to the aqueous phase by 1.5 M HNO3 and subsequently determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F–AAS). Mineral‐rich samples (soil, sediment, sea salt, etc.) containing various concentrations of interferent elements (Fe (8‐25%), Al (5‐20%), Cu (400‐500 ppm), Zn (300‐400 ppm), NaCl (up to ⁓100%)) were used to determine the effectiveness of matrix removal. Fe was found to form an undissolved complex with APDC and co‐extracted with Cd and Pb, deteriorating the extraction and following analysis manipulation. 8‐hydroxyquinoline was successfully used as a masking reagent to reduce the co‐extraction of Fe, Al, and other elements with Cd and Pb in the form of dithiocarbamate complexes. In this study, enrichment factors of 5 – 10 could be achieved (from 50 to 5 mL). The recoveries of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from spiked agricultural soil, tea–planted soil, basalt soil, forestry soil, livestock feed, and sea salt were 97‐101 % and 87‐92% for DDTC and APDC reagents, respectively. The detection limits of cadmium and lead in soil are 0.0069 and 0.072 μgg−1; in livestock feed, 0.0085 and 0.082 μgg−1; in sea salt, 0.0075 and 0.076 μgg−1, respectively The quantification limit of cadmium and lead in a soil sample is 0.023 and 0.24 μgg−1; in livestock feed of 0.028 and 0.27 μgg−1; and in sea salt of 0.025 and 0.25 mgKg−1, respectively. The proposed approach for matrix removal and pre‐concentration of cadmium and lead can also be applied for mineral‐rich samples with better analytical performances when higher sensitivity and multi‐element detection techniques such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are used.

Highly selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite by a novel dithiocarbamate collector with morpholine group

Efficient and selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite in copper-sulfur ores remains a challenging issue in mineral processing. In the present work, a newly-synthesized organic compound morpholine dithiocarbamate propylene ester (MDPE) was first developed as a flotation collector in the chalcopyrite-pyrite system. Microflotation results indicated that MDPE exhibited surpassing flotation selectivity for chalcopyrite against pyrite at low alkalinity (pH = 8.5) compared with traditional sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DTC). UV–vis spectra showed that MDPE was preferable to interact with Cu+ or Cu2+ rather than with Fe2+ or Fe3+. The results of zeta potential and FTIR spectra proved that MDPE had a stronger adsorption affinity towards chalcopyrite rather than pyrite. FTIR and XPS results confirmed that MDPE might chemically absorb on chalcopyrite surfaces by the formation of Cu-MDPE complexes with C-S-Cu structure.

Preparation of vanadyl sulfate electrolyte for vanadium flow battery from vanadium slag using calcium salt precipitation, sodium carbonate leaching and solvent extraction

The conventional process of recovering vanadium from vanadium slag produces residue and wastewater containing toxic V(V) and Cr(VI), which pollute the environment. To address this problem, herein, low valence vanadium (LVV) solution is produced from vanadium slag under controlled oxidation, additionally, V(IV), Fe(II), Cr(III), and Mn(II) are separated from the LVV solution through sodium diethyldithiocarbamate complexation (DDTC), based on previous studies. Subsequently, V(IV) is recovered as calcium salt of V(IV) (CaV2O5), which is subjected to sodium carbonate leaching and solvent extraction with Aliquat 336 in the form of tetramine to produce a high-purity VOSO4 solution. This solution serves as an electrolyte for the vanadium redox flow battery. During leaching, CaV2O5 is converted to CaCO3 as vanadium is recovered in solution up to 99.2%, wherein 88.2% vanadium is in the form of V(IV), thus indicating that vanadium is slightly oxidized after leaching for 60 min. Analysis of the leaching mechanism reveals that V(IV) is in the form of V4O92− and HV2O5− in the pregnant leach solution (PLS), and V(V) is in the forms of VO43−. After acidification with H2SO4, Aliquat 336 extracts V(IV) and V(V) via an anion-exchange mechanism, without adjusting the pH of the leach solution. Further, equations for the extraction and stripping reactions are deduced. The total vanadium extraction and stripping efficiencies exceed 99.3% and 97.2%, respectively. Finally, high-purity VOSO4 electrolyte is obtained after using activated carbon to remove organic, and the corresponding V(IV) ion concentration reaches 77.8 g/L. The cyclic voltammetry test results reveal identical electrochemical properties between the electrolyte product and commercial high-purity VOSO4. Therefore, this process of preparing high-purity VOSO4 electrolyte from vanadium slag without producing V(V) and Cr(VI) provides an effective method for comprehensively utilizing vanadium slag.

The effect of copper ions on the surface chemistry of galena in near-neutral and alkaline solution

In the process of flotation separation of copper-lead sulfide ores, the adsorption of copper ions on the galena surface often occurs, which poses a significant challenge in the separation of copper and lead. The adsorption mechanism of copper ions on the galena surface and its impact on the adsorption of the collectors (i.e., sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDTC) and sodium ethyl xanthate (NaEX)) at different pH levels (6.5, 9.5, and 12.5) with a copper ions coverage of 0.14 pseudo-monolayers, were studied using zeta potential measurements, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The obtained results showed that copper ions were primarily bonded to the S sites on the galena surface, forming Cu(I) sulfides, which could subsequently react with NaDDTC and NaEX to form cuprous diethyldithiocarbamate and cuprous xanthate, respectively. It was observed that the presence of copper ions affects the adsorption capacity of the collectors on the galena surface, depending on the type of collectors and the solution pH. Furthermore, the reactivity of the collectors with Pb sites on the galena surface may be reduced in the presence of copper ions.

Synthesis of In : SnO2/La4NiS7 via Diethyldithiocarbamate‐Assisted Spin Coating: A Promising Route for High‐Performance Transparent Photoelectrochemical Energy Storage and Generation

AbstractConstructing nanostructures that fully boost the performance of all metals while offering a positive inter‐particle effect among frameworks is an efficient approach for enhancing electrochemical effectiveness. Elongated In : SnO2/La4NiS7 structure is created using diethyl dithiocarbamate complex. Investigations were done on the material‘s surficial, crystallographical and electrochemical characters. The direct optical band gap as determined by UV‐visible analysis was 2.9 eV. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy presented La3d and Ni2p core level. Electrical investigations of the transparent photoactive electrode in a photoelectrochemical cell showed an exceptional specific capacity of 906 F ⋅ g−1 at 5 mV ⋅ s−1 under illumination. Transient chronoamperometric response of the photoelectrode presented 35.3 mA photocurrent generation. Greater photocurrents were achieved at all scan rates in the existence of light indicating that the exposure to light positively impacted the electrode's performance. Undoubtedly, this work proposed a beneficial photoelectrode that‘s applicable to systems that generate electricity from renewable sources.

EBR and JA regulate aroma substance biosynthesis in 'Ruidu Hongyu' grapevine berries by transcriptome and metabolite combined analysis.

Volatile compounds including terpenes, aldehyde, phenol, and alcohol are significantly contributed floral and fruity aromas to the Muscat variety. 'Ruidu Hongyu' grapevine is one of the newly developed grape varieties, and cultivation of this variety has been extended across China due to unique quality traits and taste. In this study, HS-SPME/GC-MS and transcriptome sequencing analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR), jasmonic acid (JA), and their signaling inhibitors brassinazole (Brz)/sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) on the biosynthesis of aroma substances in 'Ruidu Hongyu' grapevine. According to the results, exogenous BR and JA promoted the accumulation of various aroma substances, including hexenal, 2-hexenal, nerol oxide, vanillin, hotrienol, terpineol, neral, nerol, geraniol, and geranic acid. After EBR and JA treatments, most of the genes responsible for terpene, aldehyde, and alcohol biosynthesis expressed at a higher level than the CK group. Relatively, EBR treatment could not only promote endogenous BR biosynthesis and metabolism but also elevate BR signaling transduction. JA treatment contributed to endogenous JA and MeJA accumulation, as well. Through transcriptome sequencing, a total of 3043, 903, 1470, and 607 DEGs were identified in JA vs. JD, JA vs. CK, BR vs. CK, and BR vs. Brz, respectively. There were more DEGs under both EBR and JA treatments at late fruit ripening stages. The findings of this study increase our understanding regarding aroma substances biosynthesis and endogenous BR/JA metabolism in response to exogenous EBR and JA signals.