Cyclam Research Articles

Sucralose and acesulfame as an indicator of domestic wastewater contamination in Wuhan surface water.

Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are applied widely as sucrose substitutes in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal-care products, which results in their release into surface water. The occurrence of ASs in aquatic environments in China has rarely been reported. In this study, we determined the concentration of seven ASs in surface water and sediment samples from 16 lakes in Wuhan. The sum of the ASs concentration ranged from 0.89 to 20.6μg/L in the surface water, with a mean value of 4.96±5.16μg/L. The most abundant AS was sucralose (SUC), with a concentration from 0.33 to 18.0μg/L, followed by acesulfame (ACE) (0.40-2.78μg/L), saccharin (SAC) (<MDL to 1.86μg/L), and cyclamate (CYC) (<MDL to 2.22μg/L). SUC and ACE accounted for 90%±8% of the total ASs in the surface water. The Σ4 ASs sediment concentrations ranged from 1.71 to 6.49ng/g of the dry weight (dw, mean value 3.03±1.03ng/g dw). SAC, CYC, and ACE were detected in sediments (<MDL to 4.17ng/g dw), with SAC as the dominant AS. In surface water, the Σ4 ASs concentrations of Hanyang station were higher than those of Hankou, while the Σ4 ASs concentrations in sediment samples from different regions showed no significant difference. The ASs concentrations in the surface water and sediment in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Relatively higher concentrations and detected frequencies of SUC and ACE were found in surface water samples, whereas these two ASs were absent in background samples, which indicates that SUC and ACE can be used as potential indicators of wastewater contamination in Wuhan, China.

Feeding Response to Select Monosaccharides, Sugar Alcohols, and Artificial Sweeteners Relative to Sucrose in Adult House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

Use of insecticidal baits risks the evolution of resistance to the feeding stimulant in the bait, not just to the active ingredient (toxicant). Sucrose-based baits are widely used against house flies, Musca domestica L. The baits are applied as dry granules, but readily liquefy. The proboscis extension reflex (PER) and consumption of alternative sweeteners, dry or in solution, were examined. Fructose, glucose, and xylitol merit further study as alternatives to sucrose. Dry, fructose, glucose, and xylitol elicited PER much more than sucrose, although not when in solution. Furthermore, dry or in solution, females and males ate as much or more fructose as sucrose. In solution, flies ate as much glucose as sucrose; although when dry, consumption was much less for glucose than sucrose. Dry, xylitol elicited as much consumption as sucrose for females, though less for males. In solution, for both sexes, xylitol elicited less consumption than sucrose did. Acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, and sucralose do not look promising as they did not often elicit PER, whether dry or in solution. Erythritol also does not look promising. Erythritol elicited PER no more than sucrose did when dry and elicited PER much less than sucrose when in solution. Flies ate much less erythritol than sucrose whether dry or in solution.

Biodegradability assessment of food additives using OECD 301F respirometric test.

The ready biodegradability of twenty food additives, belonging to the classes of artificial sweeteners, natural sweeteners, preservatives and colorings, was investigated using activated sludge as inoculum and OECD 301F respirometric test. According to the results, saccharin, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid and sodium ascorbate are characterized as readily biodegradable compounds, partial biodegradation (<60% during the test) was noticed for steviol, inulin, alitame, curcumin, ponceau 4R and tartrazine, while no biodegradation was observed for the other five compounds. The duration of lag phase before the start of biodegradation varied between the target compounds, while their ultimate biodegradation half-life values ranged between 0.7 ± 0.1 days (benzoic acid) and 24.6 ± 1.0 days (curcumin). The expected removal of target compounds due to ultimate biodegradation mechanism was estimated for a biological wastewater treatment system operated at a retention time of one day and percentages higher than 40% were calculated for sodium cyclamate, potassium sorbate and benzoic acid. Higher removal percentages are expected in full-scale Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) due to the contribution of other mechanisms such as sorption to suspended solids, (bio)transformation and co-metabolic phenomena. Further biodegradation experiments should be conducted under different experimental conditions for the food additives that did not fulfill the requirements of the applied protocol. Future studies should also focus on the occurrence and fate of food colorants and natural sweeteners in full-scale STPs.

Study on Processing Technology of Low Sugar Rose Jam

Taking fresh rosa rugosa as raw material, the health and nutrient low-sugar rosa rugosa sauce was developed and the processing technology of low-sugar rosa rugosa sauce was studied in this paper, thus providing safe options for the crowd who are not suitable for sugar products. The recipe of low-sugar rosa rugosa sauce and its optimum process were determined via single factor test, orthogonal analysis and sensory evaluation. The test results show that the low-sugar rosa rugosa sauce whose ratio includes 40g fresh rosa rugosa, 0.4g xanthan gum, 2.1g sodium cyclamate and 100g water has obtained the best quality.

Organoleptic excipients used in pediatric antibiotics

Taste is a crucial factor that determines the palatability of the oral dosage form and patient compliance. ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to evaluate the organoleptic excipients in oral antibiotics for pediatric use marketed in Brazil. MethodsThe information was obtained from the GuidetoPharmacy, a reference for the pharmaceutical trade. The analysis included dosage forms for oral administration and drugs and their combination with antibacterial action. After this survey, we identified the constitution of the flavoring, sweetening, and coloring agents of each medicine. The results are presented in a descriptive form. ResultsTwelve drugs or associations are distributed in 70medicines. Oral suspension was the most common pharmaceutical dosage form. Sweeteners were sucrose, sodium saccharin, and sodium cyclamate. All the coloring agents observed are synthetic and the most frequent ones were yellow twilight no. 6, yellow tartrazine no. 5, and red ponceau 4R. The presence of two or more types of flavorings per medicine was observed. ConclusionAntibacterials use coloring agents, flavorings, and sweeteners to facilitate the administration of medicines for children, using up to six different substances per formulation. No natural coloring agent was observed, demonstrating an issue to be explored in the future. It is important to note that, although necessary, these excipients are responsible for a high incidence of allergic reactions in children.

Pattern Recognition of Sweeteners in Biological Fluids, Beverages, and Ketchup using Stochastic Sensors

AbstractThree stochastic sensors based on nanodiamond (nDP) paste modified with α, β, and γ‐cyclodextrin were designed and characterized for pattern recognition of aspartame, acesulfame K and sodium cyclamate in beverages, ketchup, and biological fluids. The linear concentration ranges obtained for acesulfame K (between 1.00×10−10 mol L−1and 1.00×10−3 mol L−1), for aspartame (between 1.00×10−12 mol L−1 and 1.00×10−3 mol L−1) and for sodium cyclamate (between 4.97×10−12 mol L−1 and 4.97×10−3 mol L−1) allow their assay in biological fluids, beverages and ketchup. The lowest limits of quantification were obtained using the stochastic sensor based on γ‐CD/nDP: for acesulfame K 1.00×10−10 mol L−1, for aspartame 1.00×10−12 mol L−1 and for sodium cyclamate 4.97×10−12 mol L−1. All three stochastic sensors revealed very high values of sensitivities. The proposed method was reliable for qualitative and quantitative assay of aspartame, acesulfame K and sodium cyclamate in beverages, ketchup, and in biological fluids such as urine.

FTIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning approaches as a rapid tool for identification and quantification of artificial sweeteners

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy calibrations were developed to simultaneously determine the multianalytes of five artificial sweeteners, including sodium cyclamate, sucralose, sodium saccharin, acesulfame-K and aspartame. By combining the pretreatment of the spectrum and principal component analysis, 131 feature wavenumbers were extracted from the full spectral range for modelling to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Compared to random forest, k nearest neighbour and linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine model had better predictivity, indicating the most effective identification performance. Furthermore, multivariate calibration models based on partial least squares regression were constructed for quantifying any combinations of the five artificial sweeteners, and validated by prediction data sets. As shown by the good agreement between the proposed method and the reference HPLC for the determination of the sweeteners in beverage samples, a promising and rapid tool based on FTIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics, has been performed to identify and objectively quantify artificial sweeteners.

VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) PADA GRANUL EFFERVECSENT SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES

This study aims to product the preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) as antidiabetic using granulation method. This study was conducted using two formulas using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) 1% and 10%, PVP K30 4%, Sodium cyclamate 0.1%, citric acid 0.2965 gram, tartric acid 0.5931 gram and sodium bicarbonate 1.0083 gram. The test results of evaluation preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) showing that formulas 2 (two) is the best the result farmaceutic evaluation obtained with value Densitas Bulk = 2.82, Incompressible Density = 0.353, Carr’s Indeks = 17.12, Silent Angle = 19.79 0 , Flow Time = 0.7, Time of Stopping Foam = 1.15. The test results of antidiabetic at in vivo formulas 2 (two) preparation effevecsent granule of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) using male mice ( Mus musculus ) with weight 176.5 mg, Initial Glucose Level = 87.5, Initial Glucose Induction = 249.5 obtained time of giving theraphy of formula at first day = 248.5, second day = 133, five day = 109 and seven day = 75.5, so preparation effevecsent granule of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) effective as antidiabetic.

VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) PADA GRANUL EFFERVECSENT SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES

This study aims to product the preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) as antidiabetic using granulation method. This study was conducted using two formulas using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) 1% and 10%, PVP K30 4%, Sodium cyclamate 0.1%, citric acid 0.2965 gram, tartric acid 0.5931 gram and sodium bicarbonate 1.0083 gram. The test results of evaluation preparation effevecsent granule using variation of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) showing that formulas 2 (two) is the best the result farmaceutic evaluation obtained with value Densitas Bulk = 2.82, Incompressible Density = 0.353, Carr’s Indeks = 17.12, Silent Angle = 19.79 0 , Flow Time = 0.7, Time of Stopping Foam = 1.15. The test results of antidiabetic at in vivo formulas 2 (two) preparation effevecsent granule of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) using male mice ( Mus musculus ) with weight 176.5 mg, Initial Glucose Level = 87.5, Initial Glucose Induction = 249.5 obtained time of giving theraphy of formula at first day = 248.5, second day = 133, five day = 109 and seven day = 75.5, so preparation effevecsent granule of ethanol extract avocado seed ( Persea americana Mill . ) effective as antidiabetic.

Simultaneous determination of three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners in foodstuffs by capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection based on porous aromatic frameworks enhanced solid phase extraction

In this paper, a simple and easy method of solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is evaluated as a novel approach for the simultaneous determination of acesulfame-K (ACE), sodium saccharin (SAC), and sodium cyclamate (CYC) in foodstuffs without derivatization. To reduce the complex matrix interference resulting from the constituents of samples and enriched targets, porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) enhanced SPE, a suitable sample pretreatment procedure, was introduced. Several factors affecting extraction efficiency and electrophoretic separation were investigated. Additionally, the interaction mechanisms between the host (PAF-6) and guests (ACE, SAC, and CYC) were studied. Under the optimum conditions, three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners were baseline separated within 8 min, exhibiting a linear calibration over two orders of magnitude (R2 &gt; 0.995). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were considered better than those usually obtained by CE with ultraviolet and C4D detection. The proposed SPE–CE–C4D method has been successfully applied to analyse beverage samples and candied fruits with recoveries in the range of 78.89%–92.00%.

Interaction studies of sodium cyclamate with DNA revealed by spectroscopy methods.

The interaction between sodium cyclamate (SC) and calf thymus DNA in simulated physiological buffer (pH 7.4) using ethidium bromide (EB) as fluorescence probe was investigated by UV-vis spectrometry (UV), fluorescence, resonance light scattering (RLS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, along with DNA melting studies and cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. The results indicate that SC can not only bind into the minor groove of DNA, but also intercalate into the DNA Base pairs. Based on UV data, the binding constant K and binding sites n of the formed DNA/SC complex were estimated to be 2.83 × 103 mol/L and 2.0, respectively. Fluorescence results demonstrate that the quenching of DNA/EB induced by SC can mainly be attributed to static procedure. The melting studies and CV analysis further confirm that the interaction mechanism between the SC and DNA is similar to that of DNA intercalator.The results of FT-IR spectra show that a specific interaction mainly exist between SC and adenine and guanine bases of DNA, which resulting in potential damage due to some change in the information structure. The DNA saturation binding value estimated to be 1.67 based on the RLS data also indicated that SC may cause damage of DNA.

Selection of flavoring agents and primary packaging for the combined oral solution named «Maglycimet»

Aim. The main aim of research is selection of flavoring agents and primary packaging for a combined oral solution named «Maglycimet» based on theoretical and experimental. The solution consists of magnesium aspartate, magnesium glutamate, glycine and methylcobalamin.Methods. During the studying organoleptic, physicochemical and pharmaco-technological methods were used according to the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine and the European Pharmacopoeia. Results. We investigated a series of the obtained solution with various corrective agents and their concentrations in order to give the medicine pleasant organoleptic characteristics. In the course of research next sweeteners were used: sodium cyclamate with concentrations 0.05-0.15 %; saccharin sodium with concentrations 0.05-0.15 %; saccharin sodium and sorbitol in such ratios: 0.1 and 5 %, 0.1 and 8.5 %, 0.15 and 10 %; sucrose with concentrations 20-30 %. Studies were performed using methods of A.I. Tentsova and I.A. Egorov in three separate stages. At the first stage 12 series of solution with different sweeteners were obtained. Four of them were selected to the second stage. At the third stage the best one was chosen according to the evaluation of volunteers group. It turned out to be saccharin sodium with concentration 0.1 %. The following flavoring agents were also investigated: «cherry», «raspberry», and «peach» with concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 %. As a result of the research it was determined that the sample with the «cherry» flavoring agent with concentration 0.6 % had the best taste. 100 ml vials of orange glass and polyethylene terephthalate (two types) allowed for utilization in Ukraine were investigated as primary packaging. After 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months of solution storage in bottles monitoring of the main quality indicators was made. It was established that all types of packaging did not cause changes in the main indicators of the solution quality, beyond the design of quality control methods. This allows us to recommend all types of test vials.Conclusions. Sweetener saccharin sodium with concentration 0.1 % and a flavoring agent «cherry» with concentration of 0.6 % were chosen for the combined oral solution named «Maglycimet» based on the theoretical and experimental studies. Next types of bottles are recommended as a primary packaging: from orange glass and polyethylene terephthalate (two types)

Emerging contaminants in wastewater, stormwater runoff, and surface water: Application as chemical markers for diffuse sources

Diffuse sources of pollution such as sewer leakages, sewer overflows, illicit discharges and stormwater runoff affect the urban surface water quality but often remain unknown. Therefore, the development of chemical markers for identifying and characterizing the origin of diffuse sources of pollution in urban surface waters is a requisite for protecting and managing urban water resources. In this study, the occurrence of 31 emerging contaminants (ECs) in untreated wastewater, treated wastewater, urban stormwater runoff, agricultural stormwater runoff, and freshwater bodies was investigated. Artificial sweeteners (ASs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were more frequently detected in the collected water samples. In raw wastewater, 21 target ECs were detected 100% in the collected samples with median concentrations ranging from 49.6 to 77,721 ng/L, while in freshwater bodies, only 13 compounds were found with detection frequency >50%. The median concentration of the majority of detected ECs in freshwater samples was below 100 ng/L. The suitability of ECs as chemical markers of diffuse sources in an urban watershed was assessed using a suite of criteria, including the detection frequency (DF), detection ratio (DR) (i.e. the ratio between median concentration and method quantification limit of a compound) and attenuation rates (i.e., biodegradation, sorption and abiotic degradation) in wastewater treatment processes. In addition, we propose a new key criterion, the concentration ratio (CR) of labile to conservative compounds, to evaluate the applicability of suitable chemical markers for source tracking. Using this new set of criteria (i.e. CR, DF, DR and attenuation rates), our analysis showed that among the investigated ECs, only acesulfame (ACE), acetaminophen (ACT), cyclamate (CYC), saccharin (SAC) were suitable as chemical markers of diffuse sources in surface waters. For caffeine (CF), N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), crotamiton (CTMT), triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), their median concentration ratio to sucralose (SUC) in water bodies was consistently higher than that in raw wastewater, suggesting that these compounds might be unsuitable as chemical markers of sewage leakage in surface waters for this study area.

Evaluation of the effects of three sulfa sweeteners on the lifespan and intestinal fat deposition in C. elegans.

High sugar content in beverage or food can affect the aging process, and thus natural/artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes. However, whether sweeteners have such adverse effects as sugar remains to be clarified. Therefore, in the current study, three sulfa sweeteners, namely, saccharin sodium salt hydrate (SAC2), sodium cyclamate (CYC3) and acesulfame potassium (AceK4) were evaluated for their effects on the lifespan, deposition of lipofuscin, exercise activity, food intake, and intestinal fat deposition (IFD5) of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans6). It was shown that SAC at 0.3 and 10 mg/mL shortened the lifespan of C. elegans and impaired the exercise capacity, while at other concentrations no significant effects were observed. In contrast, CYC at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/mL prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. On the other hand, AceK at 1 mg/mL increased the lifespan of C. elegans, and could decrease both lipofuscin deposition and IFD in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicated that although SAC, CYC, and AceK all belong to the sulfa sweeteners, each has distinct effects on different physiological activities associated with aging, at least in C. elegans.

The choice of intense sweetener in the composition of medicated chewing gum under development

Considering the simplicity and ease of use, in recent years, more and more attention deserves medicated chewing gum (MCG), which plays the role of oral drug delivery system. Since this product remains in the oral cavity for a longer time than other oral medicines, the taste is one of the important features of the MCG. It is known, that one of the ways to correct and mask the taste of medicines is the addition of intense sweeteners, which not only affect the taste characteristics of the ready product, but also can influence the physic-chemical and technological properties of the active components.&#x0D; The aim of this work was the selection of the optimal intensive sweetener in the developed dental MCG with lysozyme hydrochloride and ascorbic acid.&#x0D; As natural flavourers, we studied natural and synthetic intensive sweeteners: potassium acesulfame, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, stevia and sucralose. The choice of flavouring agents was carried out using organoleptic methods for evaluating the taste with the help of numerical indexes by A. I. Tentsova and use of alphabetic and numerical indexes by I. A. Yegorov, and also by studying the crystallographic properties of intense sweeteners and their mixtures with active pharmaceutical ingredients.&#x0D; According to the obtained results, all compositions, except for the sample with sodium saccharin, had a corrective property and had a similar sweet-sour taste. However, not all of them had a long sweet aftertaste, which is very important for this dosage form. The highest numerical indices were samples of MCG with sodium cyclamate, stevia and sucralose. By conducting a microscopic analysis of mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients with the investigated intense sweeteners were predicted possible methods of obtaining the developed solid dosage form – the method of direct compression or the use of preliminary granulation. Taking into account the complex of the obtained results, sucralose has the best correcting and physic-chemical characteristics of all the investigated intense sweeteners.

Polymorphism and thermal behavior of sodium cyclamate

Due to its potential thermal degradation or polymorphic transformation, thermal stability of a food additive may limit its use in food preparations, when heating process is involved. In this paper, we present an investigation on thermal behavior of sodium cyclamate, one of the most frequently used components in tabletop sweeteners. Thermogravimetric data revealed that sodium cyclamate exists in two polymorphic forms: sodium cyclamate di-hydrated (C6H12NSO3Na·2H2O) and anhydrous sodium cyclamate (C6H12NSO3Na). X-ray powder diffraction data revealed that hydrate and anhydrate sodium cyclamate are true polymorphs. Under heating conditions, the hydrated form dehydrated in a complex multiple-step process. Finally, thermal decomposition of sodium cyclamate was studied and a degradation mechanism is proposed. At 170 °C, sodium cyclamate sublimates and dimerizes, by condensation of two cyclamate moieties, leading to formation of highly pure N,N-diciclohexyl sulfamide, a potential anxiolytic compound.

Toxicity of food sweetener-sodium cyclamate on osteoblasts cells

In this paper, the effect of commonly used food sweetener (sodium cyclamate) on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts has been researched. The morophology change of osteoblasts was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cell viability was studied by MTT analysis. BMP2 expression was analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescence. Mineralization ability of osteoblasts was researched by using alizarin red staining method. The results indicate that a very low concentration (0.06 μM) of sodium cyclamate can curle and fold microfilament and microtubule of osteoblasts. The increase addition of sodium cyclamate resulted significantly decrease of cells viability. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) was seriously suppressed by sodium cyclamate. Alizarin Red staining experiment revealed that sodium cyclamate decreased the mineralization ability of osteoblasts. The present results suggest that sodium cyclamate can seriously inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.

Sources and trends of artificial sweeteners in coastal waters in the bay of Cadiz (NE Atlantic)

This is the first comprehensive study on the input, occurrence, and distribution of artificial sweeteners (ASs) in coastal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving coastal waters. Acesulfame (ACE), aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), saccharine (SAC), and sucralose (SUC) were monitored for 6 months in Cadiz Bay (SW Spain). ASP was always detected at <0.1 μg L−1 and removal efficiencies were >90% for SAC and CYC. Higher ACE removal efficiencies were observed during warmer months. Persistence of ACE and SUC was observed in both WWTPs and their receiving coastal surface waters, where values up to 0.6 and 3 μg L−1 were measured, respectively. The highest concentrations were measured in a sewage-impacted estuary located in the north of the bay, where conservative behavior was confirmed. The source specificity and recalcitrance of ACE and SUC make them suitable for being used as sewage-pollution markers in coastal environments.

Binding mechanism of five typical sweeteners with bovine serum albumin

In this work, the interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and five sweeteners including aspartame (APM), acesulfame (AK), sucralose (TGS), sodium cyclamate (SC), and rebaudioside-A (REB-A) have been studied by multispectroscopic techniques, and molecular simulation in order to provide much useful information for the application of new and safer artificial sweeteners. Fluorescence quenching assays indicated that the formation of complexes between sweeteners and BSA mainly induced the fluorescence quenching of protein and the binding site number were about 1 indicting that there is one mainly binding site of APM, AK, TGS, SC, or REB-A in domain of BSA with relatively weak interactions. Molecular modeling results indicated that hydrogen bonding interactions were the mainly binding forces of sweeteners with BSA. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that APM and REB-A obviously induced the secondary structure changes of BSA. The presence of APM increased the fraction of α–Helix of BSA from 65.4% to 73.8%, while the presence of REB-A resulted in decreasing the fraction of α–helix of BSA from 65.4% to 51.2%. The melting temperature studies showed that these five sweeteners except REB-A act as stabilizers to increase the thermal stability of BSA during the thermal denaturation process. In addition, AK, TGS, and SC obviously increased the esterase-like activity of BSA, and such loss of activity of BSA induced by APM and REB-A.

Assessment of zinc phosphide bait shyness and tools for reducing flavor aversions

Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster Wagner) cause extensive damage in agricultural, suburban, and urban environments. Control of these animals has historically relied on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides and zinc phosphide. However, shyness to zinc phosphide baits has reduced its efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors involved in zinc phosphide bait shyness through preference testing. Baits were made using a rolled oat base and contained various combinations of the components of zinc phosphide baits such as lecithin, magnesium carbonate and known flavor modulators sodium cyclamate and zinc sulfate. Encapsulation of zinc phosphide was also tested as a potential means to mask undesirable flavor qualities of the compound. Consumption of test baits was measured in four day laboratory feeding trials. Results demonstrated that numerous components of current bait formulations serve as salient cues during conditioned aversions and therefore may contribute to bait shyness. Vole avoidance of zinc sulfate and sodium cyclamate revealed that these potential additives would not decrease bait shyness. Encapsulation of zinc phosphide may have masked some of the negative flavor cues and therefore should be considered in future bait development. This study suggests that, since voles are able to distinguish components of current bait formulations, varying composition of zinc phosphide baits between applications may serve to reduce bait shyness.