Cyclam Research Articles

Dietary exposure to high-intensity sweeteners by the Brazilian self-declared diabetic population and general Brazilian population

Due to an increasing use of high-intensity sweeteners in foods and potential health implications of high levels exposure, the intake of high-intensity sweeteners present in the diet of the Brazilian population and the self-declared diabetic population, based on national consumption data from the 2017-2018 Family Budget Survey (POF), was estimated. The occurrence of the high-intensity sweeteners was established by labeling foods obtained in physical stores and online, in two scenarios: average and maximum concentration. Food consumption data were derived for the self-declared diabetic Brazilian population and the Brazilian population for average consumers and consumers only, stratified by: sex, age, habitation, and regions from Brazil. For consumers only of the general Brazilian population, the intake of sodium cyclamate, steviol glycosides, and sucralose exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), mainly in adolescents (131.3%, 117.2, 123.0% of respective ADI). The estimated intake for the diabetic population was below ADI in all scenarios calculated. The most exposed diabetic population to sodium cyclamate and sucralose were female (69.6% and 59.4% of respective ADI) and the elderly (79.2% and 70.1% of respective ADI). The Brazilian population, mainly high consumers, was more exposed to high-intensity sweeteners than the self-declared diabetic population.

Determination of sodium cyclamate in Baijiu by pre-column derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection

Sodium cyclamate in Baijiu is a key item in the China National Food Safety Supervision and Inspection Plan. A simple, economical, sensitive, and reliable method is urgently needed for routine analysis and internal quality control. A method based on high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed for the determination of sodium cyclamate in Baijiu by o-phthalaldehyde derivatization. First, the sodium cyclamate in the sample solution was converted into amino compounds using the desulfurization reaction under acidic conditions. Next, 400 g/L sodium hydroxide solution was added to the sample solution for neutralization. The amino compounds in the sample solution were then derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde to produce indole-substituted derivatives that are capable of producing fluorescence signals. Separation was carried out on a C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) in isocratic elution mode using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer. Finally, the eluate was monitored using a fluorescence detector, and an external standard method was used for quantification. A good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 0.1-2.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The average recoveries of sodium cyclamate spiked at levels of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg in Baijiu samples ranged from 90.7% to 100.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.5%-5.6% (n=6). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively. Nine Baijiu samples collected from the market were tested, and the results demonstrated that the contents of sodium cyclamate detected by the developed method were consistent with those obtained using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method described in GB 5009.97-2016 (the third method). The proposed method is economical, sensitive, specific, and accurate; thus, it provides a basic approach for the determination of sodium cyclamate in Baijiu samples and has great potential for routine analysis in foodstuffs.

Determination of high-intensity sweeteners in bakery products marketed in Brazil and dietary exposure assessment

Bakery products, including biscuits, cakes and breads, generally present a high content of simple sugars of rapid absorption, high fat content and low amount of dietary fiber, which make them highly caloric foods. Although sucrose is a very important ingredient in bakery products for its preservation characteristics and a significant source of energy, there is a growing interest in replacing this sugar with alternative substances, such as high-intensity sweeteners (HIS) that provide sweetness with no or low calories. In Brazil, there is no data on the use of HIS in this class of food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of HIS in baked food commercially available in the country and estimate the dietary exposure to these food additives. For that, an analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of nine HIS in bakery products using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Sample preparation steps were required based on mechanical kneading for homogenization, hexane extraction of fats, dilution in mobile phase and vortex homogenization, prior to injection into the system. The results obtained during validation showed that coefficients of variation (CV%) for precision were lower than 13.8% and the accuracy was between 91.6% and 109.1%. Aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose and steviol glycosides were found in the samples, used alone or in combinations of up five substances. Steviol glycosides were the most found HIS in biscuit samples, while sucralose was the most common sweetener in cake and bread samples. Analysis of product labels revealed only three different claims, .i.e. ‘no sugar’, ‘no added sugar’ and ‘zero sugar’, with the latter being found in 70% of the samples. Exposure to HIS through the consumption of bakery products estimated per eating occasion showed no concerns regarding toxicological risk.

Differences in Blood Glucose Levels of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Given Sugar Cane Juice and Cyclamate Solution as a Sweetener

Background: Artificial sweeteners can cause glucose intolerance, which is a condition where the glucose in the blood is abnormal. Purpose: This research was conducted to determine the difference in blood glucose levels of mice as experimental animals that were given sugarcane juice as a natural sweetener and cyclamate solution as an artificial sweetener. Methods: The research method applied was laboratory experimental followed by checking blood glucose levels using a GCU easy touch glucometer and the data analysis method used was descriptive analysis. Results: the average blood sugar before treatment was P0 (control) 110 mg/dl, P1 (test animals given sugarcane juice solution) 63 mg/dl, P2 (test animals given sodium cyclamate solution) 69.5 mg/dl . Then, the average blood sugar after treatment was, P0 (control) 77.5 mg/dl, P1 (test animals given sugar cane juice) 81.5 mg/dl, P2 (test animals given cyclamate solution) 101.5 mg/dl etc. From this data, it was obtained that the level of glucose in the blood decreased by an average of 32.5 for P0. Then, there was an increase in blood glucose levels with an average of 18.5 for P1. In addition, there was an increase in blood glucose levels with an average of 32 for P2. Blood sugar levels in the treatments given cyclamate and sugar cane juice both experienced an insignificant increase in blood sugar, but within two weeks the average increase in blood sugar was highest in the treatment given cyclamate. Conclusion: There are differences in blood glucose levels of mice as experimental animals given sugarcane juice as a natural sweetener and cyclamate solution as an artificial sweetener.

BIO-MITIGATION STUDIES OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENER IN WASTE WATER: A REVIEW

Artificial sweeteners, which are widely used in modern diets and are persistent and may have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems, such as saccharin (SAC), cyclamate (CYC), aspartame (ASP), acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), alitame (ALT), neotame (NEO), and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NSDH), are being found in wastewater effluents at an increasing rate. In order to address this problem, bio-mitigation studies have shown promise as a method of reducing the harm that wastewater-borne artificial sweeteners do to the environment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in bio-mitigation approaches for artificial sweeteners in wastewater treatment systems. Firstly, the prevalence and persistence of artificial sweeteners in wastewater are discussed, highlighting their widespread occurrence and challenges associated with their removal during conventional wastewater treatment processes. Subsequently, various bio-mitigation strategies are examined, including microbial degradation, phytoremediation, and advanced oxidation processes. Microbial degradation, facilitated by diverse microbial communities, has shown potential for degrading artificial sweeteners into less harmful byproducts. several other techniques like Photocatalytic Degradation, Bank filtration, Granular activated carbon (GAC), advanced oxidation processes, such as ozonation and UV/H2O2 treatment, are explored for their ability to degrade artificial sweeteners into non-toxic compounds.

Acesulfame and other artificial sweeteners in a wastewater treatment plant in Alberta, Canada: Occurrence, degradation, and emission

Acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), cyclamate (CYC), and saccharin (SAC) are widely used artificial sweeteners that undergo negligible metabolism in the human body, and thus ubiquitously exist in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Due to their persistence in WWTPs, ACE and SUC are found in natural waters globally. Wastewater samples were collected from the primary influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent of a WWTP in Alberta, Canada between August 2022 and February 2023, and the artificial sweeteners concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Using wastewater-based epidemiology, the daily per capita consumption of ACE in the studied wastewater treatment plant catchment was estimated to be the highest in the world. Similar to other studies, the removal efficiency in WWTP was high for SAC and CYC, but low or even negative for SUC. However, ACE removal remained surprisingly high (>96%), even in the cold Canadian winter months. This result may indicate a further adaptation of microorganisms capable of biodegrading ACE in WWTP. The estimated per capita discharge into the environment of ACE, CYC, and SAC is low in Alberta due to the prevalent utilization of secondary treatment throughout the province, but is 17.4–18.8 times higher in Canada, since only 70.3% of total discharged wastewater in Canada undergoes secondary treatment.

Quantitative determination of artificial sweeteners and sucrose in energy drinks and mango juice available in Dhaka city.

Energy drinks and mango juice are popular beverages. Apart from the natural ingredients and some additives present in these drinks, sugar is an important component of both. It has been established that, other than providing sweetness, sugars are potent to bring about health consequences for their consumers. Sweeteners, both artificial (aspartame, sodium cyclamate, and saccharin) and natural (sucrose), were our centers of interest. This study aimed to determine the presence and levels of these sweeteners in energy drinks and mango juice. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the concentration of the mentioned sugars. For this purpose, a total of 42 samples of 7 different brands were collected from different locations in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The methods were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10-26 μg/mL (r2=0.9989), 137-320 μg/mL (r2=0.9891), 2.5-24 μg/mL (r2=0.9915) and 2354-2784 μg/mL (r2=0.9985) for aspartame, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, and sucrose, respectively. Mango juice contained a relatively lower amount of saccharin compared to energy drinks. In the case of aspartame, one brand of energy drinks had the least amount. Moreover, both energy drinks and mango juice had a similar content of sodium cyclamate, but one brand of mango juice had a relatively low content of sodium cyclamate.

Forage taste agents manage plant communities through modifying grazing behavior of yak in alpine meadow

The use of taste agents to regulate the grazing behavior of livestock is a new attempt in pasture management, but the effects on grassland plant communities are not clear at present. Therefore, the following scientific questions need to be addressed: (1) how do different taste agents affected plant community structure by changing feed intake? (2) What was the mechanism of this effect? We proposed the following hypotheses: (1) Salt and sweetener increased feed intake of livestock and decreased the biomass of plant community, while bitters did the opposite. (2) Taste agents can regulate the relationship between plant species, and different taste agents can enhance or weaken the competitiveness of the different plants. In order to test the hypothesis, a grazing experiment with yaks was conducted in the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. Denatonium benzoate (Bitterant), NaCl (Salt), and sodium cyclamate (Sweetener) were sprayed onto the meadows twice a year, along with a control treatment of tap water. The results showed that (1) Salt increased the feed intake of yak significantly; bitterant decreased the feed intake of livestock and increased the biomass of plant community. (2) Salt increased the Pielou index of the plant community significantly. (3) The stability of plant community ranking from high to low is as follows: Control > Bitterant > Sweetener > Salt. (4) Bitterant and salt improved grazing tolerance of grassland and salt reduced the edibility of grassland. (5) The use of taste agents reduced the correlation between dominant species and led to the fragmentation of the relationship chain. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for using taste agents to regulate the community, species biodiversity management, restoration of degraded grassland, promoting utilization of grassland though controlling livestock selectivity.

Determination of the stability of sodium cyclamate during deep-frying using HPLC.

The oil used to fry food is often used multiple times to reduce costs. However, when foods containing sweeteners are processed in this way, the sweeteners may produce substances harmful to the body as a result of repeated frying at high temperatures. This article investigated the stability of sodium cyclamate during deep-frying by HPLC using a pre-column derivatization method. The results showed that cyclohexylamine was a decomposition product of a standard sample of sodium cyclamate when deep-fried at 200°C for 25 min. A pre-column derivatization/HPLC method was established to determine cyclohexylamine, a decomposition product of sodium cyclamate, under these conditions. Dansyl chloride was used as the derivatization reagent, the derivatization temperature was 60°C, the derivatization time was 20 min, the pH of sodium bicarbonate buffer solution was 11, and the concentration of dansyl chloride was 2.0 mg/mL. Detection was carried out by using an Agilent 1260 high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with an ultraviolet detector. The ultraviolet detection wavelength was 254 nm, and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-1.0 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Gradient elution was adopted, the peak of the cyclohexylamine derivative appeared at a retention time of 17.75 min, and the peak area response value was the largest. The methodological validation analysis showed that the detection limit of cyclohexylamine was 0.5 mg/kg, the quantification limit was 2.0 mg/kg, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 99.37-110.16%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 0.17-1.26%. Four samples were tested and analyzed by the established method, and cyclohexylamine was not detected.

Analysis of Cyclamate Content in Unbranded Instant Herbal Medicinal Drink on Market in the City of Pamekasan

Jamu is one of the traditional medicines because most herbal medicine uses natural ingredients or plants. One of the safety of herbal medicine is the absence of abuse such as the addition of artificial sweeteners in the form of cyclamate. Cyclamate is one of the artificial sweeteners that has a sweetness level 30 times higher than natural sweeteners. Excessive use of cyclamate will cause cancer and tumors. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence or absence of cyclamate content and levels in ready-to-drink herbal medicine without a brand sold in the Pamekasan City market. This research was conducted qualitatively with precipitation methods and quantitative with gravimetric methods. From qualitative research, the results of sample A found a white precipitate which indicates a positive sample containing cyclamate. While samples B and C found no deposits indicating that the sample was negative cyclamate. Furthermore, a positive sample is carried out quantitative testing. In determining cyclamate levels, sodium cyclamate levels in sample A were obtained at 4.8047 g/kg. so that the serving rate or per 1 bottle of herbal medicine contains 115.312 g/0.6 kg and this exceeds the threshold determined by BPOM Regulations which is 1.25 g/kg. The conclusion of this study is that 1 out of 3 positive samples contains cyclamate with levels that exceed the threshold determined by BPOM RI No. 32 of 2019.

Simultaneous analysis of natural and artificial sweeteners in sugar-free drinks and urine samples by column-switching UHPLC-charged aerosol detection method

Sweeteners are considered an alternative to high-calorie foods or drinks and have been widely used globally. However, the simultaneous separation and detection of high-polarity natural and artificial sweeteners are challenging owing to their broad-spectrum physical and chemical properties. Herein, we developed a column-switching UHPLCCAD method and used it for detecting and quantitating 12 sweeteners, including natural sweeteners (erythritol, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol and stevioside) and artificial sweeteners (acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium salt, sodium cyclamate, sucralose, aspartame, alitame and neotame). The LOD and LOQ were 0.932–6.25 μg/mL and 3.10–20.83 μg/mL, respectively, and the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9990), good precision (intraday and interday precision was 0.59–6.88 %), and high recovery (average recoveries were 85.16–108.64 %). This method was applied to determine the sweeteners in 15 sugar-free drinks purchased from the local Chinese supermarkets. What's more, natural sweetener erythritol and artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium were suspected over addition in sugar-free drinks. Meanwhile the method was applied to the sweeteners in various sugar-free drinks and the dynamic monitoring of transit and excretion in vivo after drinking. Those prove that the method can be used to the detection of sugar free drinks and quality control of the sweeteners. The study highlights the potential of UHPLC–charged aerosol detection technology in detection of multiple components in food industry.

Analysis of Artificial Sweeteners, Sodium Cyclamate, in Packaged Beverages and Powders by the Gravimetric Method

Most people like instant beverage products because of their practical processing and superior taste and creative packaging, thus attracting consumers to consume them. One of the food additives that is often used in instant beverage products is artificial sweeteners such as sodium cyclamate which has a sweetness level of 3.94 kcal/g or 30 times that of sucrose. This study aims to determine the levels of sodium cyclamate in packaged and powdered drinks circulating on the campus of the Indonesian Muslim University using the gravimetric method. The sampling method used a purposive technique and obtained 6 test samples, qualitative analysis used the precipitation method and obtained all positive samples containing sodium cyclamate. The results of the quantitative analysis obtained the levels of sodium cyclamate for each sample A; B; C; D; E; F as much as 37.07 mg/kg; 30.17 mg/kg; 12.93 mg/kg; 4.31 mg/kg; 340 mg/kg; 258 mg/kg. Thus, these results indicate that all samples do not exceed the levels set by BPOM regulation No. 11 of 2019 concerning food additives, namely 350 mg/kg, so they are safe for consumption.

Rapid and selective detection of nitrite in ham sausage and water samples by a portable gas pressure meter

A facile and portable method was established for the detection of nitrite (NO2-) by a portable gas pressure meter. NO2- and sodium cyclamate were reacted specifically under acidic condition, cyclohexene and nitrogen were thus generated, the pressures of reaction bottles were measured by a portable gas pressure meter. The pressures in bottles were increased gradually and proportional to the increase of NO2- concentration, the detection of NO2- was thus achieved. This method ensured good selectivity for the detection of NO2- and avoided interferences from other coexisting ions. In the range of 2–100 mg L−1 (43–2174 μmol L−1), the gas pressure was linearly correlated with the NO2- concentration, and a limit of detection of 0.65 mg L−1 (14 μmol L−1) was obtained. The developed method was further used for NO2- detection in water and ham sausage samples, recoveries of 94–106 % were obtained. It is a potential simple, rapid, portable analytical system/method for on-site detection of NO2-.

Effects of artificial sweeteners on antioxidant enzymes and physiological parameters in Triticum aestivum (Poaceae)

Due to increased consumption, artificial sweeteners are often present in the environment but their effects on plants are largly unknown. In this research, the effects of four artificial sweeteners on plant stress markers in Triticum aestivum L. were investigated. Wheat seedlings were grown from seeds in soil containing artificial sweeteners (saccharin, sodium cyclamate, sucralose, aspartame) in different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg-1). Plants were irrigated at regular intervals to maintain field capacity moisture and harvested after 15 days of growth. Electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase) activities were determined in harvested leaves. Comparisons between control samples and test samples were statistically evaluated at a 95% confidence interval to determine significant differences. Overall, significant increases in chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and some antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in wheat plants exposed to artificial sweeteners in the soil. A significant increase in electrolyte leakage was observed with saccharin and aspartame treatment, indicating that these sweeteners can cause membrane damage in wheat. Chlorophyll a nd POX activity were the most sensitive stress parameters in wheat. This study showed the importance of evaluating the potential impact of anthropogenic pollutants that may be present in treated wastewater and consequently affect plants.

Edulcorantes artificiais: regulamentação no Brasil, implicações tecnológicas na produção de alimentos e na saúde

Sweeteners provide a sweet taste to foods and are used to replace sucrose and reduce caloric value. Acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, saccharin, sucralose and neotame are the artificial sweeteners regulated in Brazil by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). The consumption of these additives has become controversial due to recent scientific evidence questioning their safety and outcomes regarding weight loss, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, insulin resistance, diabetes and cancer. Even today, little is known about the long-term consequences of their consumption. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out a review of artificial sweeteners regulated in Brazil, contextualizing their regulatory framework, the technological implications regarding their use and the effects on health. Considering the now controversial outcomes regarding the consumption of many artificial sweeteners, and the long period in which levels of acceptable daily intake have been in place, it is suggested their consumption should now not be encouraged, being restricted to population groups that have a risk-based physiological or metabolic need to replace sucrose. Also, for these cases, it would be important to differentiate between foods containing different sweeteners (or tabletop sweeteners), to alleviate possible chronic health effects. New studies with more robust and consistent methodologies are required to support the safety assessment reviews of each artificial sweetener.

Hollow Microfiber Assembly-Based Endocrine Pancreas-on-a-Chip for Sugar Substitute Evaluation.

With the increasing demand for low-sugar, low-calorie healthy diets, artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes for sugar in the food industry. Therefore, developing models that can better predict the effects of sugar substitutes on the human body is necessary. Here, a new type of endocrine pancreas-on-a-chip is developed based on a microfiber assembly and its stimulation of pancreatic secretion by glucose or sugar substitutes is evaluated. This new endocrine pancreas-on-a-chip is assembled using two components: (1) a cell-loaded hollow methacrylate gelatin (GelMA)/calcium alginate (CaA) composite microfiber prepared by microfluidic spinning to achieve vascular simulation and material transport, and (2) a 3D pancreatic islet culture layer, which also serves as a fiber assembly microchip. Using this established organ chip, the effects of five sweeteners (glucose, erythritol, xylitol, sodium cyclamate, and sucralose) were investigated on pancreatic islet cell viability and insulin and glucagon secretion. The constructed endocrine pancreas-on-a-chip has potential for the safety evaluation of sugar-substituted food additives, which can expand the application of organ chips in the field of food safety and provide a new platform for evaluating various food additives.

Simultaneous determination of nine high-intensity sweeteners in liquid and powder tabletop sweeteners

Government regulatory actions and public policies have been recently implemented in Brazil due to the excessive consumption of sugar. Therefore, it becomes relevant to determine the levels of high-intensity sweeteners in tabletop sweeteners consumed by the Brazilian population. Thus, an analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of nine sweeteners (acesulfame potassium, aspartame, advantame, sodium cyclamate, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, stevioside, and rebaudioside A) by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem. The sample preparation encompassed only dilution steps. The method was validated taking into account the parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. The analytes were determined in two different batches of 21 commercial liquid and powder tabletop sweeteners available on the local market, totaling 42 samples. A minimum of one and a maximum of four sweeteners were found in the analyzed products and sweeteners that were not described on the label were not detected. It is expected that the established method can be used in monitoring programs and that the presented results can contribute to exposure assessments performed nationally.

A QTRAP-based mass spectrometry method for the detection and confirmation of nine sweeteners in Chinese rice wine

A rapid and sensitive QTRAP mass spectrometric method was developed for the detection and confirmation of nine sweeteners (acesulfame, saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate, aspartame, alitame, sucralose, neotame, stevia extract, and advantage) in Chinese rice wine. The samples with different sugar contents were diluted with ultrapure water, and the standard working solution was prepared by adding 1.0 mL of Chinese rice wine blank matrix to the standard series solution. The target was separated by a Kinetex 2.6 μm F5 100 A LC Column 100 × 2.1 mm chromatographic column, MRM-IDA-EPA by applying QTRAP mass spectrometry composite mode acquisition was applied to obtain MRM data as well as highly sensitive secondary fragmentation full-spectrum data at the same time to establish a standard library of nine Chinese rice wine sweeteners for accurate characterization and MRM data peak area (external standard method) quantification by automatic comparison with the library of standards. The experiments showed that the correlation coefficients of the standard curves of the nine sweeteners were greater than 0.997 in the range of 10 ~ 500 µg/L standard working series solutions, and the limits of quantification of the method were in the range of 0.8–88.0 µg/kg, with spiked recoveries of 80.3%~118.8% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.74%~6.40%. QTRAP mass spectrometry was used for the determination of the nine sweeteners in Chinese rice wine with easy and fast pretreatment, simple operation, high accuracy, and sensitivity.

Effect of sweetened beverages intake on salivary aspartame, insulin and alpha-amylase levels: A single-blind study

The objective was to assess aspartame excretion in saliva and the salivary insulin, total protein (TP), and alpha-amylase (AMI) levels in response to the ingestion of sweetened beverages (sodium cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame, and sucrose). Fifteen healthy participants were included in a single-blinded trial with the intake of Diet soft drink, Regular soft drink, Water + sweeteners, Low sucrose content (3.5 g), and Water (blank) in 5 different days. In each day, saliva was collected at T0 (fasting), T1 (15 min after test-drink intake), T2 (30 min), T3 (60 min), and T4 (120 min) for the measurement of salivary aspartame (HPLC), TP, AMI (ELISA assays) and insulin levels (chemiluminescence). Chi-square, Friedman, ANOVA and Spearman correlation tests were applied. The late-perceived sweet/sour residual flavor was reported at a frequency of 80%, 60% and 20% after ingestion of artificially sweetened drinks, beverages with sucrose, and plain water, respectively (p < 0.05). Aspartame was detected in saliva after artificially sweetened drinks intake, with highest area under the peak for the Diet soft drink (p = 0.014). No change was observed for TP and AMI levels during the 120 min. Insulin levels increased 1 h after soft-drinks ingestion (regular and diet), while the levels did not change for Low sucrose content and Water + sweeteners test-drinks. Salivary aspartame correlated with insulin levels only after Diet soft drink intake (rho ≥ 0.7; p < 0.05). As aspartame can be detected in saliva and swallowed again until completely excreted, these results contribute to the knowledge of the biological fate of artificial sweeteners and the study of health outcomes.

Kandungan Natrium Siklamat pada Manisan Buah dan Hubungannya dengan Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Penjamah Makanan Industri Pangan Rumah Tangga

This study aimed to determine the levels of sodium cyclamate in candied fruit and to analyze the relationship between knowledge and behavior of food handlers in the Household Food Industry (IPRT). This research method is descriptive-analytic using a cross-sectional design. The research location was in Jambi City, and samples were tested in the Baiturahim Jambi STIKes Mathematics and Natural Sciences laboratory involving 50 selections for examining sodium cyclamate content and 35 food handlers at the candied fruit IPRT in Jambi City. Knowledge, behavior, and sodium cyclamate content data were analyzed using the chi-Square test. The results of the study were that of 35 IPRT food handlers, and there were 29 food handlers with high knowledge (82.9%), there were 21 food handlers with good behavior (60.%), 16 samples of candied fruit that were positive (≥ 3.00 mg/Kg). There is no relationship between knowledge and sodium cyclamate content in candied fruit, p-value &gt; 0.05, and there is a relationship between food handler behavior and sodium cyclamate content, with p-value &lt;0.05. The research concludes that there are still many sweets in Jambi City that contain positive sodium cyclamate and are related to the behavior of food handlers and not related to their behavior.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Candied Fruit, Sodium Cyclamate, Knowledge, Behavior