Socket System Research Articles

A low-cost Wi-Fi smart home socket using internet of things

With the emergence of smart home appliances, traditional power sockets are becoming less compatible with modern living styles. Furthermore, modern commercialized sockets are expensive and unaffordable. This project presents the development of a low-cost Wi-Fi smart home socket using internet of things (IoT) technology that is user-friendly for smartphone users to control home appliances. Smart home socket devices can turn on and off power outlets automatically from any location if they are linked to the internet and providing the user with more convenience and energy savings. This project uses a node microcontroller unit (NodeMCU) Wi-Fi module (ESP8266) as the main microcontroller unit to connect to a cloud platform. It also uses a mobile phone application to send instructions to the microcontroller for turning on and off household appliances remotely through a smart socket. The switching mechanism is monitored and controlled through the Blynk platform. A 4-channel relay module is used to transition DC current loads to AC current loads in order to activate switching processes. According to the study’s findings, the Wi-Fi smart home socket system is able to save on excessive usage of electrical appliances while also increasing electrical appliance safety.

Implementasi Algoritma Enkripsi Pada Sistem Informasi Manajemen Helpdesk Berbasis Desktop

This paper discusses the implementation of encryption algorithms in a desktop-based Helpdesk Management Information System developed specifically for IT teams in private hospitals. IT teams in private hospitals often face complex challenges due to the large hospital area and limited resources. Creating a Helpdesk application using Delphi and a MySQL database is very important to provide efficient technical support. One of the key aspects of this application is the interactive chat feature, which is built using a server-client socket system. In this communication context, encryption algorithms are needed to ensure the security of data transmitted between the IT team and system users. This helps protect sensitive patient data and technical information from the potential risk of leakage. The scope of this Helpdesk application includes ticket management, routine checks, maintenance, tool rotation, and various other support The implementation of encryption algorithms in this application effectively increases the level of data security in all operational processes. The helpdesk application was built using the Extreme Programming (XP) method.
 Keywords: Encryption algorithm, AES-256, Helpdesk Management Information System, Delphi, MySQL.

Moisture mitigation using a vented liner and a vented socket system for individuals with transfemoral amputation

Sweating and heat buildup at the skin-liner interface is a major challenge for persons with limb loss. Liners made of heat-non-conducting materials may cause sweating of the residual limb and may result in liners slipping off the skin surface especially on a warm day or during high activity, causing skin breakdown and affecting limb health. To address this, we evaluated the efficacy of the vented liner-socket system (VS, Össur) compared to Seal-In silicone liner and non-vented socket (nVS, Össur) in reducing relative humidity (RH) during increased sweat. Nine individuals with limb loss using nVS were randomized to VS or nVS and asked for activity in a 20-min treadmill walk. RH was significantly attenuated (p = 0.0002) and perceived sweating, as reported by prosthesis users, improved (p = 0.028) with VS, patient-reported comprehensive lower limb amputee socket survey (CLASS) outcomes to determine the suspension, stability, and comfort were not significantly different between VS and nVS. There are limited rigorous scientific studies that clearly provide evidence-based guidelines to the prosthetist in the selection of liners from numerous available options. The present study is innovative in clearly establishing objective measures for assessing humidity and temperatures at the skin-liner interface while performing activity. As shown by the measured data and perceived sweat scores provided by the subjects based on their daily experience, this study provided clear evidence establishing relative humidity at the skin-liner interface is reduced with the use of a vented liner-socket system when compared to a similar non-vented system.

Multi-interface intelligent socket system design

In order to measure the energy consumption of electrical appliances in multiple applications and to achieve remote control, a smart socket system with multiple interfaces is designed. The hardware part of the system mainly consists of the main control chip, STM32F103C8T6, power module, CAN bus, WiFi module, RS485 module, relay module, power module, etc. The APP side and the socket side are based on the MQTT protocol, and the data interaction is carried out through the OneNet cloud platform to achieve data monitoring and remote control of the microcontroller side from the APP side.

A Study of Diabetic and Non-diabetic Human Cataract Lens by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published on:August 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(3):302-304Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.59 Authors:Swathy Govindaswamy1,*, Dhivya Sundaram21Department of Pharmacy Practice, KMCH College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.2Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: This research aimed to ascertain the differences in morphological manifestation in the human diabetic cataractous lens compared to a non-diabetic cataractous lens by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Lens fibers were prefixed in glutaraldehyde and subsequently post-fixed in a Hexamethyldisilazane and examined by SEM. The SEM images gave a comparative morphological impression of the ongoing structural alterations during the degeneration process of human non-diabetic cataracts and diabetic cataract lenses. Results: Diabetic cataractous lens fibers were identified by more chaotic longitudinal fiber splitting, porosity, and granulation of the lens fiber membrane and opening (distortion) of the lens fiber interdigitation system than their non-cataractous diabetic counterparts. Diabetic cataract lenses showed an increased rate of nucleus compaction compared to non-diabetic cataract lenses. Conclusion: The absence of Finger-like and flap projections and the disappearance of the ball and socket system is prominent in diabetic cataract lenses, suggesting the hyperglycaemic effect in the degeneration of lens fibers and further contributes to the early onset of cataracts in diabetes compared to non-diabetic.Keywords: Cataract, Diabetic complications, Morphology, Scanning electron microscopy.

The First FDA Approved Early Feasibility Study of a Novel Percutaneous Bone Anchored Prosthesis for Transfemoral Amputees: A Prospective 1-year Follow-up Cohort Study

ObjectiveEvaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel press-fit bone-anchored prosthesis in an FDA approved study. DesignSingle-center, prospective 1-year follow-up cohort study of a percutaneous bone anchored prosthesis. SettingVeterans Health Administration Hospital. ParticipantsTen male Veterans with unilateral transfemoral amputation that occurred at least 6 months prior to enrollment and was not the result of dysvascular disease (N=10). InterventionsAll participants received the novel press-fit Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis (POP) and a minimum of 10 days supervised rehabilitation therapy. Outcome MeasuresAdverse events and radiographs were collected to assess device safety. Temporal assessments of bone density, stomal skin, prosthetic don/doff, functional ambulation, and patient-reported outcome compared our POP to a socket suspension system. ResultsTen male participants mean age 48.8±12.1 years (range, 32-68 y) with mean time since amputation of 9.4± years (range 1-18 y) completed a two-staged implantation protocol and progressed to ambulation with an assistive device by post-operative day 14. Eight of 10 completed all study procedures. One implant loosened at 5 weeks, requiring removal. A second was removed after periprosthetic fracture from a non-device-related fall at 28 weeks. One patient required oral antibiotics for superficial infection. There were significant (P<.05) increases in bone density in the lumbar spine and adjacent to the distal porous coating with no radiographic evidence of bone resorption. Compared to the socket system, the use of POP significantly (P<.05) reduced prosthetic don and doff times and patient-reported prosthetic problem scores. Significant improvements (P<.05) in mean mobility, global health, and walking test scores were also observed. ConclusionsImprovements in bone density, function, and patient reported outcomes were observed with the POP device when compared to a socket suspension system. This Early Feasibility Study established initial safety and effectiveness of the POP device, supporting expanded investigation as an alternative to socket prostheses.

A Prospective Assessment of an Adjustable, Immediate Fit, Subischial Transfemoral Prosthesis

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of an adjustable, subischial transfemoral prosthesis by comparing self-reported outcome measures regarding socket comfort, fit and utility relative to a persons’ conventionally made socket. Assessing limb compressibility was another aim of this study. DesignA single-group pre-post intervention design. SettingPhysical medicine and rehabilitation biomechanics laboratory. ParticipantsAll 18 enrolled participants (N = 18) completed the feasibility trial. There were 16 men and 2 women with an average age of 59.4 (±7) years. Most of the participants (61.1%) had worn a socket for 1 to 10 years before the trial, 22.2% of the participants had worn one for less than a year, and 16.7% of the participants had worn a prosthesis for more than 10 years. InterventionParticipants were fit with the study prosthesis and used it for a 2-week home trial. Main Outcome MeasuresA Prosthetic Comfort and Utility Questionnaire was completed on the participant's conventional prosthetic device and the subischial socket system after the trial. ResultsThe adjustable subischial prostheses were rated superior overall to the participant's conventional sockets (40.9 ± 7.2 vs 32.8 ± 10.8; P=.004). Six of the 10 parameters measured (adjustability, overall fit, prosthesis weight, sitting comfort, standing comfort, and standing stability) were rated higher for the adjustable prostheses compared to the conventional sockets. Compression of the soft tissues of the thigh ranged from 5.6 ± 4.2 cm at the distal end to 7.3 ± 3.6 cm at the proximal site. There were no falls, skin breakdown, or limb ischemia. At the 2-month telephone follow-up, 61% of subjects had transitioned to using the adjustable subischial socket most of the time. ConclusionsThe adjustable, immediate fit, subischial prosthesis provided safe, comfortable, and functional ambulation for persons with transfemoral limb loss in this short-term feasibility study. This study supports the consideration of a new paradigm in transfemoral prosthetics—adjustable subischial sockets. These devices should be tested in a larger multi-center study.

Evaluation of the new, patient-adjustable socket system Varos in the early phase of prosthetic rehabilitation: a pilot study.

Current prosthetic sockets often provide limited anatomical fit, especially in patients with residual limb volume changes and fluctuations. To address these issues, Ottobock has developed the Varos Socket, a modular socket that can be adjusted by the user. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits and acceptance of a newly designed patient-adjustable socket in transfemoral amputees in early phase of prosthetic rehabilitation. A prospective A-B-A pilot study was conducted. The setting of the study was an Orthopedic Rehabilitation Clinic. Ten patients with unilateral transfemoral amputation and recent amputation. All patients underwent a standard rehabilitation program with physical therapy. The outcome measures included the Comprehensive Lower-limb Amputee Socket Survey (CLASS), Score Comfort Scale (SCS), a Socket Fit Scale, frequency of falls and stumbles, perceived pain, and satisfaction. The total CLASS score and three sub-scores (i.e., stability, suspension, comfort) were significantly higher with Varos socket. Significantly improved comfort and quality of socket fit were observed as measured by the Socket-Comfort-Scale and Socket-Fit-Scale and a trend towards reduced residual limb pain. 87.5% of the patients reported higher satisfaction than with the standard socket. The results suggest that the Varos socket improved comfort, stability, suspension, appearance, pain, and satisfaction in transfemoral amputees during the early rehabilitation program. A larger study and a longer observation period are warranted to confirm the results of this study. Quick and easy socket fitting as well as instant adjustability by the patient bear substantial potential to improve and accelerate the rehabilitation process in the early phase after amputation.

Design and fabrication of improved socket system, the triple-side wall expansion socket system for better comfort of transtibial amputees

Design and fabrication of improved socket system, the triple-side wall expansion socket system for better comfort of transtibial amputees

Effects of a modified passive socket system on short-term changes in residuum volume and comfort: A preliminary study in transtibial amputees.

Changes in residuum volume are a common problem in lower-limb amputees during prosthesis usage, and can lead to poor suspension, impaired gait, and tissue damage. Residuum volume can be affected by the in-socket air pressure, which will influence fluid flow in and around the residuum. The use of "active" pumps to reduce air pressure has been shown to conserve the residuum volume, but these are expensive and unlikely to be widely available. An alternative, passive approach, based on Boyles' law, is to introduce a larger distal void volume at the end of the socket and hence reduce the change in pressure for a given change in volume. To compare the performance across three test conditions (passive-conventional, with standard distal void; passive-with increased distal void; and active system) in terms of residuum volume changes and comfort. Repeated-measures experiment under three test conditions. Five transtibial amputee participants (three males and two females), aged between 27 and 67 years, and of mobility grade K2 or K3, were fitted with a bespoke test prosthesis that was adapted to include the three test conditions. Residuum volume was measured before and after walking under each test condition (presented in a random order). Comfort was also assessed after walking with each test condition. The reduction in residuum volume, relative to the baseline volume, was higher for the conventional passive system (4.2% ± 2.8%) compared with the modified passive (1.4% ± 1.4%) and active (1.6% ± 1.1%) systems. The use of a passive suspension system with an increased distal void within the socket may help to stabilize the residuum volume during prosthesis usage.

Framework for Educational Domain-Based Multichatbot Communication System

Education is an area where innovation moves slowly. In this study, we will propose a framework with a novel approach that will support the development of a multi-interactive chatbot’s system for an educational area using AIML 2.0. The system will facilitate the students for their learning towards an outcome-based education domain. The proposed framework will be composed of a user module which consists of user and user interface, chat agents module which will respond to the user query, chatbot KB which will act as the brain for the chatbot system, and socket system for establishing the communication link. Finally, the proposed system will be evaluated using a confusion matrix. The multichatbot communication system will support text-based dialogues on a limited set of questions related to education. However, the system will be implemented in java. The outcomes of this research will be useful for the education sector where these intelligent systems will help the students in schools, universities, and other training scenarios.

Exploring a Secured Socket Python Flask Framework in Real Time Communication System

Communication networks makes it easier to connect internationally in today's world. Chat systems, such as WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram and others, enable people to connect and chat over the internet. This chat system has evolved into one of the most important intermediate tools for people to exchange information and materials over the internet, thereby requiring secured socket system. In a social cultural environment, communication with a given network goal system necessitates a stress-free method of knowledge delivery. Surfing websites like "My Room" and "Facebook" has become a common occurrence among the younger generation. Nowadays, social networking websites are an important part of people's social, educational, and professional lives. The aim of this study is to create a group communication framework that uses a protected socket browser interface. This architecture was created with a server scripting language, a SQLite database model, and Python web application frameworks in mind.

Socket system in php programming language

Socket system in php programming language

Research on New Energy Internet Socket and Power Management Platform System

Study the new energy internet socket and electricity management platform system. Develop and research new energy internet sockets, adopt new energy internet socket system, combine engineering product technology and energy management technology to realize intelligent energy management. Use self-service electricity management platform, adopt Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data technology to realize nationwide self-service electricity charging management model.

Oxygen Consumption and Speed Performance of a Runner with Amputation Wearing an Elevated Vacuum Running Prosthesis

ABSTRACT Introduction Persons with lower-limb differences are increasingly seeking out a means to participate in sport and running activities. Suspension of the running-specific prosthesis (RSP) during high-intensity running is crucial for safety and optimal running performance. The vacuum-assisted socket system (VASS) provides enhanced proprioception and residual limb volume stability during walking; however, utilization of the VASS in an individual fit with an RSP has yet to be explored in case or empirical studies. We report outcomes of a recreational running transtibial prosthesis user wearing a novel VASS-RSP. Methods A 33-year-old man with transtibial amputation was provided an RSP with a VASS and performed outcome measures while wearing the VASS-RSP and non–VASS-RSP. He performed a series of straight and counterclockwise (CCW) curve track 40-m runs while speed gates recorded split and total time. The patient also performed a 10-minute treadmill run oxygen consumption was determined, and Socket Comfort Scores (SCS) were recorded. Results No significant differences in track running trials were observed; straight track running speeds were similar VASS (5.37 ± 0.06 m/s) and non–VASS-RSP (5.37 ± 0.16 m/s), [t(1) = 0.320, P = 0.979]. Curve track speeds improved while wearing the VASSRSP (4.72 ± 0.09 m/s) compared with the non–VASS-RSP (4.66 ± 0.03 m/s) [t(2) = 0.846, P = 0.487]. Speeds were significantly faster during straight track running (5.37 ± 0.08 m/s) than during curve track running (4.70 ± 0.07 m/s) when both RSP configurations were combined [t(4) = 15.8, P = 0.001]. Net oxygen consumption reduced while wearing VASS-RSP (24.6 mL/kg per minute) compared with non–VASS-RSP (29.2 mL/kg per minute). Socket comfort during outcome measures improved 33% while wearing the VASS-RSP. Conclusions The patient preferred using the VASS-RSP while performing running exercises, and some outcome measures comparing the two suction suspension systems support the patient values. The novel VASS system should be further tested to determine potential utility for running exercise and sport interventions for persons with amputation.

Silicone soft socket system for the treatment of geriatric transtibial amputees.

SummaryBackgroundOutfitting geriatric amputees with a suitable prosthesis is a demanding task. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prostheses outfitted with a silicone suspension interface system on a large group of transtibial amputees regarding walking distance, satisfaction of use and duration of daily use.MethodsThe study included 75 mostly geriatric transtibial amputees fitted with a rigid total contact socket with a silicone interface system called an Icelandic roll-on silicone socket (ICEROSS, Ossur, Reykjavik, Iceland). At follow-up 54 patients remained for assessment. Ambulatory performance was measured by first categorizing the patients into four subgroups regarding their walking capacity: 0–50 m, 50–100 m, 100–500 m and >500 m. The alteration in patient mobility was measured at admission, discharge and follow-up. Satisfaction and duration of daily use as well as use of walking aids were collated with a standard questionnaire.ResultsBetween admission and discharge, patients showed significant improvement (p = <0.001) in walking distances. The walking distance diminished again between time of discharge and follow-up (p = <0.001). The parameters satisfaction with device and duration of daily use showed no significant differences and the same applied to male and female subjects.ConclusionsGeriatric transtibial amputees fitted with prostheses attached via a silicone suction socket system showed significant improvements in walking distances and a high rate of satisfaction with the device. There were no statistically significant gender-specific differences among users of the ICEROSS system.

A Novel Use of Two Prosthetic Concepts for Prosthetic Fitting of a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth-Disease and Multiple Medical Problems

ABSTRACT Introduction This case report describes prosthetic fitting problems in a patient with a short residual limb after a left-sided transtibial amputation as a result of a foot deformity caused by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and ipsilateral knee osteoarthrosis. Materials and Methods A Kondylen Bettung Munster prosthesis was prescribed with a liner and pin-locking system. Residual limb atrophy and day-to-day volume changes resulted in diminished socket fit, whereas ipsilateral knee osteoarthrosis caused pain during patellar tendon loading resulting in diminished prosthetic use. Results A conventional-type prosthesis with thigh corset was prescribed to unload and stabilize the knee. A suction socket system with Seal-In liner and inner slip socket was applied to improve fit and suspension. With this prosthesis, the patient could walk comfortably without walking aids and ride a bicycle. Conclusion Prescription of a conventional-type prosthesis with suction socket suspension and inner slip socket demonstrates that combining prosthetic concepts can result in a new prosthetic design fulfilling individual patient needs.

Development and characterization of a biomimetic coating for percutaneous devices

Percutaneous osseointegrated prosthetics (POP), which consist of a metallic post attached to the bone that extends outward through the skin to connect to an external prosthesis, have become a clinically relevant option to replace the typical socket-residual limb connection. POP devices offer several advantages such as mechanical off-loading of soft tissues, direct force transfer to the musculoskeletal system, greater proprioception, and overall improvement in limb kinesis compared to a socket system. However, POP devices create several challenges including epidermal downgrowth, increased infection risk, and mechanical tearing at the skin-implant interface. To address these issues, biomimetic surfaces and coatings have been developed in an attempt to create an infection-free and cohesive interface between POP devices and skin. The fingernail is a prime example of a natural system with a skin interface that is both mechanically and biologically stable. Exploiting keratins’ previously demonstrated tissue compatibility and creating a biomimetic coating for POP devices that can imitate the human fingernail, and demonstrating its ability to promote a stable interface with skin tissue is the goal of this work. Silane coupling aided in producing a coating on titanium substrates consisting of human keratin proteins. Several combinations of silane and keratin derivatives were investigated, and in general showed a nano-scale coating thickness that supported skin cell (i.e. fibroblast and keratinocyte) adhesion. Initial enzyme-mediated degradation resistance was also demonstrated, but the coatings appeared to degrade at long time periods. Importantly, keratinocytes showed a stable phenotype with no indication of wound healing-like activity. These data provide justification to further explore keratin biomaterials for POP coatings that may stabilize the implant-skin interface.

Predictive Control for an Active Prosthetic Socket informed by FEA-based Tissue Damage Risk Estimation.

This paper presents an architecture for generalized predictive control for an active prosthetic socket system, based on a cost function performance index measure for minimization of residual limb tissue injury. Finite element analysis of a transtibial residuum model donned with a total surface bearing socket was used to provide controller training data and biomechanical rationale for deep tissue injury risk assessment, by estimating the internal deformation state of the soft tissues and the residuum-socket interface loading under a range of prosthetic loading instances. The results demonstrate the concept of this approach for interface actuation modelled as translational spring and damper systems.

An Adaptive Socket Attaches onto Residual Limb Using Smart Polymers for Upper Limb Prosthesis.

A major challenge for upper limb amputees is discomfort due to improper socket fit on the residual limb during daily use of their prosthesis. Our work introduces the implementation of soft robotic actuators into a prosthetic socket. The soft actuators are a type of electrically-powered actuator. The actuator is driven through changes in internal temperature causing actuation due to vapor pressure, which results in high and reliable force outputs. A regression fit was generated to model how the smart polymer's temperature relates to force output, and the model was cross-validated based on training data collected from each actuator. A proportional integral (PI) controller regulated the force exerted by the actuators based off of tactile and temperature feedback. Results showed that a socket system can be integrated with smart polymers and sensors, and demonstrated the ability to control two actuators and reach desired forces from set temperatures.