Socio-political Measures Research Articles

Influence of smoking, nutrition and other modifiable environmental factors on rheumatoid arthritis

Numerous reports in recent years have focused on the influence of environmental factors on rheumatoid arthritis. This article provides an overview of the current study situation on the influence of modifiable environmental factors on the development and course of rheumatoid arthritis. Lifestyle factors, such as cigarette smoking, diet, exercise and body weight can be individually influenced. Factors such as air pollution and socioeconomic status can be influenced by environmental and sociopolitical measures at apublic level. Epidemiological studies have identified nicotine abuse, an unhealthy diet and obesity as well as alow level of education and social status as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous factors are also associated with apoorer response to treatment and aworse prognosis. As randomized interventional studies on most environmental factors are hardly feasible, the causal relationship of the individual factors to the incidence and progression of rheumatoid arthritis is difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, the current evidence already enables the provision of appropriate counselling to patients with rheumatoid arthritis with respect to ahealthy lifestyle including abstaining from cigarette smoking, maintaining ahealthy diet, physical activity and avoiding obesity.

Semantic change and socio-semantic variation: the case of COVID-related neologisms on Reddit

Abstract COVID-19 has triggered innovations in science and society globally, leading to the emergence or establishment of formal neologisms such as infodemic and working from home (WFH). While previous work on COVID-related lexical innovation has focused on such formal neologisms, this paper uses data from Reddit to study semantic neologisms like lockdown and mask, which have changed in meaning due to the pandemic. First, we identify words that have undergone meaning changes since the start of the pandemic. Our approach, based on word embeddings, successfully detects a variety of COVID-related terms that dominate the resulting list of semantic neologisms. Next, we generate community-specific semantic representations for the communities r/Coronavirus and r/conspiracy, which are both highly engaged in COVID-related discourse. We analyse socio-semantic variation along two dimensions: an evaluative dimension, based on amelioration/pejorization, and the loyalty/betrayal dimension of Moral Foundations Theory. Our findings reveal that the detected semantic neologisms exhibit more negative and betrayal-related associations in r/conspiracy, a subreddit critical of COVID-related sociopolitical measures. Mapping the community-specific representations for the term vaccines on a shared semantic space confirms these differences and reveals more fine-grained denotational and connotational differences between the two communities.

Restrictive abortion legislation and adverse mental health during pregnancy and postpartum

PurposeTo determine the impact of abortion legislation on mental health during pregnancy and postpartum and assess whether pregnancy intention mediates associations. MethodsWe quantified associations between restrictive abortion laws and stress, depression symptoms during and after pregnancy, and depression diagnoses after pregnancy using longitudinal data from Nurses’ Health Study 3 in 2010–2017 (4091 participants, 4988 pregnancies) using structural equation models with repeated measures, controlling for sociodemographics, prior depression, state economic and sociopolitical measures (unemployment rate, gender wage gap, Gini index, percentage of state legislatures who are women, Democratic governor). ResultsRestrictive abortion legislation was associated with unintended pregnancies (β = 0.127, p = 0.02). These were, in turn, associated with increased risks of stress and depression symptoms during pregnancy (total indirect effects β = 0.035, p = 0.03; β = 0.029, p = 0.03, respectively, corresponding <1% increase in probability), but not after pregnancy. ConclusionsAbortion restrictions are associated with higher proportions of unintended pregnancies, which are associated with increased risks of stress and depression during pregnancy.

Evolution of COVID-19 infection characteristics in a Lebanese cohort of inpatients during different pandemic periods

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe COVID-19 patients characteristics, laboratory and imaging results, and the different outcomes of patients admitted to the Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital over a period of 9 months. In this observational retrospective study, data were obtained from electronic medical records of 491 male and female patients from the ages of 17 to 97. Analysis of the patients was performed in 3 periods: August 2020 to October 20 November 202020 to January 2021 and February 2021 to April 2021 corresponding with 3 waves of newly diagnosed cases during this period. The sample showed a male predominance with an average age of 63. The average hospitalization length was 10.1 days. The majority of patients were discharged to quarantine. The distribution of hospitalized cases was significantly correlated to the monthly distribution of newly COVID-19 cases in Lebanon. There was no significant difference in patient’s characteristics between the 3 periods of the study (gender, age, body mass index, smoking, and medical conditions). Clinical presentations of the patients varied between the 3 periods. Similarly, the course and outcome of infection varied. Patients received less oxygen during period 1, while more patients were cured during period 3. This study presents the first Lebanese cohort of COVID-19 patients with their medical background, clinical presentation, laboratory results, radiological findings and course of infection with its outcome. It also shows how the relations between the medical manifestation of the COVID-19 pandemic and the socio-political measures of infection control are deeply intertwined.

A general urban spreading pattern of COVID-19 and its underlying mechanism

Currently, the global situation of COVID-19 is aggravating, pressingly calling for efficient control and prevention measures. Understanding the spreading pattern of COVID-19 has been widely recognized as a vital step for implementing non-pharmaceutical measures. Previous studies explained the differences in contagion rates due to the urban socio-political measures, while fine-grained geographic urban spreading pattern still remains an open issue. Here, we fill this gap by leveraging the trajectory data of 197,808 smartphone users (including 17,808 anonymous confirmed cases) in nine cities in China. We find a general spreading pattern in all cities: the spatial distribution of confirmed cases follows a power-law-like model and the spreading centroid human mobility is time-invariant. Moreover, we reveal that long average traveling distance results in a high growth rate of spreading radius and wide spatial diffusion of confirmed cases in the fine-grained geographic model. With such insight, we adopt the Kendall model to simulate the urban spreading of COVID-19 which can well fit the real spreading process. Our results unveil the underlying mechanism behind the spatial-temporal urban evolution of COVID-19, and can be used to evaluate the performance of mobility restriction policies implemented by many governments and to estimate the evolving spreading situation of COVID-19.

Why do many children who are hard of hearing not use remote microphones to compensate for their hearing loss?

ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to explore parents' reasons for not acquiring remote microphones that would compensate for their child's hearing loss and why some children do not use these devices even after they are purchased. BackgroundThe benefit of remote microphones for better understanding speech has been proven by multiple studies. Consistent with the research, there is an official recommendation that all children who are hard of hearing should be considered as potential candidates for remote microphone systems in classrooms in Western countries, but in the Czech Republic, only a relatively small number of children use them. Therefore, it is important to focus on the reasons why parents do not buy such devices for their child and why some children do not use an already acquired device. MethodsData from 41 semi-structured interviews were collected and analysed using the DIPEx methodology (personal experiences of health and illness), which involves rigorous analysis of narrative interviews of people with particular conditions chosen to represent the widest practicable range of experiences. ResultsParents report multiple barriers to buying remote microphones: insecurity about the right moment, financial reasons, a lack of information and the child's refusal to use them. The reasons why children do not use such devices despite their being purchased are the reluctance of children and teachers and the low perceived benefit of remote microphones. ConclusionsThese barriers have to be taken into consideration by audiologists, policymakers and other stakeholders when addressing medical, educational and social systems supporting children who are hard of hearing as well as their families. Socio-political measures, improved systems of support for children who are hard of hearing and direct work with families can reduce these barriers.

Exploring the Root Causes of the Persecution Policy Against Rohingya People: A Study based on Three Constitutions of Burma/Myanmar

This article presents and analyzes the complex case of the Rohingya, a large group that allegedly migrated from the Bengal area and has been deprived of citizenship through the sociopolitical measures of the Myanmar government, thereby making them de facto stateless people in Myanmar. Through archival research investigating extensive historical records in Myanmar with a particular focus on the three constitutions of the country, this study attempted to identify and analyse the sociopolitical reasons and underlying sociocultural rationale for why Rohingya migrants are deprived of citizenship in Myanmar, treated as illegal immigrants, and subjected to criminal prosecution and oppression under Myanmar’s military rule. While violence against the Rohingya people should be condemned, the Buddhist nationalism of the majority of Myanmar citizens and the concern about territorial sovereignty of the Myanmar government must be well understood before effective tutelary measures can be contemplated for the Rohingya people.

კიბერსივრცე და ტერმინები: კიბერუშიშროება და კიბერუსაფრთხოება

The terms “kiberushishroeba” (cyber security) and “kiberusaprtkhoeba” (computer security) are often used in inappropriate contexts. The term “kiberushishroeba” is used when the avoidance of an imminent threat requires the formulation and implementation of socio-political measures (development and adoption of doctrines, laws, legal acts, improvement of the “kiberushishroeba” and “kiberusaprtkhoeba” assurance management process), because the state of protection of national interests in cyberspace is achieved through the establishment of an effective Computer Security system, cyberspace sustainability, protection from unwanted internal and external influences – as a result of qualified cyber policy. The starting-point in “kiberushishroeba” providing is political aim and the result – to achieve them. “Kiberusaprtkhoeba” is an integral component of “kiberushishroeba”, a carrier of different content and weight. “Kiberusaprtkhoeba” is a combination of technologies, methods and processes of technical protection against cyberattacks of components (networks, computers, programs, data, devices) within the field of computer and information-telecommunication. It is more associated with protection from "technical" threats (to be taken organizational-technical measures: to identify those responsible for the operation safety of the computerinformation-telecommunication field and to introduce appropriate technical infrastructure and security system) or rather to “protection of labor safety” than formulation and implementation of socio-political goals. The goal of “kiberusaprtkhoeba” is to protect them, and to achieve this protection as a whole is ensuring of the result that meets the requirements of the political goal of “kiberushishroeba”.

The customs of acceptance of informal payments among Hungarian nurses

In Hungary, since January 1st, 2021, the giving and acceptance of all forms of informal payments constitute a crime, except for gifts of a value of no more than 5% of the minimal monthly salary. While in the case of physicians, a pay rise compensates the loss of revenue, we hardly have data on the nurses' attitude in relation to the acceptance of informal payments. We intend to uncover the situation of informal payments at the end of 2020 and to examine the effects of the new legal regulation, based on information from nurses. In the fall of 2020, we questioned 167 nurses in the Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center of the University of Szeged, Hungary, in order to highlight the motivations, forms, circumstances, and sums of informal payments. We analyzed the results by means of descriptive statistical methods, with special regard to the differences among surgical, internal medical and pediatric fields. We analyzed the results with a view to the new legal regulations. Out of 167 respondents, 93 work in operative field, 54 in internal medical care, and 18 in pediatric care. Besides gratitude, corruption appeared in all the three fields, however, pediatric care was the least touched by corruption. Gifts of a higher value are rare, however, small gifts are common. The respondents received 10851 HUF (i.e., 36 USD) as informal payment from in-patients after one week, while, occasionally, 5326 HUF (i.e., 18 USD). The sums - similarly to informal payments to physicians - vary from field to field in healthcare. In the surgical field, the sums surpassed the new legal limit. Informal payments are given in private healthcare more rarely than in public healthcare. Informal payments given outside the workplace hardly ever occur. The informal payment with the goal of corruption is present in the sphere of nurses, however, it is not typical. The criminal sanctioning of informal payments to nurses is not compensated by a pay rise similar to that of physicians. The fact that informal payments are substituted by gifts results in loss of revenue in all fields of healthcare, however, this loss is the most salient in the surgical field. The criminal sanctioning is not sufficient to eliminate informal payments in Hungary; further socio-political measures are to be taken with the goal to change the attitude of healthcare workers and patients. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(41): 1658-1668.

Neuropsychiatric Aspects of COVID-19 - A Narrative Overview

The SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2) and COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) can affect numerous organ systems. In the present paper we offer an overview of the current state of knowledge about the psychiatric aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Medline, Embase und LIVIVO were searched for relevant literature, the last query dating from March 2nd, 2021. Different stress factors in the context of the pandemic can lead to manifest mental illnesses. In addition, there is a risk of neuropsychological changes due to the biological effects of the virus itself.Our work describes the psychological symptoms of COVID-19 sufferers themselves and the psychological effects of the epidemic and the associated socio-economic and psychosocial stress factors on those who are not sick.The most common psychiatric complication among people with COVID-19 is delirium, while hospitalized patients seem to have an increased incidence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD. There are many case reports on psychotic disorders. In general, an existing psychiatric illness (especially dementia and psychotic disorders) also increases the risk of infection and of a more severe course of the disease. After recovery from COVID-19 infection, there is also a higher incidence of mental illnesses, in particular "Chronic Post-SARS Syndrome" with its manifestations such as fatigue, anxiety, depression and PTSD. In addition, the course of dementia seems to be negatively influenced by an infection with SARS-CoV-2.The second part deals with the effects of the epidemic as a stressor and the established socio-political measures on the mental health of people with and without previous mental illnesses. The literature currently available shows high symptom values for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as post-traumatic stress disorders, stress, suicidality, sleep disorders etc. Risk factors seem to include female gender, younger age and fewer resources, as well as previous psychiatric or physical illnesses. Extrinsic factors such as high infection rates, large numbers of deaths, long curfews/lockdowns, low trust in the government and ineffective measures against economic and social consequences increase the burden.

Preadult polytoxicomania\u2014strong environmental underpinnings and first genetic hints

Considering the immense societal and personal costs and suffering associated with multiple drug use or “polytoxicomania”, better understanding of environmental and genetic causes is crucial. While previous studies focused on single risk factors and selected drugs, effects of early-accumulated environmental risks on polytoxicomania were never addressed. Similarly, evidence of genetic susceptibility to particular drugs is abundant, while genetic predisposition to polytoxicomania is unexplored. We exploited the GRAS data collection, comprising information on N~2000 deep-phenotyped schizophrenia patients, to investigate effects of early-life environmental risk accumulation on polytoxicomania and additionally provide first genetic insight. Preadult accumulation of environmental risks (physical or sexual abuse, urbanicity, migration, cannabis, alcohol) was strongly associated with lifetime polytoxicomania (p = 1.5 × 10−45; OR = 31.4), preadult polytoxicomania with OR = 226.6 (p = 1.0 × 10−33) and adult polytoxicomania with OR = 17.5 (p = 3.4 × 10−24). Parallel accessibility of genetic data from GRAS patients and N~2100 controls for genome-wide association (GWAS) and phenotype-based genetic association studies (PGAS) permitted the creation of a novel multiple GWAS–PGAS approach. This approach yielded 41 intuitively interesting SNPs, potentially conferring liability to preadult polytoxicomania, which await replication upon availability of suitable deep-phenotyped cohorts anywhere world-wide. Concisely, juvenile environmental risk accumulation, including cannabis and alcohol as starter/gateway drugs, strongly predicts polytoxicomania during adolescence and adulthood. This pivotal message should launch more effective sociopolitical measures to prevent this deleterious psychiatric condition.

Mapuche cosmovision and territorial rights: An interdisciplinary approach to understand the conflict of Wallmapu, Chile

The indigenous population of Latin America has been suffering from a sense of alienation since the arrival of Columbus in 1492 who referred to this land as “Nuevo Mundo”. There is a long history of environmental exploitation in Chile which has severely strained the relationship amongst the Mapuche community, the State and private entities (hydroelectric and timber industry). Although this conflict seems to be economic-productive associated with land, wherein land attains a “tangible material good”, in the Mapuche cosmovision, land (Mapu means land in Mapudungun, the language of Mapuche) acquires a connotation of “intangible material and immaterial good”. There is a profound imperceptible connection between nature and Mapuche and their traditions and culture are strongly rooted in the land. The industrial expansion has promoted a series of negative externalities like habitat fragmentation, loss of native forest, biodiversity reduction, water availability, etc. These affect the “idiosyncrasy” of this community (Mapuche-Nature relationship) and loss of their land could represent an identity loss. The Chilean indigenous policy appears to be inadequate and fail to recognize the socio-cultural and territorial rights for all indigenous peoples, including Mapuche, given the multidimensionality of the land under the indigenous cosmovision. The socio-political measures imposed by the Chilean government until now to make their life “modern” boomeranged alienating them further from society. This paper proposes to look at the territorial rights of the Mapuche with an interdisciplinary approach and focuses on developing the conceptual framework of Mapuche cosmovision of land and territory. The study follows a brief analysis of the historical context of the territorial conflict between the Chilean State and the Mapuche people and how the implementation of national and international normative framework on indigenous rights has not been effective in resolving this territorial conflict. The study tries to synthesize and talks about integrating the Mapuche land cosmovision in the socio-political discourse and be considered while formulating any land policy involving Mapuche and other indigenous peoples inhabiting in Chile in future. The discussions and analysis have been carried out through a comprehensive literature review and integrate an interdisciplinary approach to look at this issue, both from the philosophical perspective and from the socio-political policy framework of government.

Sensitivity assessment and optimal economic evaluation of a new COVID-19 compartmental epidemic model with control interventions.

Optimal economic evaluation is pivotal in prioritising the implementation of non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions in the control of diseases. Governments, decision-makers and policy-makers broadly need information about the effectiveness of a control intervention concerning its cost-benefit to evaluate whether a control intervention offers the best value for money. The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, and the eventual spread to other parts of the world, have pushed governments and health authorities to take drastic socioeconomic, sociocultural and sociopolitical measures to curb the spread of the virus, SARS-CoV-2. To help policy-makers, health authorities and governments, we propose a Susceptible, Exposed, Asymptomatic, Quarantined asymptomatic, Severely infected, Hospitalized, Recovered, Recovered asymptomatic, Deceased, and Protective susceptible (individuals who observe health protocols) compartmental structure to describe the dynamics of COVID-19. We fit the model to real data from Ghana and Egypt to estimate model parameters using standard incidence rate. Projections for disease control and sensitivity analysis are presented using MATLAB. We noticed that multiple peaks (waves) of COVID-19 for Ghana and Egypt can be prevented if stringent health protocols are implemented for a long time and/or the reluctant behaviour on the use of protective equipment by individuals are minimized. The sensitivity analysis suggests that: the rate of diagnoses and testing, the rate of quarantine through doubling enhanced contact tracing, adhering to physical distancing, adhering to wearing of nose masks, sanitizing-washing hands, media education remains the most effective measures in reducing the control reproduction number to less than unity in the absence of vaccines and therapeutic drugs in Ghana and Egypt. Optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis are rigorously studied. The main finding is that having two controls (transmission reduction and case isolation) is better than having one control, but is economically expensive. In case only one control is affordable, then transmission reduction is better than case isolation. Hopefully, the results of this research should help policy-makers when dealing with multiple waves of COVID-19.

Разработка инструментария для проведения контент-анализа федеральных и региональных СМИ в России по вопросам отражения демографической ситуации и политики

At the present stage, the development of scientific tools that allow for a qualitative and independent assessment of the current demographic situation and the socio-political measures taken to strengthen, stabilize and develop it is particularly relevant. The efforts of Federal, regional and local authorities aimed at increasing population reproduction, increasing the birth rate, reducing mortality, increasing life expectancy, and supporting young families and families with children should be publicized, developed as public initiatives, and resonated with the population. The content analysis method as a method of qualitative and quantitative study of information sources, which implies search, registration, numerical processing of semantic units of analysis, interpretation of the obtained data, and has successfully proven itself in the sociopolitical sphere, can be used for demographic research, including identifying the level of loyalty of public institutions (including the media) to the demographic policy. In the context of media policy, it is important that information related to the demographic situation, especially in Federal and regional media, be objective, reliable, and consistent. This article presents a method of content analysis developed for the purpose of analyzing Federal and regional media in Russia on the issues of reflecting the demographic situation and taking measures of demographic policy. The article provides an overview of the research tools: sample, indicators and keywords, instructions for research and analysis, units of analysis (revealing demographic problems in the Russian Federation, measures to support families at the birth of children, assistance to the older generation and other demographic problems in the mass media).

The subjects of civil practice as a basis for democratic transit of Ukraine

It has become an axiom in the scientific literature that any civic engagement contributes to democratic transit and the development of civil society. However, different types of this behavior may have different determinants. These may be actions motivated by civic norms and values, but may also be actions driven by financial encouragement or administrative pressure, especially in transitional democracies. The purpose of the study was to identify the impact of modernization values and orientations on different types of civic activism. The author created an indicator where among the options for the answers was offered a list of socio-political measures that were most relevant at the time of the survey. The substantive side of these activities combined the way and the object of communicating their public aspirations and interests. The most common are discussion forms of civil practices that are individualized. These practices do not require much organizational or collective effort and do not require direct interaction with political or governmental institutions. Practices that combine economic activities also have individualized traits, but they require financial costs or sample consumption, so they are less common. Socio-political practices, civic-local practices and protest-demonstration practices are even less common because they require organizational or collective efforts. Five types of civic practices of the Ukrainian population have been empirically identified and their relationship with democracy and liberal values tested. By means of multiple linear regression method, there was found that only civic practices that combine an ethical consumerism, financial donations and political discussions claim that their subjects could be considered as a social basis of Ukraine’s democratic transit. The likelihood of such actions increases with the increase of education levels, decrease of age and living in large settlements. The paradox is that people who profess values of modernization are ready to fund activists, among whom these values are not traced.

GENERAL-SOCIAL PREVENTION OF ALLEGED MISCELLANEOUS MESSAGES ON THREATS TO CITIZENS’ SAFETY, DESTRUCTION, OR DAMAGE TO OBJECTS

The article looks at the main groups of measures to prevent deliberately false messages about threats to citizens’ security, destruction or damage to property at the social level. Social prevention includes a system of economic, political, legal, cultural and educational measures aimed at overcoming crisis processes in society, in particular, such as unemployment, social inequality, political tension, legal nihilism, moral decline and the spiritual crisis. The implementation of such measures also influences the factors that cause crime, which can reduce the level of the latter. It is emphasized that general social prevention has an important criminological aspect, because it is the foundation, the basis of special criminological prevention. Socio-economic measures to prevent deliberately misrepresenting threats to the safety of citizens, destroying or damaging property are analyzed. It is emphasized that these measures occupy one of the central places in the system of preventive activity of the general social level. It is stated that, according to the constitutional approach, socially oriented policy is a part of internal state policy. It is summarized that practically all socio-economic transformations of our society at the present stage belong to all-social crime prevention measures. The general social level of crime prevention is largely determined by the state of the state’s economy, political situation, and the level of material state of the population. Among the socio-political measures are highlighted overcoming the political crisis, resolving the military conflict, overcoming corruption in public authorities. The most important cultural and educational activities are the organization of leisure, educational work, promotion of healthy lifestyles and sports. As a conclusion, it is stated that socially oriented and economically justified state policy by itself contains a set of general social measures for prevention of crimes, including – deliberately false reports about threat to the safety of citizens, destruction or damage to property objects.

Mathematical Modelling and Sensitivity Assessment of COVID-19 Outbreak for Ghana and Egypt

Following the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, and the eventual spread to other parts of the world; has pushed governments and health authorities to take drastic socioeconomic, sociocultural and sociopolitical measures to curb the spread of the virus, SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, we propose a Susceptible, Exposed, Asymptomatic, Quarantined asymptomatic, Severely infected, Hospitalized, Recovered, Deceased, and Partially quarantined susceptible individuals; thus $(S E A Q I_s H RR^{A} D S_p )$ model to describe the dynamics of COVID-19. We fit the model to real data from Ghana and Egypt to estimate model parameters. We calculate the control and basic reproduction numbers for Egypt and Ghana. Projections for the disease control in Ghana and Egypt are presented. The sensitivity analysis suggests that: a continuous increase in the rate of diagnoses, the rate of quarantine through doubling enhanced contact tracing, and stringent safety measures in hospitals (and/or isolation centres); with a constant supply of effective personal protective equipment's (PPEs) will help reduce the control reproduction number $\mathcal{R}_{c}$, to less than unity as the lockdown measures are been lifted. Adding natural recovery to the model shows that an increase in natural recovery from the asymptomatic stage reduces the control reproduction number. We also noticed that the choice of a force of infection influences the control reproduction number.

The subjects of civil practice as a basis for democratic transit of Ukraine

It has become an axiom in the scientific literature that any civic engagement contributes to democratic transit and the development of civil society. However, different types of this behavior may have different determinants. These may be actions motivated by civic norms and values, but may also be actions driven by financial encouragement or administrative pressure, especially in transitional democracies. The purpose of the study was to identify the impact of modernization values and orientations on different types of civic activism. The author created an indicator where among the options for the answers was offered a list of socio-political measures that were most relevant at the time of the survey. The substantive side of these activities combined the way and the object of communicating their public aspirations and interests. The most common are discussion forms of civil practices that are individualized. These practices do not require much organizational or collective effort and do not require direct interaction with political or governmental institutions. Practices that combine economic activities also have individualized traits, but they require financial costs or sample consumption, so they are less common. Socio-political practices, civic-local practices and protest-demonstration practices are even less common because they require organizational or collective efforts. Five types of civic practices of the Ukrainian population have been empirically identified and their relationship with democracy and liberal values tested. By means of multiple linear regression method, there was found that only civic practices that combine an ethical consumerism, financial donations and political discussions claim that their subjects could be considered as a social basis of Ukraine’s democratic transit. The likelihood of such actions increases with the increase of education levels, decrease of age and living in large settlements. The paradox is that people who profess values of modernization are ready to fund activists, among whom these values are not traced.

Socioeconomic trends in school bullying among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015.

Bullying at school has far-reaching impacts on adolescent well-being and health. The aim of this study was to examine trends in bullying at school according to socioeconomic adversities among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015. A population-based school survey was conducted biennially among 14-16-year-old Finns between 2000 and 2015 (n = 761,278). Distributions for bullying, being bullied and socioeconomic adversities were calculated. Associations between bullying involvement, time and socioeconomic adversities were studied using binomial logistic regression with results shown by odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. At the population level, the likelihoods of bullying and being bullied varied only slightly between 2000 and 2015. Bullying and being bullied were associated with socioeconomic adversities (low parental education, not living with both parents and parental unemployment in the past year). Unlike in the general population, the likelihoods of bullying and being bullied increased markedly among adolescents with most socioeconomic adversities. The increased socioeconomic differences in bullying involvement observed in this study add to the mounting evidence of polarization of adolescent health and well-being. Socioeconomic adversities should be considered in the prevention of bullying at school. In addition, socio-political measures are needed to decrease socioeconomic inequalities among Finnish adolescents.

Intragenerational Mobility and Subjective Health: Findings of the Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1992-2012

International research suggests that mobility plays an important role in determining health in later life. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between intragenerational mobility and subjective health on the basis of data from Germany, taking different periods from 1992 to 2012 into account. Data is derived from the Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP), taking three time periods into account (1992-1995, 2000-2003 and 2008-2012). Intragenerational mobility was measured by comparing first occupational position and current job. Logistic regressions were used in order to analyze the relationship between health and mobility. Men and women who were downwardly mobile in unemployment or stable low reported the worst health. Up- and downwardly mobile people were located between the stable-up and stable-low groups. The relationship was not affected by origin (East/West Germany). Yet, upward mobility was more common in West Germany and downward mobility was more frequent in East Germany. In general, men and women showed similar patterns. The relationship between intragenerational mobility and health remained stable over time. Occupational development showed a strong relationship with health in later life. Especially downward mobility into unemployment or staying in lower positions had strong influence on health. Socio-political measures should be taken to prevent a further divergence of health opportunities.