Sociological Processes Research Articles

First do no harm

Every social order creates those character forms which it needs for its own preservation … The character structure … is the crystallization of the sociological process of a given epoch. (Wilhelm R...

Interacting faults in california and hindu kush

We study seismic fluctuations in California and Hindu Kush using Diffusion Entropy Analysis (DEA), a technique designed to detect the action of crucial events in time series generated by complex dynamical systems. The time distance between two consecutive crucial events is described by an inverse power law distribution density with a power index $\mu$ close to the value $\mu = 2$, corresponding to an ideal $1/f$ noise. DEA was used in the recent past to study neurophysiological processes that in the healthy condition are found to generate $1/f$ noise and $\mu$ close to $2$. In this paper we find that the seismic fluctuations in both California and Hindu-Kush of extended areas implying the action of many faults, $\mu \approx 2.1$, while in regions involving the action of only one fault, or of a very small number of faults, $\mu \approx 2.4$. This observation led us the conjectures that the seismic criticality is due to the interaction of many faults. To support this conjecture we adopted a dynamical model for fault dynamics proposed by Brown and Tosatti and we have extended it to describe the interaction between many faults. The DEA applied to surrogate sequences generated by this dynamical model, yields $\mu = 2.1$ for a single fault and $\mu = 2,4$ for many interacting faults, in a good agreement with the observation of real seismic fluctuations. This result supports our conjecture and suggests interesting applications to neurophysiological and sociological processes.

Female Victims and Offenders in South African Parricides, 1990-2019

ABSTRACT Women have been primarily discussed as victims and offenders in intimate partner homicides and offenders in infanticides. In the parricide literature, women have been depicted as overly domineering and controlling figures who keep a tight leash on their offspring. Female parricide offenders have been explained as a reaction to prolonged abuse. Most of the parricide literature, however, has examined female offenders and victims in Western contexts. This study examines the unique characteristics of women victims and women offenders in South African parricides. One unique finding from our study indicates that contract killings of parents in murder-for-hire plots involve sociological processes.

EL BILDUNSGROMAN DOMINICANO FEMENINO COMO TEXTO ANTROPOLÓGICO DE CONOCIMIENTO. JULIA ÁLVAREZ Y LA EXPERIENCIA MIGRANTE EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS

The great human exoduses that took place between the three islands that make up the Hispanic Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic) and the United States throughout the second decade of the twentieth century originated a Caribbean territorialization of significant presence. This way, many texts began to testify the sociological processes of Caribbean migration and, at the same time, another literary typology of literature did start to focus on describing in detail the edges of female displacement. This is how How the García Girls lost Their Accents (1991), by Dominican-American author Julia Álvarez, has emerged as a canonical work of female Dominican displacement in the United States. However, far from being limited to occupying a place within the artistic corpusof female migration, the work may also be considered as an anthropological text of knowledge because of its intention of focusing exclusively on the integration of Dominican women in The United States, which also acts at two levels: testimonial genesis and commercial interest. The article, therefore, proposes to analyze Álvarez's work as an anthropological dissemination text following the annotations of Australian professor Joel S. Khan.

Conceptualizing Consent: How Prosecutors Identify Sexual Victimization in Statutory Rape Cases

ABSTRACTIn the wake of rape law reforms, lack of sexual consent emerged as a key element that defined sexual contact as criminal. Its presence modified the requirement of force or threat of violence, and it gained traction in campaigns to eradicate sexual assault. Little is known, however, about how prosecutors assess consent. In this article, I use the case of statutory rape to better understand the legal construction of sexual consent. By focusing on an age-based class of individuals who are sexually mature but still under the age of consent, I show how legal actors identify sexual victimization among youth. Drawing on interviews with forty-three prosecutors, I analyze prosecutorial decision making during the investigation, charging, and trial phases. I find that sexual consent is not simply a dichotomous legal category but rather a sociological process. Prosecutors define sexual victimization based on informal ideas about normative adolescent sexuality, reproducing social hierarchies based on age, gender, and sexual identity.

Understanding the Sociological Processes and Mechanisms of School Drop-Out in the Sfax Region of Tunisia: Preliminary Study

The purpose of this article was to identify the main factors influencing school dropout in Tunisia. With this work we want to draw attention to a social problem that manifests itself with an increasingly strong intensity from year to year in Tunisia, namely school dropout problem, mainly due to deepening poverty (especially in rural areas but not only). In the elaboration of this work we started from processing and interpretation of statistical data provided by the multiple-choice questionnaire. As a result, the causes of school dropout differ from rural and urban space and from region to region. Our analyzes indicate that the probabilities of dropping out are mainly associated with individual behavior, a set of school factors, socioeconomic, family and especially cultural and geographic factors among middle school pupils in the Sfax (Tunisia). Thus, our study tends to understand the mechanisms and sociological processes of dropping out of school. This result indeed confirms the cultural and geographic specificities of Tunisia at this level.

The concept of ‘rural’ as a psychosocial process: From concept attainment to concept unlearning

AbstractRealising that human geography has been defined less by its canonical works but rather by its canonical concepts, the current status of the concept ‘rural’ puts a question mark over progress in human geography in terms of how well we have been able to adapt knowledge to reciprocate with societal change at large. As one of the oldest geographical concepts still in widespread use, ‘rural’ stands in stark contrast to the immense changes encountered by the society during the last century, let alone decades. And while this problem has been approached both empirically and philosophically, not enough stress has been put on the cognitive and sociological processes that have governed the attainment and retention of ‘rural’ in science, and beyond. In this vein, the aim of this paper is to provide a structured argument for facilitating a view of ‘rural’ less as a geographical space and more as a concept purportedly thought to define such space by way of inculcation.

Regional Identity, Separatism, and War in Eastern Europe: Donbass and Pridnestrovie

The authors of this article use the examples of the Donbass and Pridnestrovie regions to examine the relationship between regional identity, separatism, and armed conflict. On the basis of comparative methods of analysis, they describe the historical and sociological processes and political conditions that, over the course of history, produced the formation of a specific sense of regional separateness among the inhabitants of those regions. They prove that regional identity need not rest on centuries of tradition and that Soviet modernization could be a key component of that identity.This analysis of the relation between regional identity and war indicates that the popular explanation of the underpinnings of separatism in Eastern Europe by reference to identity is insufficient in the case of these two regions. In contemporary Donbass and in Pridnestrovie both, identity is constructed on the basis of a war narrative but has become a foundation for effective separatism only in connection with the interests of the local elites and/or external political and cultural factors.

THE SHIFTING PARADIGM OF ASWAJA AN-NAHDLIYYAH EPISTEMOLOGY IN POSTMODERN ERA

The Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) are important parts that greatly value the inheritance of the classical Islamic treasures contained in the work of the Imam Mazhab . Its wealth of sources of understanding, NU has its own uniqueway of responding to reform, while maintaining harmony in tradition and cultural heritage, moderate, tolerant, not extreme, as well as promoting goodness and preventing badness. This paper examines the positioning of NU and its relation to Ahlussunnah wa al-Jama‘ah ( Aswaja ) based on the social context that accompanies it and the actors involved in it. There are three locus, places, or cultural fields that have important significance because they are a source of discourse, ideas and practices of mazhab in contemporary NU communities: Pesantren , Islamic College (PTKI) and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). This paper uses three approaches: Thomas Kuhn’s Shifting Paradigm, Karl Manheim’s Sociology of Knowledge and Abed al-Jabiri’s Epistemology are used to study knowledge that is not only the result of theory, but also part of the process of sociology and epistemology. The results show that the majority of Pesantren when understanding and interpreting Aswaja An-Nahdliyyah are heavier and dominant based on Bayani and Irfani . Whereas the scholar of NU and NGOs that had been Bayani and Irfani shifted to Burhani’s epistemological model. In other words, methodologically they want a change in understanding Aswaja from qauli to manhaji , Bayani-Irfani to Burhani ,monolithic-dichotomic to integrative-progressive.

The Concept of Moral Ecology in Media Sociology Research

AbstractThis project provides an explication of moral ecology, tracing its roots from 19th-century scientific approaches to its 20th-century critical-cultural focus, and introducing its latest moral-psychology incarnation for future media research. While the rich media ecology scholarship has focused primarily on the realm of effects, emerging applications of the moral ecology concept are shifting that focus onto the sociological processes and organizational structures involved in the formation of moral dispositions and standards. This project promotes an argument for why moral ecology should be considered an essential focus of media sociology research in general and media ethics scholarship in particular. Such a focus spotlights the organizational-level factors that serve to help or hinder the ability of media workers to act virtuously and uphold professional norms.

UTILIZING UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH TO INFORM COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR OLDER ADULTS: A SERVICE-LEARNING PROJECT

Engaging undergraduate students with aging-focused community resources is critical for preparing students to work with older adults and make positive contributions to aging societies. During the fall, 2018 semester, undergraduate students in a human development course on middle and late adulthood partnered with a county aging and disability resource center (ADRC) in Wisconsin to evaluate and update several of their existing programs and resources using empirical research. Upon completion of this project, students synthesized course material to meet all course learning objectives such as: (1) critically analyze physical, psychological, and sociological processes of aging across categories of difference (e.g. cultural, ethnic, class); (2) evaluate social policies and their multigenerational implications for midlife and older adults; and (3) construct a personal position on aging that integrates theory, research, and policy to demonstrate a sensitive and competent approach to working with midlife and older adults. Students researched, wrote reports, and presented to ADRC staff on the impact of social isolation on older adults, best practices for home visitor and transportation programs serving older adults, cognitive competency tools and best practices for utilizing memory assessments, grief supports and groups for family caregivers, and best practices for supporting veterans as they age. The outcome of these projects are research-based recommendations for any ADRC to consider when developing and implementing related programs. All stakeholders (students, professor, and ADRC staff) were satisfied with the process and outcomes of the project. Strengths and challenges of carrying out such a collaborative project will be reviewed.

ANALISIS UPAYA GURU DALAM MEMOTIVASI SISWA PADA PROSES PEMBELAJARAN SOSIOLOGI KELAS XI IPS2

The title of this research is "Analysis of Teacher Efforts to Manage Students in the Learning Process IPS2 Sociology Class XI". The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the efforts of teachers to motivate students in the learning process IPS2 sociology class XI. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The process of implementation is carried out with test instruments such as observation, interviews, and documentation.The results showed that the efforts of teachers to motivate students in the learning process of sociology in general have been implemented but have not carried out to the maximum. Constraints implementation of motivation by teachers, teacher attendance factors and methods of teaching, the student's social environment, and infrastructure are less supportive. The response of students is very worth noting that the way teachers deliver the material time in the classroom, because the volume is not loud teachers.

On standing out and fitting in

ABSTRACTTwo basic sociological processes with particular relevance to global fashion marketing and consumption are attempting to stand out or to fit in. These processes operate not only among face-to-face peers but online as well. And in some cases, users of social media, as well as marketers, are able to take advantage of the dynamics between those attempting to stand out and those attempting to fit in. In this note, I analyze various ways in which these dynamics operate as well as some of the cultural differences in the tendency toward each trait. I conclude that across cultures the interplay of standing out and fitting in is a basic engine of the fashion process.

Where did the Donoghue v. Stevenson Decision Come From? A Jurisprudential Inquiry

Is the concept of law primarily about taking rights seriously or a sociological process which produces a rule of recognition? Are Judges either Herberts or Hercules or they are simply consciously looking out to enforce values that have gone through the washing machine and consequently seeking stability, certainty, and following precedents? When judges depart from this role how far should they go creating new forms of rights even if that will disturb the natural order of society? The UK Supreme Court decision in Donoghue v. Stevenson was a landmark precisely because it extended the boundaries of torts and contract law; completely upending the principles of privity of contract and the traditional conception of the torts of negligence. In this essay, I will attempt to use Hartian ‘rules of recognition’ and Dworkinian ‘principles’ to explain how the Law Lords navigated the strict structures of legalism to arrive at a very fundamental ‘neighborliness principle’ that continues to be expanded so long as there is an established duty of care; a breach of that duty; and injury suffered.

Changes in disability, reduced working ability and rehabilitation benefits in Hungary between 1990 and 2015

In our study, based on the data of the last 25 years, we analyzed the changes in the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, currently accounting for nearly 30% of the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. The purpose of our study is to compare the statistical data of the past 25 years and the changes in the legal environment. Our research was based on the data series of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office as well as on the public finance reports of the State Audit Office of Hungary and the Ministry for National Economy. For the period under review, we analyzed the extent of the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, the measures taken to reduce these benefits, and the related legal background. In the long term, we examined the relevant dimension of the complex sociological processes in the background as well as the medical evaluation of the changed working ability. In the last 25 years, benefits (annuity, retirement) paid under different denominations (disability, work ability reduction, health impairment, rehabilitation benefit) are still a decisive part of the health insurance budget (HUF 315 billion in 2016). Serious efforts have been made to replace the previously funded system of invalidity pension and annuity system, with the complex medical, occupational, and social rehabilitation, maintenance and improvement of the remaining state of health. The purpose of the measures is essentially to reduce budget expenditures and to improve the utilization of the amount paid on rehabilitation benefits. The sociological changes that occurred during the long period of time regrettably helped to initially increase the number of recipients of invalidity benefits, to stabilize them at a high level and to have a significant burden on the budget. This could not be counterbalanced by the rehabilitation approach of money supply either. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 29-36.

Explaining Survival and Growth of Women Entrepreneurship: Organizational Ecology Perspective

Sociological perspectives about organizational founding, survival and growth under organizational ecology theory offer research avenues to look into their implications for new organizational forms. Women entrepreneurship or female run businesses in developing countries risk the liability of newness due to lack of their presence in commercial business activities. Though the presence and role of women in rural economy of these developing countries is more than significant yet the urban sector still lacks the luster of new social values to accept and value this new organizational form. There is need to explore into sociological processes involved in the growth of women entrepreneurship. The present study, using qualitative exploratory research design, elaborates the key sociological processes postulated by ecology theory by which female run businesses make their way to create inclusive markets and shared growth in a socially constrained business environment. The organizational ecology framework is postulated to study the women entrepreneurship process i.e. birth, survival, and growth of female run businesses through change in the social value structure of the society. This perspective treats women entrepreneurship as a distinct organizational form and depicts it as a social process involving the population of organizations than the individual process targeting the women entrepreneurs themselves. The propositions resulting from the postulated linkages can be tested using quantitative methods. The theoretical framework developed here nonetheless offers fresh insights into the women entrepreneurship, its process and outcomes.

Historiographic approaches and methods of sociological science

The article presents various approaches and methods of historiographic research, shows the interrelation between history and historiography. The works depicting the historiographic analysis of important sociological categories and concepts are singled out. The subject, methods and tasks of historiographic studies of the knowledge of sociological science are characterized. Types and varieties of historiographic sources are indicated. The article definitely starts the sociological direction in historiography, highlights the degree of study of historiographic and source research problems. The historiography of sociological science is defined as a branch of knowledge that studies the history of accumulation of sociological knowledge, the development of sociological thought and research methodology, the history of the creation of sociological works and biographies of scientists, the influence of sociopolitical life phenomena on the work of sociologists and the impact of sociological thought on public consciousness, the history of scientific institutions , organization of sociological education and dissemination of sociological knowledge.Attention is drawn to the experience of one of the most famous and influential historiographic schools of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – the Klyuchevsky school. This school carried out a synthesis of history and sociology. Revising the conceptual tools of knowledge of the past, which the preceding historiography had, he largely shaped the subject and method of national history in a new way, focusing on analyzing the evolution of the social structure of society, researching social and economic processes, rather than describing outstanding events. Due to this, the emphasis from political and legal history was shifted to the socio-economic history. This research orientation had a clear humanistic orientation, as it brought historical research closer to the person in his social environment.The historiography of the sociological approach in the microdynamic studies of J. Turner is described, which reflects the nature and direction of theoretical studies, which are distinguished by an orientation towards active theoretical and multilateral conceptual synthesis. Attention is drawn to the fact that the very fact of developing a theory of this type testifies to the nature of the unfolding of theoretical perspectives in modern sociology. T. Kuhn’s role in the development of historiographic research is shown. In particular, the historiography and sociological aspect of Kuhn’s theory is that various episodes in the development of historiography of sociological science contribute to reconstructing the historical process of sociology, revealing its beginnings and ends, and bridging the gap between sociological theorists and social practices.

The Sociological Perspective on International Law

Sociological analysis of international law begins from the premise that international legal rules and institutions are deeply embedded in the particular socio-cultural features of certain communities. Sociological factors and processes thus form an inseparable dimension of international law, and international law is both affected by and influences such factors and processes. Numerous international legal rules reflect and affect societal factors such as norms, socialization, identity, collective memories and social control. Existing sociological studies of international law essentially emphasize that socio-cultural factors are involved in two primary (and inter-related) dimensions of international law: behavior and knowledge. First, such factors influence the behavior of actors in the international legal system (e.g., via social norms). Second, sociological factors are involved in the production of collective knowledge shared by members of social groups (e.g., via collective memories regarding historical events) which also affect actors' legal behavior. Some eminent sociologists have relatively recently highlighted a third level of social behavior - the cognitive dimension. Cognitive sociology underscores that humans process information existing in our environment (e.g., filtering in/ out some items of information) also according to socio-cultural factors. Cognitive sociology literature generates significant insights regarding the link between socio-cognitive processes and international law; for example, with respect to the impact of culturally embedded categorizations on compliance with international treaties prohibiting racial or gender discrimination. The draft chapter is structured as follows: Section II exposes the central assumptions of the sociological perspective and introduces the core theoretical approaches in sociological literature. Section III discusses the sociological dimension of international law, highlighting the role of socio-cultural factors in three primary dimensions of international law relating to behavior, knowledge, and cognition. Here we also shed light on the broad contours of earlier scholarship on the sociology of international law. To illustrate the contribution of sociological theories to international legal scholarship, this section also briefly examines the question of the desirable structural design for international legal regimes from the three major sociological theoretical perspectives. Section IV observes some significant recent changes in international investment law and sketches out some thoughts regarding sociological factors that may explain this legal change; underlining the role of strains between values prevailing in the international community and the investment arbitration community, social movements, and social control mechanisms. Section V recaps the main conclusions drawn from the preceding sections.

Entropy Measures of Human Communication Dynamics

Human communication is commonly represented as a temporal social network, and evaluated in terms of its uniqueness. We propose a set of new entropy-based measures for human communication dynamics represented within the temporal social network as event sequences. Using real world datasets and random interaction series of different types we find that real human contact events always significantly differ from random ones. This human distinctiveness increases over time and by means of the proposed entropy measures, we can observe sociological processes that take place within dynamic communities.

“Sosiologi Informasi Pengobatan Tradisional Religius” Kajian di Masyarakat Perdesaan Jawa Barat

The process of information sociology is an activity of how people create, acquire, change, and store information related to traditional healing practices. This study is aimed at finding information about the treatment on religious traditional healing in certain social groups, in this case the people of West Java. This research is also aimed at examining in how people respond the public policy on traditional healing. The method used in the study is qualitative method using data collecting techniques through observation, interview, documentation and literature studies. The study reveals that there were local information sociology activities in the West Java community. This is characterized by traditional activities, patients, government regulations and sociological information activities leading to care of traditional healing services. Although it is still traditional, sociological information activities can help people to preserve the culture of traditional healing. This research can contribute to the development of communication and information sciences as well as guidelines to search the local culture of traditional healing.