Sociological Bases Research Articles

Study of Supreme Court Decision (Number 1666 K/Pdt/2022) Sale and Purchase Agreement Between Budi Said and PT Antam

The study of the court verdict number 158/Pdt.G/2020/PN Sby, is a unlawful tort act of Indonesian Civil Law, between Budi Siad as the claimant, and a major mining coroporation owned by the Indonesian Government, ANTAM Ltd, and also with it, are some other individuals who are responsible in the tort. In this court verdict study, the author would like to examine, on what are the constituent of unlawful tort, have the defendant do. Lest we forget also that in a verdict study the author would also like to find out upon what are the factors used bby the judge in judging and considering the verdict of the case. The case itself occurred due to incongruity found between the amount of goods purchased by the claimant and the price paid, the incongurity found resulted in the loss received by the claimant. The purpose of this research specifically is to reinforce the theories used by the court in order to issues the verdict on the defendants. This research also use d normative jurdicial approach and use library study techniques of which the sources came from secondary sources such as books, journals, papers, or newspapers. In which the research method used normative-empirical method. From the said research, the author has found that the unlawful tort act that have been commited by the defendants are fullfield in most elements, and in terms of the second problems formulated in this article the author finds out that the legal findings methode the judge used are juridicialm philosopical, and sociological bases.

Sociological direction in the study of crime (from the history of political and legal thought)

The ideas of supporters of the sociological direction in criminal law and criminology on the causes of crime are considered; their significance for the present is determined.
 It is stated that crime has existed at all times and has changed in different eras and in different countries under the influence of the circumstances of a particular society. The sociological direction in criminal law and criminology was formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The outstanding theorists of the sociological direction were A.J. Kettle, A. Lacassan, F. Liszt, E. Durkheim, P.O. Sorokin, M.P. Chubynskii, E.Kh. Sutherland, D. Cressy, G. Van Hamel, A. Prince, R.K. Merton, T. Sellin and others.
 The basic provisions on the dependence of crime on the conditions of the social environment, the stability of the basic parameters of crime and the possibility of its prediction were formulated by representatives of the sociological school. It has been proven that it would be futile to try to influence crime without changing the social conditions that give rise to crime. However, sociological theories do not explain why different people exhibit fundamentally different behaviors under the same social conditions.
 The determinants of crime are mainly related to society itself, to its acute contradictions, to social injustice and social inequality, which are insurmountable in the current social space. Some contradictions are historically overcome or minimized, but new criminologically significant antagonisms are emerging that determine crime.
 It is argued that a synthetic approach based on a combination of different methodologies and allows the consideration of all known crime factors in interrelation and interaction can be the methodological basis for crime research.
 Today the main initial positions of the sociological direction, its philosophical and sociological bases are preserved in criminology: positivism in its various versions; recognition of social and individual factors in a series of actions; the concept of crime as an eternal phenomenon inherent in any social system.

Promoting Aesthetic Experiences in Science Lessons: A Proposal for Instruction

Science education motivates students to be problem solvers who utilize scientific knowledge for the social problems that they encounter in their lives. However, for better solutions for the problem, just knowledge of scientific concepts would not be enough because students need to approach problems aesthetically also. Understanding social, cultural, and sociological bases of the problem and the values of people who own the problem should be considered in the solution. Therefore, that brings the need for aesthetic experiences in science education as well as cognitive experiences. From the Deweyan approach, an experience is an experience when it is supported by human values. The main characteristics of aesthetic experiences are that they transform abstract concepts into living ideas because the process makes people make sense of the parts, link to the whole, and perceive the world from different perspectives. Because they are not an absolute must, artworks are essential elements for the aesthetic experiences. With the use of artworks in instruction, students can have aesthetic experiences by transforming abstract concepts into living ideas and solve social problems more effectively. The study aims to connect the cognitive and aesthetic aspects of science and promote aesthetic experiences by using an artwork. A framework based on Deweyan aesthetic was used for pedagogical suggestions. With the use of the framework both cognitive and aesthetic perspectives were emphasized for social problems, and the concept of electrostatics and the interaction between science and society is underlined for the instruction.

Про філософські та соціологічні засади педагогічного фізкультурно-спортивного процесу

Про філософські та соціологічні засади педагогічного фізкультурно-спортивного процесу

Examining the Link Between the Human Microbiome and Antisocial Behavior: Why Criminologists Should Care About Biochemistry, Too

ABSTRACTObjective: The expansion of technology enables closer examination of human biological functioning which has exponentially increased knowledge about how the human organism interacts with surrounding environs to produce certain behaviors. The contemporary biosocial model pushes crime theorists and researchers alike to consider the many biological factors that may be implicated in violent behavior and how those factors are ameliorated or exacerbated by environmental influences (and vice versa). This paper describes the human microbiome and discusses why and how the human microbiome should be incorporated into biosocial investigations of violent behavior.Method: To date, a fairly significant knowledge-base has accumulated regarding the evolutionary, genetic, and sociological bases of violent behavior but has not yet carefully considered other factors related to biochemistry: namely, the microbiome. We review the emerging literature on the role of the microbiome on phenotypes––particularly antisocial behavior––and synthesize the contribution of this literature to the study of antisocial behavior.Results: The microbiome is likely an important contributor to animal and human behavior. Recent studies show that the microbiome holds promise in explaining antisocial behavior among a wide range of species including humans.Conclusion: Criminological theory and public policy can incorporate knowledge about the microbiome in the explanation of violent behavior, and prevention and intervention efforts.

Personality disorders and the DSM-5: Scientific and extra-scientific factors in the maintenance of the status quo.

The aim of this study was to review and discuss the evidence for dimensional classification of personality disorders and the historical and sociological bases of psychiatric nosology and research. Categorical and dimensional conceptualisations of personality disorder are reviewed, with a focus on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-system's categorisation and the Five-Factor Model of personality. This frames the events leading up to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, personality disorder debacle, where the implementation of a hybrid model was blocked in a last-minute intervention by the American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees. Explanations for these events are discussed, including the existence of invisible colleges of researchers and the fear of risking a 'scientific revolution' in psychiatry. A failure to recognise extra-scientific factors at work in classification of mental illness can have a profound and long-lasting influence on psychiatric nosology. In the end it was not scientific factors that led to the failure of the hybrid model of personality disorders, but opposing forces within the mental health community in general and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Task Force in particular. Substantial evidence has accrued over the past decades in support of a dimensional model of personality disorders. The events surrounding the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group show the difficulties in reconciling two different worldviews with a hybrid model. They also indicate the future of a psychiatric nosology that will be increasingly concerned with dimensional classification of mental illness. As such, the road is paved for more substantial changes to personality disorder classification in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision, in 2017.

Revisiting the “Transnational” in Migration Studies: A Sociological Understanding

After decades of extensive discussion and a number of empirical studies, the transnational approach is by now well established in migration studies. An open contraposition still exists however between its supporters and its detractors. As an attempt to move beyond it, this paper argues for the need to still elaborate on the sociological bases of this perspective in four respects: its underlying definitional issues, the nexus between its conceptual toolkit and that of “mainstream” migration studies, the need to situate transnational ties and relationships in migrant’s life course, the reflexivity which is necessary to appreciate the transnational as a potential social attribute and as a social science category. The scope for enacting proximity in social relationships from afar is finally highlighted as a promising topic for a richer sociological investigation of transnational social living.

Coupling career fairy tale “Fascinating Sociology Class”. How to teach sociology? The sociology of sociology

This paper is a simple account of my teaching experience1, the aim of which is to answer the question: “How can we successfully teach interactionism, labeling theory, grounded theory and other sociological bases related to qualitative methods with the active participation of students?”. Through the examples of sociologists working in the Chicago Tradition, French sociologists working with Pierre Bourdieu, and other examples from American sociology, I show that sociological work is group activity. It is argued in this paper, that to make sociological thinking understandable to students teachers may do well to contextualize key theorists in their narrative/biographical context. The students learn, that sociologists are not magicians or genius individuals who produce attractive theories. Rather, they work in collaboration with other humans to generate knowledge. Moreoever, I demonstrate that sociologists’ contributions are often strongly related to and influenced by their broader life context.

Reconsidering primordialism: an alternative approach to the study of ethnicity

This theoretical article first clarifies the exclusive assumptions of primordialism and constructivism. Subsequently, it demonstrates that primordialism has substantial power to explain ethnic phenomena, since (a) ethnic identities persist even in the hardest cases, such as sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, and (b) the attributed significance of assumed kinship has psychological and sociological bases. Finally, this article formulates hypotheses based on the core primordialist assumptions and develops ethnic distance as an explanatory variable on the level of integration of immigrants. It defines ethnic distance as the degree to which two ethnic identities have been solidified as opposed to each other by their dyadic violent conflicts and religious and/or nationalistic education and hypothesizes that the higher the ethnic distance between immigrants and the host society the lower the level of integration.

Some sociological Bases of transnational Practices in Italy

Les différents groupes de migrants montrent des niveaux de transnationalisme très variables. Si on refuse le « nationalisme méthodologique » il semble nécessaire d’enquêter aussi sur des cas « négatifs » qui devraient faire la lumière sur les conditions nécessaires pour main­tenir des unités stables à travers les frontières. L’article s’appuie sur des entretiens avec des migrants roumains et marocains en Italie pour explorer les raisons des niveaux modestes du transnationalisme politique et économique. On compare avec d’autres groupes où certaines pratiques sont plus développées. L’article soutient qu’il faut être plus attentif aux racines spé­cifiquement sociologiques des pratiques. On discute la logique qui soutient le modèle de mobilité circulaire des Roumains qui travaillent dans le bâtiment, l’agriculture et l’aide à domicile.

Por que empresas eticamente orientadas?

O artigo discute os fundamentos sociológicos da adoção, pelas empresas, das estratégias de responsabilidade social corporativa e de sustentabilidade empresarial. Mostra como essa postura não decorre de uma benemérita tomada de consciência cívica ou de um surto de bom-mocismo, mas resulta de pressões cidadãs bem definidas e historicamente lastreadas. Destaca o crescente risco que ameaça o capital de reputação das empresas e aponta para a metamorfose da propriedade privada dos bens intangíveis em propriedade comum.

A Review of Single-Item Internet Auction Literature and a Model for Future Research

Internet auctions have received a considerable amount of attention from researchers. We review recent empirical literature pertaining to single-item Internet auctions and observe that existing work has examined the roles of the auctioneer, bidder, and seller in Internet auctions. As this stream of research matures, research will necessarily move from concept discovery and process explanation to theory deepening. As a first step towards synthesis of findings in Internet auctions, we compile a comprehensive list of the various factors that have been examined in empirical studies and note their general impact upon auction outcome. Based upon this extant research, we propose a conceptual model of Internet auctions as a framework for structuring future work into Internet auctions. We then note the existing economic, psychological, sociological, and cognitive theoretical bases for work on Internet auctions. We conclude by highlighting the potential for behavioral economics to bring unity to Internet auction research and by calling researchers to engage in the work of forging a comprehensive theory of Internet auctions.

Effects of Premarital Medical Examination on Engaged Endogamous Couples in Rural Lebanon

This article discusses the findings of a survey of Shiite Muslim engaged couples to assess their knowledge of the risks of congenital disease in endogamous marriage and the importance of the premarital medical examination. The engaged couples live in the Chmistar and Tarayya villages, located west of Baalbeck, in Lebanon. In-depth interviews were conducted with a group of mothers and key informants (religious leaders, general practitioners, geneticists, biologists and social workers) who are charged with providing information on the risks of marriage between first cousins. The qualitative analysis of their discourse revealed that: (i) endogamous marriage is preferred and fulfills the normative social tradition, and (ii) premarital medical examination, as practiced, seems to give the engaged couple a false sense of security. Results of this research emphasized that a health promotion program aiming at responding to a 1000-year-old tradition, such as endogamous marriage, should take into account the potential conflicts it introduces concerning the anthropological and sociological bases typical of this practice.

Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the U.S. Brewing Industry

The number of small specialty brewers in the U.S. beer brewing industry has increased dramatically in recent decades, even as the market for beer became increasingly dominated by mass‐production brewing companies. Using the resource‐partitioning model of organizational ecology, this article shows that these two apparently contradictory trends are fundamentally interrelated. Hypotheses developed here refine the way scale competition among generalist organizations is modeled and improve the theoretical development of the sociological bases for the appeal of specialist organizations' products, especially those related to organizational identity. Evidence drawn from qualitative and quantitative research provides strong support for the theory. The article offers a brief discussion of the theoretical and substantive issues involved in application of the model to other industries and to other cultures.

Réseaux financiers et marchés parallèles de devises. Des Algériens dans l'économie informelle

Financial Networks and Parallel Currency Markets : Algerians in the Black-Market Economy. Mohamed Benbouzid. The black-market economy plays an important role in Algerian society. It is the response to a planned economy that is progressively pulling the country toward destitution. Informal activities, which have imported foreign goods more or less illegally since the 1970's, are rapidly increasing. Informal importation requires foreign currency. Importers are faced with the obstacle of the non-convertibility of Algerian currency and the inaccessibility of exchanging it by legal means, just as the demand for foreign currency is rising to fill the need for all sorts of products that have become more scarce and more expensive in Algeria. Logically, Algerian emigration is becoming the main source of foreign currency. The parallel market for foreign currency has expanded as migrants, then later as Algerian economic speculators, have taken charge of it. By way of a reticular process which structures these parallel currency markets, these actors organise the gathering and distribution of foreign currency from migration. After analysing the economic and sociological bases of this phenomenon, the author describes the organisation of these exchange transactions, based on a study, beginning in Saint-Etienne and extending to Algeria.

The pregnant smoker: a preliminary investigation of the social and psychological influences.

Smoking during pregnancy is an important challenge to public health. An understanding of the psychological and sociological bases of maternal smoking is essential to the development of effective smoking cessation interventions. The aim of this study was to explore the psychosocial factors that underpin maternal smoking. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 200 antenatal attenders at Leicester Royal Infirmary, NHS Trust, UK. Twenty-nine per cent were smokers, 22 per cent ex-smokers and 49 per cent were never smokers. Around half of the ex-smokers (49 per cent) had reportedly given up smoking during their current pregnancy. Around a third (29.5 per cent) of the ex-smokers had experienced previous problems associated with maternal smoking, including spontaneous abortion, cot death and premature birth. Of the current smokers, 69 per cent claimed that they would like to give up smoking; indeed, 59 per cent had tried to stop smoking. Emotional factors were important in maintaining smoking for two-thirds of the smokers. Significantly more of the smokers (75 per cent) had partners who smoked compared with the never-smoking women (30 per cent; p < 0.001). There was no difference in the level of knowledge about the dangers of maternal smoking between smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. Pregnant smokers are as aware of the health risks as non-smokers. Effective intervention strategies need to focus not only on the pregnant woman's smoking status but also offer help to partners, close family members and friends. Interventions need to address the social and psychological factors that maintain maternal smoking.

De toponimia navarra. Sobre el "Nomenclátor euskériko de Navarra". Aspectos filológicos y sociológicos

The authors of the article analyse in full detail the philological and sociological bases of the Nomenclator Euskerico de Navarra (a study and proposal for the standardization of the Basque forms of the navarrese place names by the Comision de Onomastica of the Basque Language Academy). The review concentrates on five questions: 1.- What should be considered a Basque Name? 2.- Does the ancient name of a place automatically become its Basque name? 3.- Should etymology be taken into account to standardise a place name's 4. - Should the written usage not be the main criteria? 5.- What should be considered a “castilianised form? On these two aspects, different phonetic and morphological problems related to place names are discussed. As an answer to these questions, the authors propose a series of criteria which, in their oppinion, would be more consistent and appropriate than those behind the Academy's proposals. The main area of disagreement is the respect of the current Basque written usage, which the authors support, against the Academy's tendency to propose historical forms.

Political and Sociological Bases of Mass Organizations in the Cultural Revolution

Political and Sociological Bases of Mass Organizations in the Cultural Revolution

Thatcherism, Class Politics, and Urban Development in London

This paper uses class analysis to explore the politics of urban development in London in the 1980s. It shows how the Thatcher government's economic and urban policies had the strategic effect of shaping economic restructuring in the city and transforming the sociological bases of class politics. The broad impact of Thatcherism in London is discussed, with particular attention being paid to the financial district ("the City") and the Docklands. The paper concludes with a discussion of the struggle between the Thatcher government and the London Labour Party which culminated in the "poll tax."

The Independence of “seikatsu-kôzô” (styles of life) and the significance of local areas

Studies of “seikatsu-kozo” in Japan have been emphasizing the significance of people's social life which is not totally dependent upon economic factors. In this field of study, however, there have not been sufficient discussions concerning an important question : what are the sociological bases to maintain the independence of social life? My purpose here is to give an answer to the question, based on a case study conducted in a consumer city of a traditional type. The data shows that the styles of residents' life are affected by the cultural system and the social organizations, which have been produced under the influence of the unique historical processes in the city. In this sense, we can understand the independence of “seikatsu-kozo” only when we adopt a historical approach. The historical uniqueness of each local area is reproduced by the developement of the city itself, and is significant because it provides the diversity in styles of life which helps people create a new life-style against an industralist one.