Socio-economic Structure Research Articles

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF A CIVILIZATIONAL SOCIETY

This article is devoted to the problem of civilizational society in the context of considering the socio-economic system. To date, there are a certain number of approaches to understanding this phenomenon. A classic example is the materialistic approach. Despite numerous attempts to criticize this approach, studying society through the prism of its socio-economic structure is largely possible due to the materialistic approach. The concept of K. Marx is considered and an analogy with modern realities is drawn. This approach has universal concepts and laws that can also be used in the analysis of all social systems. The article examines the conflicts of capital and labor, the place and role of the working class in the system of social relations, and also proves the importance of the proletariat class as the main driving force of modern society. The problems faced by the working class today are being studied. The types of socio-economic systems with individual criteria and the nature of property relations are considered. Goal. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern socio-economic systems within the framework of a civilizational society. The subject is the socio-economic system arising from the nature of public relations. The novelty lies in the fact that the working class is being studied in the context of modern scientific, technical and information breakthroughs, where competition for jobs increases with each new technology. The method or methodology of the work. The study is based on the teachings of K. Marx. Methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparative studies and historical and philosophical are also used. Results. The conducted research makes it possible to understand that despite the abundance of approaches to the concept of a civilizational society, the fundamental factor of studying remains its socio-economic sphere, as a result of public relations. The article reveals the Marxist approach, thanks to which it is possible to assess the position of the working class in modern civilizational society. Taking into account the growth of culture, the emergence of new technologies and the age of digitalization, the fundamental criterion for ensuring the vital activity of society was and remains – the worker. Different types of socio-economic systems and the methodology of the distribution of economic resources are given. The scope of the results. The results obtained can be used in the context of the implementation of state social policy, regulatory culture, as well as forecasting social and labor conflicts.

EXPLORING COVID-19 AND SOCIAL CONFLICT IN AFRICA: NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY


 There are many dimensions to conflict in Africa. It depends on the nature of the underlying demography, heterogeneity, and historical context of the state’s social and political problems. The impact of the coronavirus has greatly affected the socioeconomic structure and governance system in Africa, leading to social conflicts. Moreover, the social conflict led to deaths, job losses, and human capital reductions, resulting in economic catastrophes in South Africa, Egypt, and Ethiopia, among others. In Nigeria, the government was unable to cushion the impact of Covid-19, frustrated by the issues of poverty and inequality, wherein the masses were pounded with hunger and insecurity; a corrupt policing system precipitated the social unrest in 2020. Nigeria’s social issues, coupled with the shock of Covid-19, cumulated into protest actions, looting, and police brutality. The government’s inadequate response to the political crisis and state of unrest greatly influenced the public’s belief and outlook on social concerns. The research postulates the following question: how did the social conflict in Africa and Nigeria become overheated during Covid-19? The paper adopts a qualitative method that explores existing literature and media sources on social conflicts and Covid-19 in Africa and Nigeria. The study anchors its theoretical framework on the fragile state theory. The paper concludes that Nigeria’s weakened socioeconomic structure met with the shock of the horror of Covid-19, which sparked social conflict in the country.

Extractivism and the engendering of disasters: disaster risk creation in the era of the Anthropocene

PurposeThis paper argues that extractivist logic creates the environmental conditions that produce “natural” hazards and also the human conditions that produce vulnerability, which combined create disasters. Disaster Risk Creation is then built into the current global socio-economic system, as an integral component not accidental by-product.Design/methodology/approachAs part of the movement to liberate disasters as discipline, practice and field of enquiry, this paper does not talk disasters per se, but rather its focus is on “extractivism” as a fundamental explanator for the anthropogenic disaster landscape that now confronts us.FindingsApplying a gender lens to extractivism as it relates to disaster, further highlights that Disaster Risk Management rather than alleviating, creates the problems it seeks to solve, suggesting the need to liberate gender from Disaster Risk Management, and the need to liberate us all from the notion of managing disasters. Since to ‘manage’ disaster risk is to accept uncritically the structures and systems that create that risk, then if we truly want to address disasters, our focus needs to be on the extractive practices, not the disastrous outcomes.Originality/valueThe fundamental argument is that through privileging the notion of “disaster” we create it, bring it into existence, as something that exists in and of itself, apart from wider socio-economic structures and systems of extraction and exploitation, rather than recognising it for what it is, an outcome/end product of those wider structures and systems. Our focus on disaster is then misplaced, and perhaps what disaster studies needs to be liberated from, is itself.

The gender dimension of social mood in modern Russia: the experience of historical and sociological analysis

Social mood is the most developed phenomenon of sociological theory and practice, the consideration of which is important for assessment and expertise in times of crises and obvious social changes. Social mood is considered as a phenomenon and an integral characteristic of the perception of life in society, the state of the human spiritual world, an integral form of life perception, the dominant of a really functioning social consciousness and behavior. To identify the gender characteristics of social positions, a primary analysis of the data of the All-Russian sociological monitoring "How are you, Russia?" (1992-2022) during the crisis and turning points of three decades of the modern history of Russia was carried out– 1993, 2001, 2008, 2014, 2022, The data of the research institute "Precariat: a new phenomenon in the socio-economic structure of society" are involved (RNF No.18-18-00024). The empirical basis for the secondary analysis was the data of the All-Russian centers for sociological research, statistical information, and publications in the media in current periods. A comparison of respondents' responses to problems, their prioritization in the opinions of women and men allowed us to identify dominant events, emerging new combinations of crisis phenomena of economic, political, and spiritual orders in the development of Russian society at mega-, meso-, and microlevels. The conclusion is made about the presence of common constants in the social positions of 1993, 2001, 2008, 2014, 2022, the stable reaction of society with the designation of the main problems of high cost of living, crime, social stratification. The situation of gender communities in the periods under review is characterized by an insufficient "safety cushion", alienation from a power resource, differences in assessments of social expectations about a woman's happiness from the point of view of men and women themselves, and the presence of gender-sensitive problems for both women and men.

UNDERSTANDING THE EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF ADHD IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Today, a remarkable place in society is occupied by children who need special conditions of education and their inclusion in schools, which determines the peculiarities of the organization of education. In all historical eras, the development system of special education has been connected with the socio-economic structure of the country, the state's value system and society, and the state's policy towards children who have developmental problems.
 The article highlights children with special educational needs, especially children with attention deficit and hyperactive behavior syndrome. Children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are included in the inclusive education system, and the organization of their educational activities, their inclusion in schools is considered an important and primary issue. To organize the effective teaching of hyperactive children, it is necessary to study the features of the emotional sphere of these children, which will make it possible to identify their strengths, highlight their problems, and accordingly organize their education more effectively, as well as interpersonal interactions with classmates in public schools. At present, the syndrome of attention deficit and hyperactivity is the subject of study of many psychologists, because the features of the emotional sphere of these children are not so well studied.

Assessment of Climate Change Financing Mechanisms in Cameroon: A Comprehensive Review

Climate change is a development challenge, particularly for developing countries like Cameroon, characterised by heightened vulnerability due to socio-economic structures and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors. Mitigation and adaptation measures are imperative, making financing mechanisms a central focus of international cooperation. This review examines the intricate landscape of climate change financing in Cameroon, providing an in-depth understanding of existing mechanisms, their effectiveness, and the challenges hampering optimal implementation. The study scrutinizes diverse funding sources, encompassing international climate funds, bilateral agreements, and national budget allocations. Key challenges, including fragmented approaches, accessibility issues, and alignment with national development goals, are identified. The study underscores the critical importance of coordination, capacity building, and strategic alignment in navigating the complex climate financing landscape. By systematically addressing these challenges, Cameroon can enhance the utilization of climate finance, ensuring tangible benefits for local communities and substantial contributions to sustainable development goals.

Detection of Covid-19 based on convolutional neural networks using pre-processed chest X-ray images

The global catastrophe known as COVID-19 has shattered the world’s socioeconomic structure. Effective and affordable diagnosis techniques are crucial for better COVID-19 therapy and the eradication of bogus cases. Due to the daily upsurge in cases, hospitals only have a small supply of COVID-19 test kits. The study describes a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) design for categorizing chest x-ray images in the diagnosis of COVID-19. The lack of a substantial, high-quality chest x-ray picture collection made efficient and exact CNN categorization problematic. The dataset has been pre-processed using an image enhancement strategy to provide an effective training dataset for the proposed CNN model to achieve performance. The proposed model achieves 99.73% of accuracy, 98.95% of specificity, 99.47% of precision, 99.62% of sensitivity, and 98.71% of F1 score. A comparative study between the proposed model and numerous CNN-based COVID-19 detection algorithms is carried out to demonstrate that it outperforms other models. When evaluated on a separate dataset, the suggested model excelled over all other models, generally and explicitly.

A Quest for the Presence of Financialization in the Global South The Case of India

Abstract: The globalized world is witnessing increasing dominance of the financialization of the economy and society. A rapidly changing association among finance capitalists, individuals, the economy, geography, and society, with financialization at the center of these relationships, has been observed recently. However, existing research on this subject is primarily concentrated on advanced capitalist economies of the Global North. As global finance is penetrating the Global South as well, there is a necessity to understand the features, nuances, and theoretical debates surrounding financialization in the context of countries from the Global South. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals that studies on financialization exhibit unsettled and inconclusive debates in relation to the genesis, characteristics, causes, and consequences of the phenomenon. In the case of India, it is particularly difficult to establish strong evidence on the financialization of the Indian economy since the macro-evidence of financialization is not robust in comparison to evidence from the developed capitalist economies in the Global North. However, some recent microstudies have cited traces of financialization in microfinance, manufacturing firms, and digital banking in India. This micro-evidence, despite being a sector-specific phenomenon, is crucial to the larger debate on financialization. This article argues that in cases of blurred features of financialization, macro-findings may not be completely reliable or even relevant. A better approach is to collate both macroand micro-data and contextualize the findings in specific contemporary socioeconomic structures.

Formation and development of the system of training speech therapy personnel (late XIX – early XXI century)

The preparation of future speech therapists in the modern educational space is defined by processes in the socio-cultural environment, societal transformations, changes in modern mentality, and heightened requirements for the quality of professional training. The necessity to improve speech therapy training arises from disparities between second-generation state educational standards for computerization and use of information resources, and the real state of the education system. Additionally, there is a growing number of children with speech disorders, often complicated by secondary disorders. A deep historical study of the development of speech therapy training is key to understanding and improving modern educational processes, considering socio-economic, cultural, and technological factors that shape the needs and directions of speech therapy development in the future. The article highlights the history of the development of the national speech therapy education system, revealing its connection with the socio-economic structure of the country, global historical-pedagogical processes, and the level of development of defectology science. The analysis of scientific literature allows identifying general conditions for the modernization of speech therapy education, confirming that based on an in-depth study of the content and essence of the problem of forming professionalism and professional competence of future speech therapists, it is possible to develop organizational and methodical support for their development and implementation in educational and production practice according to socio-economic conditions. This article emphasizes the importance of a deep analysis of historical and modern aspects in the training of speech therapists, taking into account socio-cultural changes and technological development. Understanding the history and current state of speech therapy education is key to effectively modernizing training that meets the contemporary challenges and needs of society

The Standard for Allocating Zakat Social Funds as An Operational Expense of Nonprofit Organizations in Indonesia, Sudan and Algeria

Zakat in the socio-economic structure of society needs to be managed productively and professionally so that it leads the welfare of society. This study aims to reveal standards for the allocation of zakat social funds as an operational expense for nonprofit organizations. This research uses a descriptive qualitative type. We analyse secondary data retrieved in nonprofit organizations in three different countries (Indonesia, Sudan and Algeria). The result of the study revealed that Indonesia has two types of zakat management institutions, the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) and Amil Zakat Institute (LAZ). Furthermore, Sudan possesses the Sudanese Zakah Chamber (SZC) or the Zakat Council and Algeria has Kotak Zakat. The pattern of zakat collection in Indonesia applies payments with a voluntary principle, however the zakat has been integrated with taxes so that they can submit claims for zakat payments. In Sudan, payments are made on the principle of mandatory for its citizens accompanied by sanctions for those who ignore it and nonmuslims are obliged to pay a social solidarity tax. Meanwhile, in Algeria, payments are made on a mandatory basis for private companies and voluntary for individuals. In addition, in the pattern of zakat distribution, the three countries distribute according to the guidance of the Qur'an (8 Asnaf) but have slight differences in the priority scale in which Indonesia prioritizes distribution to the poor, Sudan prioritizes the needs of each Mustahik and Muzakki is allowed to distribute to relatives as much as 20% of the obligatory zakat, meanwhile Algeria which prioritizes the poor, people in need and Fisabilillah. Then, the standard for the allocation of zakat social funds that may be taken as operational costs for nonprofit organizations handling zakat in the three countries is 12.5%.

Seasonal anthropogenic heat fluxes over 200 cities in China: An investigation of driving factors with three-dimensional building forms

Various studies have highlighted substantial the impact of urban development on AHFs. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the factors that influence AHFs to develop effective development and planning strategies for mitigating urban heat. This study chose 200 cities in China to explore seasonal variations in AHFs, and how anthropogenic activities, natural factors, and urban structures interact to impact AHF changes. We synergistically utilized remotely sensed technology, the energy-consumption inventory method, and meteorological in-situ observation to develop a spatiotemporal downscaling method of AHF. In addition, we utilized the Multi-scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model to explore how socioeconomic, blue-green spaces, and urban structures interact to influence AHF variations. We further evaluated how city size and economic zones alter the composition of dominant factors concerning AHF. Results show that cities highest AHF values were observed in north, northwest, and northeast China, where the AHF reached 85.58 W m−2. Vegetation and water body play a crucial role in explaining AH emissions, followed by urban area, building coverage, building volume, and GDP per capital. The modification effects of economic zones were higher than city sizes. The results offer valuable insights for sustainable development strategies geared towards alleviating heat-related challenges in urban environments.

Whether or Not to Open the Pandora’s Box: An Analysis of Latent Conflict in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods with High Socio-Cultural Diversity in Spain

ABSTRACT Worldwide, vulnerable neighbourhoods of large cities are often the scene of collective violent conflicts linked with migration and ethnic minorities’ struggles for social justice. However, urban conflicts of this kind have not taken place in Spanish cities with high immigration rates, even though the country has been deeply affected by two recent socioeconomic crises (2009 and 2020). This article reports findings of a study aimed at understanding what lies behind this apparent social peace. The research methodology was based on an analysis of secondary socio-economic and socio-relational data from the Spanish Institute of Statistics and from key national surveys and reports. Results confirmed that immigrant population living in the country are strongly segregated in the lower strata of the labour and socioeconomic structure and have been disproportionately affected by the crises. However, research findings also pointed to the existence of strong closed support networks where social capital has been effective at palliating members’ disadvantage and unrest. Drawing on the Theory of Rupture Frames, we argue that this is a fragile and unsustainable social peace, rooted in social injustice, and anticipate that unless actively prevented, uncontrolled conflict will eventually emerge in main cities’ neighbourhoods in Spain.

Exposure of Neighborhood Racial and Socio-Economic Composition in Activity Space: A New Approach Adjusting for Residential Conditions.

A longstanding urban sociological literature emphasizes the geographic isolation of city dwellers in residence and everyday routines, expecting exposures to neighborhood racial and socio-economic structure driven principally by city-wide segregation and the role of proximity and homophily in mobility. The compelled mobility approach emphasizes the uneven distribution of organizational and institutional resources across urban space, expecting residents of poor Black-segregated neighborhoods to exhibit non-trivial levels of everyday exposure to White, non-poor areas for resource seeking. We use two sets of location data in the hypersegregated Chicago metro to examine these two approaches: Global Positioning System (GPS) location tracking on a sample of older adults from the Chicago Health and Activity Space in Real-Time (CHART) study and travel diaries on a sample of younger adults by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP). We introduce a novel and flexible individual-level method for assessing activity space exposures that accounts for the spatially proximate environment around home. Analyses reveal that activity space contexts mimic the racial/ethnic and socio-economic landscape of respondents' broad residential environment. However, after residential-based adjustment, Black younger (CMAP) adults from poor Black neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to Whiter, less Black but less non-poor neighborhoods. Older (CHART) adult activity spaces align more closely with their residential areas; however, activity spaces of poor-Black-neighborhood-residing CHART Blacks are systematically poorer and, less consistently, more Black and less White after local area adjustment. Implications for understanding contextual exposures on well-being and the potential for age or cohort differences in isolation are discussed.

ROLE OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES IN RURAL LIVELIHOODS

Agriculture and traditional handicrafts are deeply ingrained in Indias rural terrain, and cottage businesses have emerged as a key component in maintaining rural livelihoods. This abstract explores the complex aspects of the function that cottage industries play in rural Indias socio-economic structure. Cottage industries, which are sometimes confused with small-scale businesses, cover a broad range of pursuits, from contemporary pursuits like small-scale manufacturing and internet businesses to traditional handicrafts, handloom weaving, ceramics, and agro-processing. These sectors, which have their roots in rural Indias rich cultural legacy, provide major contributions to job creation, income production, and skill development-all of which are critical for reducing poverty. Cottage industries promote inclusive growth by giving people in disadvantaged communities of society more possibilities to find work. For example, women in rural regions frequently use cottage enterprises to achieve financial independence and self-empowerment. The case studies and success stories in this abstract demonstrate how cottage enterprises have a transforming effect on gender dynamics in rural areas. The role of cottage industries in rural livelihoods in India is a dynamic and evolving narrative. This abstract provides insights into the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of cottage industries, emphasizing their potential as catalysts for inclusive and sustainable rural development. Understanding and nurturing these industries is crucial for unlocking the full potential of rural economies and fostering a more resilient and empowered rural India.

Digital technologies in education

Relevance. In the modern world, the student is no longer attached to the teacher or to their environment. Digital communication technologies give the student an opportunity to choose where and what to learn, in what environment to develop, in what events to take part. The success of this new, increasingly digitalised education system will be determined not only by the extent the training adapts a person to the current socio-economic structure. Success increasingly depends on the ability to constantly adapt, change, rapidly master new activities and acquire new professional skills and abilities.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to analyse the prospects for the introduction of digital technologies that allow improving education and planning concrete steps to transform the work of universities and improve education and professional training.Methodology. The leading method of research was the method of analysis and synthesis, which allowed fully completing the tasks set and achieving the intended purposes.Results. As a result of the study, digital trends in education were studied, which allowed identifying the advantages and disadvantages of digitalisation of education. The study described the most currently used modern technologies that have already been successfully implemented in the Kazakh education system, and considered the tools of the virtual space that need to be used in the future for the full implementation of the strategy of transition to digital education. The authors determined that at the moment the education system of Kazakhstan needs to develop a more effective and comprehensive programme for the introduction of modern technologies in the educational process.Conclusions. The practical significance of the present paper is determined by the fact that the proposed tools of digitalisation of education can be used in pedagogical activity.

Socio-economic structure and current problems of fishing enterprises made hunting pearl mullet (Alburnus tarichi (Guldenstaedtii, 1814)) in lake van

Bu araştırmada Van Gölü’nde İnci Kefali avcılığı faaliyetinde bulunan işletme sahiplerinin sosyo-ekonomik yapısının ve mevcut sorunlarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ana materyalini, Bitlis ve Van İl Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüklerince düzenlenmiş Su Ürünleri Ruhsat Tezkeresine sahip ve Van Gölü’nde aktif olarak İnci Kefali balığı avcılığı faaliyetinde bulunan 72 adet balıkçı işletmesinden elde edilen verilerden oluşmaktadır. İşletme sahiplerinin yaş ortalaması 39,69 yıl, büyük bir kısmının ilkokul (%48,6) mezunu olduğu, meslekteki tecrübelerinin ortalama 18,17 yıl olduğu, çoğunun (%47,2) başka iş seçeneği olmadığı için bu mesleği icra ettikleri ve %72,2’sinin sosyal güvencesinin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. İşletme sahiplerinin %87,5’i inci kefali avcılığının yanında başka bir ekonomik faaliyet de gerçekleştirdiği, %48,60’ı avcılığı bırakmayı düşünmekte ve %38,9’unun balıkçılık kooperatifine üye oldukları belirlenmiştir. Balıkçılık teknelerinin boyları ortalaması 12,56 m ve motor güçleri ortalamasının 135,8 BG olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bir sezonda ava çıkılan gün sayısı ortalama 214,03 gün ve işçi sayısı ortalama 2,38 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın yapıldığı dönemde, iklim değişikliği-kuraklık, fiyatlardaki düşüklük ve istikrarsızlık, örgütlenme, balıkçı barınakları, balıkların üreme döneminde yasa dışı yapılan avcılık, aşırı avcılık ve hayalet avcılığa neden olan misina ağların kullanılması sorunları tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın, Van Gölü’nde İnci kefali avcılığı için geliştirilecek politikalar ve alınacak tedbirler açısından yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Teleconnections of Atmospheric Circulations to Meteorological Drought in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin

The Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) is one of the major transboundary basins globally, facing ongoing challenges due to flood and drought disasters. Particularly in the past two decades, the basin has experienced an increased frequency of meteorological drought events, posing serious threats to the local socio-economic structures and ecological systems. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the meteorological drought characteristics in the LMRB and identify the impact and correlation of atmospheric circulation on the meteorological drought in the basin. Specifically, the different levels of meteorological drought events were defined using the Run Theory based on the seasonal and annual SPEI from 1980 to 2018. The time lag correlation between meteorological drought events and the EI Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), were analyzed in the LMRB. Our results indicated that, from a temporal perspective, the period from November to April of the following year was particularly prone to meteorological droughts in the basin. In terms of spatial distribution, the primary agricultural regions within the basin, including Thailand, Eastern Cambodia, and Vietnam, were highly susceptible to meteorological droughts. Further analysis revealed a teleconnection between drought events in the LMRB and atmospheric circulation factors. The sensitivity of the basin’s drought timing to its response decreased in the order of the ENSO > AO > NAO > PDO. In general, the ENSO had the most substantial influence on drought events in the basin, with the strongest response relationship, while the upper reaches of the basin displayed the most significant response to the AO; the occurrence and progression of meteorological droughts in this area synchronized with the AO. These findings enhance our understanding of drought-prone areas in the LMRB, including the meteorological factors and driving mechanisms involved. This information is valuable for effectively mitigating and managing drought risks in the region.

A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF WAQF

This research delves into the historical evolution of Waqf, an Islamic philanthropic institution with centuries-old roots. Tracing its origins to early Islamic societies, the study examines how Waqf has adapted to diverse cultural landscapes and contributed to social welfare. Through an interdisciplinary approach, it explores legal frameworks, socio-economic impacts, and the role of Waqf in shaping communities. This historical overview aims to deepen understanding of Waqf's enduring significance and implications for contemporary socio-economic structures. The main objective of this research is to undertake an overall relevance of the historical Waqf in the Islamic Economic system. It will elaborate on Waqf juristically, classically and modernly. The study explored various aspects such as Waqf's meaning, different definitions by several religious schools of thought, historical origins, and legitimacy of the Waqf based on Quranic Verses and Hadith of the Prophet (PBUH). Throughout Islamic civilization, Waqf played a vital role in Muslim society, given that the needs of the Muslim Ummah were complex and growing. The objective of Waqf is to promote social welfare and to contribute to economic development. The potential of the institution of Waqf is excellent; it can assist the government in countless state responsibilities.

Preschool-level socio-economic deprivation in relation to emotional and behavioural problems among preschool children in Sweden.

The aim of this study was to explore the association between preschool-level socio-economic deprivation and emotional and behavioural problems among preschool children in Sweden using a multilevel approach. In this cross-sectional study, we used data on 2267 children whose parents and preschool teachers had responded to items measuring individual-level socio-economic deprivation and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for assessment of emotional and behavioural problems. Further, the Socioeconomic Structure Compensation Index (SSCI), collected from Uppsala municipality, was used to assess preschool-level socio-economic deprivation. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel logistic regression models were used to explore the relations between preschool-level socio-economic deprivation and emotional and behavioural problems. In unadjusted models, children who attended preschools classified as highly deprived had elevated odds for emotional symptoms (odds ratio (OR) 1.71) as rated by parents. However, this association did not remain significant after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic deprivation factors. In both unadjusted and adjusted models, children who attended preschools classified as moderately deprived had elevated odds for peer-relationship problems as rated by parents (OR 1.63; adjusted OR 1.48). There were no significant associations between preschool deprivation and emotional and behavioural problems as rated by preschool teachers. Swedish preschools may have a compensatory capacity in addressing children's emotional and behavioural problems, whereas preschool-level deprivation remained significantly associated with peer-relationship problems after controlling for individual-level socio-economic deprivation factors. This implies that peer-relationship problems in deprived preschools need to be addressed in a broader community context.

Oikonymy of Eastern Kazakhstan (Districts of Altai, Glubokoye, and Katonkaragay)

The article examines the oikonymy of East Kazakhstan, a region that has historically served as a hub for significant ethnocultural interactions, contacts, and conflicts. The study aims to identify the composition and systemic connections within the oikonymy of this region, focusing on the toponymic material from three administrative districts: Altai, Glubokoye, and Katonkaragay. The research draws on both contemporary and historical lists of settlements — published and archived — primarily concentrating on the names of non-urban settlements, which constitute the bulk of the region's toponymy. The oikonymy in the area under investigation is multilingual, featuring oikonyms of both Kazakh and Russian origin. Kazakh oikonymy is linked to the region’s historical nomadic, patronymic, socio-economic structure, while the emergence of Russian toponyms corresponds with various waves of migration into the region. These include oikonyms related to the initial migration wave in the 18th century, as well as those linked to subsequent migrations of Slavs during the late 19th and throughout the 20th centuries. It is crucial to distinguish whether the oikonyms belong to the earlier settlers (first wave) or later arrivals (second wave). To achieve this, the study employs chronological methods that, through a comparison of the modern characteristics of toponyms, help establish the time of their integration into the system. The authors conclude that the region’s oikonymic system reflects two opposing trends: the unification of oikonymy and geographical terminology on the one hand, and the preservation of traditional diversity on the other.