Socio-economic Status Of People Research Articles

Child Poverty and Food Scheme in Rural South African Schools: The Prospects and Limits Towards Improving the Emotional Well-Being of The Elementary School Students

The research examines the impact of poverty on the emotional well-being of elementary school students in South African rural communities. In order to understand this phenomenon, the study investigates the question on: how does poverty affect the emotional well-being of elementary school students in South Africa? The non-empirical study explores the literature from related studies to answer the research question. The literature review critically examines the effect of poverty on the emotional well-being of children, as well as the strategies used by the government to alleviate the poverty impact at rural school children. The strategies were found to have implementation deficiencies which enables the researcher to argue on the importance of improving the implementation strategies. The finding also reveals that despite the government’s interventions to curb the problem of child poverty, yet there are policy implementation “gaps” here and there. The study recommends more study and consistent evaluation of the respective policy framework. It also recommends that the socio-economic status of people leaving in the rural area should be improved and the affected students should be engaged, and proper development response should be executed to guarantee a sustainable food security. Finally, more study and consistent evaluation of the feeding-scheme programme or policy is a sinequanon. The recommendation for Covid-19 is added for publication purposes.

Willingness of youth without disabilities to have romantic love and marital relationships with persons with disabilities

People with disabilities face attitudinal barriers including prejudice, stereotypes, and low expectations. Many young people without disabilities may doubt that people with disabilities can be fulfilling partners in any loving adult relationship. The objective of the present research was to assess the willingness of non-disabled youth to engage in conjugal relationships with persons with disabilities in Wolaita Sodo town, Ethiopia. Both descriptive and explanatory study designs were used and quantitative data were collected. A self-administered questionnaire was designed and distributed to randomly selected 403 (202 females & 201 males) unmarried youth. Data analysis was undertaken using SPSS software in which both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were utilized for data presentation. The result showed that most (85.5%) of the young people without disabilities participated in the survey were not willing to have any type of personal relationships with persons with disabilities and the main reason for 44.2% of these respondents being the fear of reaction from family members. Furthermore, it was found that the level of willingness of youth without disabilities to engage in romantic love and marital relationships was not influenced by the socio-economic status of people with disabilities. Moreover, the result of binary logistic regression analysis showed that the willingness of respondents to have marital and romantic love relationship with persons with disabilities is significantly associated to the sex (OR = 2.376; P < 0.05; 95%CI = 1.210, 4.664), raised-up area (OR = 2.512; P < 0.01; 95%CI = 1.319, 4.783), age (OR = 2.886; P < 0.05; 95%CI = 1.012, 8.228) and the presence of person with disability in the family (OR = 3.945; P < 0.01; 95%CI = 1.648, 9.442) of respondents. The findings of the present research demonstrate that people with disabilities have continued to face stereotypes and discriminations. Such stereotypes extend to assuming them as asexual and unfit to carryout roles that arise from love or marital relationships which violates the rights of PWDs to form their own family and have children. It is therefore, important to raise the awareness of young people about the differences between disability and sexuality and that physical disability has nothing to do with sexuality and relationship formation.

Социално-икономически статус на хората с увреждания и политики за интеграцията им на пазара на труда

The socio-economic status of people with permanent disabilities in Bulgaria and the policies for their labour integration as part of social inclusion were studied. Based on comparisons of data from two representative empirical sociological surveys, an evaluation was made of the changes in the socio-economic profile of this group of persons that occurred in the period 2009-2020 (demographic variables such as age, gender and place of residence; education; health status; living standard; living environment; labour status). Assessments of persons with permanent disability about the key policies for their integration in the labour market were analysed, while also using expert opinions for the explanation of the surveys’ results.

The Invisible Boundaries in the City

1. Perhaps physical frontiers are less important since somehow the world has become a global entity, in which information passes through the physical walls.&#x0D; Many of them have been destroyed (Berlin) and some others such as that of Cyprus resist, but they are certainly less effective than in the past. The major concern of the future is the identification of invisible borders within the cities.&#x0D; It is difficult to identify exclusion, and marginalization is hiding within the cities, even in the weal- thiest ones.The spaces of the cities have invisible borders, but they are not easy to cross.&#x0D; 2. An MIT study (Xu Y, Belyi A, Santi P, Ratti C. 2019) highlights these problems after processing data on human movements, social networks connections and the socio-economic status of people, the document proposes two indices to measure segregation in Singapore.&#x0D; The index segregation of communication measures the relationship between people within each so- cial network, considering the frequency of communication and the socio-economic attributes of each person. The physical segregation index indicates the social exposure which people have towards each other belonging to similar and different socio-economic groups as they move more and more around the city.&#x0D; 3. The MIT study shows how it is possible, through the management of big data, to be able to bring out invisible marginalization situations which can not be seen in other ways.&#x0D; 4. The “documedial process” (Ferraris, Paini, 2018) in which the digital breakthrough has transformed the city, allows not only to bring out areas of border and exclusion but lays the foundations for an analysis of reality capable of highlighting cultural isolation.

Vietnamese Youth Embraces English for Communication: A Case Study in Phu Quoc Island

Rapid changes on the way people travel the world have impacted countries around the globe. In South East Asia for example, with the rapid expansion of visit-a-country campaign exercises, it had affected the lives of people in many different ways. Tourism industry, for example, flourishes in manifolds. It indirectly changes the socioeconomic status of people of various echelons. Vietnam is no exception. The ease of communication has been identified as one of the key factors that attract tourists to places of choice. The issue is now whether Vietnamese, especially their youths are entirely ready to embrace this new wave of transformation. Therefore, the right moves have to be identified so that the number of tourists will multiple in the thousands if not millions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to explore Vietnamese youths’ acceptance to learning the English language for communication, especially those encircling tourists’ spots with the right forms of communication to welcome the inflow of visitors around their communities. A qualitative design was used in this investigation employing semi-structured interviews, observations, and series of workshop sessions. The findings revealed that without proper curriculum instructions in school, although with passion and motivation, the youth will not be equipped as much as expected. Suggestions for future direction of this investigation are outlined.

Cost of Dementia Care in Rural Thai Households

Objective: The purpose of the present paper was to quantify the cost associated with dementia care in rural Thailand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 140 dementia households with caregivers living in rural areas. The activity of daily living (ADL) and the instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD, Thai version) were used. The socioeconomic status of people with dementia, their families and their caregivers was collected. The hospital utilization data of people with dementia was obtained from the community and the sub-district health promoting hospitals. In terms of indirect costs, the replacement cost approach was employed. Results: Most of the people with dementia were at low-income levels. The majority of dementia care cost was related to the non-medical care cost. The second highest cost was indirect costs or informal care cost, estimated as productivity loss of unpaid caregivers basing on replacement cost concept. The annual costs associated with dementia were estimated to be 90,644 Thai Baht (US$ 2,629) per person, of which 95% of the costs were associated with non-medical care and included 30% of indirect cost. Lastly, the dependency score was elastic to the total dementia care cost. Conclusion: Informal care by family members, which normally was more common in low income family, was a major part of the time spent on caring for people with dementia, and accounted for 30% of the total cost of care. Policymakers should explore furthering the policy options of subsidizing rural households based on the dependency level. Keywords: Cost of dementia care, Caregiving time, Dementia caregiver, Long-term care, Health services utilization

Analysis of Socio-economic Status of People in aspirational districts of Odisha for Inclusive growth

Aspirational district programme was launched by the government of India to uplift the 117 backward districts in the country through rapid development. Ten districts of Odisha were included in this programme which included Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Kandhamal, Balangir, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nuapada and Nabarangpur. Socio-economic variables formed important dimension for identifying the backwardness of districts. Hence, the socio-economic status of people in the 101 blocks in the ten backward districts were analyzed to address the weak points. The socio-economic indicators analyzed were: population density, sex ratio, SC and ST population, total literacy percent, male and female literacy percent, and gender gap in literacy percent and they were compared with the state average. Most of the aspirational districts are located in the southern part of Odisha except Dhenkanal. In the aspirational districts 89.3 percent of the population live in rural areas compared to 83.3 percent for state average. These aspirational districts have high tribal population (39.4 percent) with lower human density (153 per sq km), higher sex ratio (1010), low total literacy (58.1 percent), low female literacy (47.1 percent) and high gender gap in literacy (22.2 percent). The 101 blocks in the aspirational districts of Odisha were also ranked based on these indictors. The study revealed that the socio-economic indicators in the aspirational districts were weak which need focused attention for their improvement.

Clinical, pathological and radiological correlation of thyroid swellings

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The cause and type of thyroid swellings vary across geographical areas, lifestyles, and socioeconomic status of people. The incidence of palpable thyroid swellings is 4-7% out of which only 1% are malignant. Out of all thyroidectomy cases, histologically confirmed thyroid malignancy constitutes only 20%. Hence, we attempt to evaluate thyroid swellings based on clinical examination, ultrasonography (USG), Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and histopathological evidence to aide in arriving at proper diagnosis and treatment at an early stage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; This was a prospective observational study conducted at the SSG Hospital, Vadodara from December, 2016 to September 2017 and included 30 patients. Following preliminary examination, we performed thyroid function tests, FNAC, and USG pre-operatively. Histopathological examination of excised tissue was performed within 4-5 hours after thyroid surgery, and later, post-op complications were noted. Results were derived after appropriate statistical tests. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; 65% patients belonged to 2nd and 3rd decade with male to female ratio of 1:5 and all patients presented with an anterior neck swelling. Clinical examination was found to be 50% sensitive and 100% specific. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC was 50% and 96% respectively while that of USG was 67% and 100% respectively. Out of 16% malignant cases, all were of papillary type. Most common post-op complication was related to wound care (3-5%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Correlation between clinical findings, ultrasonography findings, cytology, serum investigations and histopathological examinations are to be carried out for appropriate management of thyroid swelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="Default"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Significant elevation of human methylmercury exposure induced by the food trade in Beijing, a developing megacity

Methylmercury (MeHg) poses health risks to humans worldwide. The investigation of a longer chain of biogeochemical MeHg transport from production to consumption than that addressed in previous studies could provide additional scientific foundation for the reduction of risks. The main objective of this study is to identify the impacts of the interregional food trade along with the age, gender and socioeconomic status of people on human MeHg exposure in a developing megacity. Based on a field investigation, sampling and measurements, we provide experimental evidence regarding the substantial displacement of human MeHg exposure from production areas to consumption areas induced by the food trade. In 2018, 20% and 64% of the exposure in Beijing originated from the international and interprovincial food trade, respectively. Meanwhile, the ingestion of fish contributed 79% to the total exposure, followed by rice (4.4%), crab (3.8%) and shrimp (2.7%), and the exposure risk in urban districts was higher than that in rural areas by a factor of 2.2. A significantly higher contribution of imported deep-sea species to exposure among young people than among older people was observed (P < 0.01**), and a larger contribution of the international food trade to the MeHg exposure risk for women of childbearing age (average: 27%) than that among other groups (average: 10%) was found. Overall, our efforts demonstrate the dramatic impact of the food trade on MeHg exposure in a developing megacity, and we suggest that MeHg-susceptible populations in China should choose indigenous fish species (e.g., hairtail, yellow croaker and carp species) rather than imported deep-sea species as their dietary protein source.

Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals: Poverty Reduction and Primary Education in Sindh Province of Pakistan

Background: This study intends to discuss the status of Millennium Development Goals and analyze the role of microfinance in the improvement of the first two important goals of poverty reduction and achieving universal primary education in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Methods: The data were collected at the end of the year 2015 when the deadline of previous millennium development goals (MDGs) was coming to an end. This study was conducted in the population of Mirpurkhas district of Sindh province and randomly selected 350 households from different villages. Results: The results show the low socioeconomic status of people living in rural areas of the Sindh province of Pakistan. Household poverty was 30% in the study area and people were living in a poor rural infrastructure environment. The study has found low literacy rates with 53% male and 17% female literacy. The majority (97%) of households had access to government primary schools in the area but more than half (51%) of children of school-going age were not enrolled. In logistic regression analysis, a significant association of poverty was noted with the education of household head, land ownership and microcredit loans. Conclusion: The results of the study show that there was a significant role of microfinance in achieving poverty reduction, but overall indicators of poverty and education remained unachieved due to inconsistent policies and weak institutional structure in the study population.Keywords: Microfinance, Poverty, Rural, Agriculture Credit, Sindh, Pakistan.

A Study to Assess the Compliance on “Utilization of Selected Government Health Services” Among the Residents of Rural Areas of Dharwad Taluka.

BACK GROUND OF THE STUDYUtilization is a measure of a relationship between service capacity and service out. Health coverage is a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended. Many people do not know when they need care and what the optimal time to seek care is and many conditions not easily diagnosed or treated. Aims and Objectives To determine the Compliance of Rural residents towards the ldquoUtilization of selected Government Health Services and find an association between Compliance of rural respondents and selected Socio Demographic Variables. Design A descriptive co-relational survey research design used. Samples amp Sampling Technique The population of the study was rural residents in selected rural communities of Dharwad Taluka. The sample size was 200 selected by Non probability Random sampling method. The setting of the study was selected rural residents in selected rural communities of Dharwad Taluka. Tools Data was collected with the help of following tools administering structured knowledge and attitude questionnaire. Results The result showed the gender educational status ante natal mothers in the family previous utilization of government health services and participation in the health program were found significant association with their levels of knowledge at 0.05 levels of significance. There will be significant association between compliance of utilization of selected government health services and selected demographic variables of respondents. There is a significant association between the level of utilization score and gender x2 9.8162 at 2 DF. Plt0.05 level of significance however Chi-square value of other variables were not found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Data shows that 66.50 subject had Moderate knowledge 18.50 had adequate knowledge and 15 of subjects had inadequate knowledge. Data shows that majority of subjects 63 were utilizing moderate govt. health services low utilization by 19 and 18 subjects were utilizing highest level of govt. health services. Conclusion satisfied level of knowledge of the rural respondents towards utilization of govt. health services and satisfied level of utilization of health services but it is necessary to improve the level of knowledge and utilization for their better health especially for the low socio economic status of people.

The Demand for a Balanced Diet by the Next Generation: New Evidence from a Choice Based Conjoint Analysis

Healthy lifestyle, directly and indirectly enhances the socio economic status of people. In this manner, dietary practices in young age will impact adult health, decades from now. Therefore this study attempted to identify the acceptance towards a balanced diet among youth using a choice based Conjoint Analysis. For this, primary data were collected by a pretested questionnaire from a stratified random sample of 200 youth from Kurunegala district representing all 30 Divisional Secretariats. All respondents were presented with a choice set comprised of variations of the “shaped plate” introduced by Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka and considered as the general balanced diet plate suitable for Sri Lankans. Nine choice cards were generated for three “shaped plate” attributes including carbohydrate, protein, vegetables and an additional monetary attribute, price. A Rank Ordered Logistic Regression was used to analyse the results which revealed that all four attributes have shown a significant effect on selecting a diet by youth. In addition to this, the research failed to identify a significant relationship between choice and socio economic variables such as gender and educational level. According to the results, it is obvious that majority of youth considers the price and nutritional value of the diet. This study reveals that Marginal Willingness to Pay values imply an increase in willingness towards protein, vegetables and indicates a less consideration on carbohydrate contain food. Based on the current research, it is reasonable to say Sri Lankan young generation considers price, nutritional value of diet and shows similar behaviour with global trend.

Identifying people at risk for influenza with low vaccine uptake based on deprivation status: a systematic review.

Influenza vaccination is an important public health intervention for controlling disease burden, but coverage rates are still low also in risk groups. In order to identify non-vaccinating subgroups, deprivation and socio-economic indices, i.e. measures used to synthetically describe people's socio-economic status while taking into account several dimensions, may be used. We aimed to synthetize evidence from studies investigating association between deprivation/socio-economic indices and influenza vaccination coverage in population at risk-persons ≥65 years of age, individuals with comorbidities, pregnant women and health-care workers. We searched PubMed, ISI WoS, CINAHL and Scopus to identify observational studies published up to October 10th 2017 in English or Italian. Studies reporting quantitative estimates of the association between deprivation/socio-economic indices and influenza vaccination coverage in populations at risk were included. A total of 1474 articles were identified and 12 were eventually included in the final review. Studies were mostly cross-sectional, performed in European countries, from 2004 to 2017. Seven studies focussed on deprivation and five on socio-economic indices. Studies on deprivation indices and vaccination coverage showed that people from the most deprived areas had lower coverage. Regarding socio-economic condition, results were contrasting, even though it may also be concluded that people from lower groups have lower vaccination coverage. Our work supports the possibility to identify people likely to have lower influenza vaccination coverage based on deprivation/socio-economic indices. Efforts should be performed in order to further strengthen robustness, transferability and suitability of these indices in addressing public health problems.

Laboratory Testing of the Innovative Low-Cost Mewar Angithi Insert for Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooking Tasks on Three-Stone Fires in Critical Contexts

Currently, about 2.7 billion people across the world still lack access to clean cooking means. Humanitarian emergencies and post-emergencies are among the most critical situations: the utilization of traditional devices such as three-stone fires have a huge negative impact not only on food security but also on the socio-economic status of people, their health and the surrounding environment. Advanced Cooking Stoves may constitute better systems compared to actual ones, however, financial, logistic and time constraints have strongly limited the interventions in critical contexts until now. The innovative, low-cost Mewar Angithi insert for improving energy efficiency of three-stone fires may play a role in the transition to better cooking systems in such contexts. In this paper, we rely on the Water Boiling Test 4.2.3 to assess the performances of the Mewar Angithi insert respect to a traditional three-stone fire and we analyse the results through a robust statistical procedure. The potentiality and suitability of this novel solution is discussed for its use in critical contexts.

Pet- and special needs-friendly shelter planning in south florida: A spatial capacitated p-median-based approach

Evacuating individuals and allocating space in shelters are complex tasks that depend on disaster characteristics, roadway network characteristics, the demographics and socioeconomic status of people in the affected region, as well as the effectiveness of the emergency plans. This problem becomes even more challenging when special needs (access and functional needs) populations and those with pets are considered since they may require more time in the event of an evacuation along with more space in shelters. As such, this paper focuses on the evacuation and sheltering needs of such a population group, those 85 and older with special needs (access and functional needs) or pets, in Southeast Florida. Data from Miami-Dade and Broward counties are analyzed using a GIS-based spatial capacitated p-median optimization model. First, an extensive analysis is conducted to assess the accessibility of the American Red Cross-approved shelters with respect to different population groups through which static congested travel times are obtained between each shelter location and U.S. census units. Additionally, a variety of scenarios are constructed to simulate evacuating 85+ populations living in the evacuation zone, providing dynamic congested travel times. Finally, a capacitated p-median optimization model is implemented to maximize the accessibility and capacity of the existing shelters for 85+ populations with special needs (access and functional needs) or pets. Results indicate that the location and allocations of people to shelters are sensitive to demographics and roadway conditions, and the accessibility to shelters can be improved for this group of people based on optimization model results.

The effect of socioeconomic status on ambulance requests

Introduction:&#x0D; Emergency medical events are not randomly distributed over a certain area. Many hidden patterns may influence this distribution due to several socioeconomic, demographic, and geospatial factors. Identifying these patterns will help health policy makers have a better planning for emergency medical services (EMS) in finding high-risk places, and people at high risk.&#x0D; Methods: &#x0D; Mashhad city EMS calls records have been analyzed retrospectively. The privacy of the data was considered by eliminating the identification information such as the name or phone number of the patients. To recognize the location of the requests all the recorded addresses were mapped into a single number representing the municipality region of the address. To express the relationship between the predictors, correlation coefficient has been employed.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results:&#x0D; 154528 calls in a citywide registry from March 21, 2013, to March 20, 2014, were investigated. The average of age was 42.43 years (S.D = 21.7) with 50.5% male, 40.7% female and 8.8% of the sex were not registered. 64% of the calls were medical related and the remaining 36% were trauma-related requests. Aside from traffic accident that was the top most in all regions, other top five reasons for ambulance request including weakness, seizure, unconsciousness, nervous stress, and dyspnea were recognized. Although the regions with lower socioeconomic status are more vulnerable, they request ambulances less frequently than the regions with higher socioeconomic status.&#x0D; Conclusion:&#x0D; There is a relationship between the socioeconomic status of people and their calls to EMS. The results of this study can help policymakers in finding people in potentially high-risk locations and provide facilities to reduce mortality and morbidity.

An Empirical Test of the Interactionist Model on the Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Socioeconomic status of People with Disabilities

본 연구는 장애인의 사회경제적 지위와 생활만족도 사이의 관계를 각 변수 간 한방향의 인과관계에서 보는한계를 넘어, 이 두 변수 사이의 발달관계를 시간이 지남에 따라 서로 영향을 주고받을 것으로 가정하는 상호교류모델을 경험적으로 검증하고자 한다. 이를 위해 장애인고용패널의 6∼8차 자료를 활용하여 결측자료를제외한 2,906명을 자기회귀교차지연 모델을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 다음과 같은 연구결과와 정책적 방향성을 논의하였다. 먼저, 연구결과에서는 사회경제적 지위, 생활만족도 모두에서 강한 자기회귀효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났고, 사회경제적 지위와 생활만족도 간의 상호교류관계에서도 교차지연 효과가 확인되었다. 또한, 통제변수로 설정한 기초생활수급여부와 경제활동유무, 주택 소유 형태 등의 변수도 사회경제적 지위와 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 변수로 나타났으며, 마지막으로 이러한 연구결과들을 바탕으로 장애인의 사회경제적지위와 생활만족도를 높일 수 있는 정책적 방향성을 논의하였다.This study attempted to provide more useful information on policy intervention beyond the simple causal relationship between these variables by examining the interchange model which assumes that socioeconomic status and life satisfaction of people with disabilities have mutual influence. To do this, 2,906 people except the missing data were analyzed using the 6th to 8th data of employment panel for the disabled. As a result of analysis, socioeconomic status and life satisfaction showed strong self regression effect, and mutual exchange relation between socioeconomic status and life satisfaction was confirmed. In addition, the variables such as whether basic living conditions, economic activities, and the type of home ownership, which were set as control variables, were found to be influential factors on socioeconomic status and life satisfaction. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the policy direction to increase socioeconomic status and life satisfaction of people with disabilities.

The Impact of Migration Background on Health: Results of the Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS 2014)

Previous research has shown migrants to have a poorer health status than those without a migration background in many respects. So far, it is not completely clear whether the poorer health results of migrants are mainly the cause of their socioeconomic status (SES), which on average is lower than the SES of people without a migration background. The present study explores the question whether the fact of having a migration background has an impact on health, even though SES and health-related behavior are taken into account. Based on data from the current Austrian Health Interview Survey (ATHIS 2014) multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age and stratified by gender, were conducted. The dependent variables were physical quality of life, psychological quality ofZ life, self-perceived health, body-mass-index (BMI), headaches/musculoskeletal pain, and diabetes/cardiovascular diseases (n=15,748). We found differences in health between men and women with migration background and men and women without migration background. After adjusting for age, SES and health-related behavior, almost all of the revealed differences got smaller. The strongest link between migrant status and health status was detected for migrants from countries with a lower Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) in comparison to Austria. The results lead to the conclusion that although SES and health-related behavior do not fully explain health differences between people with migration background and those without, they can explain the differences to a large extent. However, for the health status of migrants who stem from countries with a lower standard of living and a weaker distributive justice in comparison to Austria, further factors might play a role. With respect to this group of migrants, differences in health compared to non-migrants are not solely attributable to SES and health-related behavior.

Minorities and Diversity in Scotland: Evidence from the 2011 Census

The relatively low proportion of people in ethnic and national minority groups in Scotland has been an obstacle for social research concerning these minorities, especially in characterising and comparing these populations using large scale data. The 2011 census offers an invaluable resource in this regard, especially at a time when minorities are growing to represent a more prominent and significant element in Scotland's population. This paper uses standard aggregate census data and data derived from a 5% sample of census returns to provide an overview and comparison of the six largest minority groups in Scotland, focusing on the origins, identities and socio-economic status of people within these groups. It not only highlights how different minorities contrast with each other and the majority population, but also illuminates the diversity that exists within these groups.

Socio-Economic Impact of Tarakpur Check Dam in Khambhat Area of Gujarat

The study was undertaken to evaluate the change in socio-economic status of people in selected five villages before and after the construction of check dam. The primary data collected from 200 sample households indicate a strong support to the benefits perceived from construction of check dam. The significant impact of availability of check dam water could be easily seen on livelihood of beneficiary households through positive changes in land and livestock holdings, increase in crop yield and level of income, reduction in migration patter, etc. Though there are some negative effects which can be easily offset by the benefits of check dam.