Socioeconomic Characterization Research Articles

Potencial productivo de Vanilla planifolia Jacks en el Totonacapan, México, mediante técnicas geográficas


 La región del Totonacapan, entre los límites del norte de Puebla y Veracruz, produce 80% de la vainilla en México, y es considerada el centro de origen de la especie Vanilla planifolia Jacks. Sin embargo, la superficie sembrada ha disminuido, lo que afecta la competitividad del sector. En el presente trabajo se realizó una caracterización socioeconómica de los productores de Vanilla planifolia Jacks, durante 2017 y 2018 y se determinó el potencial productivo para el cultivo en la región del Totonacapan, mediante el empleo de sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) basado en factores edafoclimáticos y fisiográficos. resultados muestran que la producción es una actividad económica secundaria, entre productores de más de 55 años y en situación de minifundio. El potencial productivo más alto se localiza al noroeste de la región del Totonacapan y está condicionado por el incremento en las precipitaciones del mes más seco (abril: <60 mm año-1) y temperaturas no mayores a 30 °C en el trimestre más caluroso (junio-julio-agosto). Estas áreas están destinadas en su mayoría a la ganadería y agricultura de cultivos cíclicos más rentables, por lo que en la expansión del cultivo se deben considerar los aspectos socioeconómicos de los productores.

Entorno tecnológico y socioeconómico de la habichuela larga en el Caribe Húmedo de Colombia

La habichuela larga se cultiva en el sistema de producción de economía campesina. El objetivo del trabajo fue obtener información básica sobre la producción y los retornos económicos de la habichuela larga en el Caribe Húmedo de Colombia en el año 2018. No se evidencian trabajos anteriores en materia de caracterización tecnológica y socioeconómica. La información se obtuvo de una encuesta estructurada aplicada mediante el método de muestreo aleatorio simple a 16 productores de habichuela larga. Los retornos económicos se calcularon empleando patrones de costos y técnicas de análisis económico de rentabilidad. Los resultados demuestran que los productores tienen experiencia en cultivar la habichuela larga de tres a cuarenta años, bajo un sistema de agricultura familiar y de subsistencia; la superficie dedicada al cultivo varía de 0,2 a 0,5 ha. Predomina el uso de mano de obra familiar en un 75 %, el 100 % de los agricultores usa semilla no certificada, un 90 % realiza control manual de malezas y el 70 % hace control químico de insectos. Un 86 % de la producción tiene como destino el mercado local, y un 14 %, el consumo de las familias. Los costos de producción corresponden a $3.476.914,2 por hectárea, la producción media es de 4.950 kg ha-1, el precio de venta promedio es de $765 por kilogramo, lo cual genera una relación beneficio costo de 1,09 en cuatro meses del ciclo productivo y una rentabilidad de 8,9 %. Dado que las inversiones son bajas, se considera una producción eficiente, que garantiza la sostenibilidad en el tiempo.

Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso

Socio-Economic Characterization of Local Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Populations in three Agro-Ecological Zones of Burkina Faso

Estimation of the Value of Statistical Life in Chile and Extrapolation to Other Latin American Countries

This study uses the hedonic wage method to estimate the value of statistical life (VSL) in Chile and then extrapolates this value to different Latin American countries. The data are obtained from the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, CASEN 2013), which includes information on socioeconomic and labor variables at the individual level. Records of fatal and nonfatal occupational risk in each economic sector are obtained from the Superintendency of Social Security (Superintendencia de Seguridad Social). The results of the best hedonic wage estimate for the Chilean case (which corrects for endogeneity and selection bias) show that the VSL is US$3.7 million, with a confidence interval of 95 percent ranging between US$3.4 million and US$4.0 million. A meta-analysis that relates the VSL to GDP per capita is conducted to extrapolate the findings to other Latin American countries, with average values ranging from US$0.01 million for Haiti to US$5.2 million for Puerto Rico.

Cambio demográfico y duración de la vida económicamente activa en la Región de Magallanes y la Antártica chilena 1992-2013

This article analyzes the implications of the demographic change in the region of Magellan and the Chilean Antarctic. It analyzes the dynamics of population aging and its impact on the labor force. In particular, it was observed the variation the working life’s length through the gross and net years of economic activity, the pattern of entrance and retirement and the working life expectancy. Methodologically, we elaborated Tables of Working Life for the years 1992, 2003 and 2013. We also used information of economic activity and inactivity for the region obtained from the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN in spanish) and published mortality tables by National Statistics Institut (INE, 2004).

Desigualdades generacionales, de género y etnia entre trabajadores sociales chilenos

Resumen Se examinaron desigualdades laborales entre trabajadores sociales chilenos, analizando si se diferencian de las tendencias observadas en otras profesiones. Se emplearon dos submuestras extraídas de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN) del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Chile, año 2015. Mediante coeficiente de contingencia, se determinó la intensidad de asociación entre ingresos económicos y condición contractual, respeto de las variables sexo, generación y etnia. Los resultados indicaron que la proporción de trabajadores sociales en el decil superior de ingresos nacional varía según generación y etnia, y la proporción que tiene trabajo permanente varía según sexo y generación. En ambos casos la generación tiene la asociación más intensa, observándose desigualdades más pronunciadas entre trabajadores sociales que entre los otros profesionales. Se abre un debate sobre la reproducción de las desigualdades dentro del trabajo social - asociadas al neoliberalismo - y los desafíos ético-políticos que dicha situación implica.

Mental health in older men in Chile: a reality to be prioritizedSaúde mental de homens idosos no Chile: uma realidade a ser priorizada

RESUMENLos problemas de salud mental constituyen un conjunto de condiciones de alto impacto. Las personas de 60 y más años presentan vulnerabilidades particulares que aumentan el riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud mental y consecuencias terminales como el suicidio. En este grupo etario, los hombres constituyen un subgrupo poco considerado como destinatarios particulares de acciones en salud. En el caso de Chile, este artículo busca caracterizar la realidad de la salud mental de los hombres adultos mayores mediante cifras provenientes de encuestas poblacionales realizadas en el país (Encuesta Nacional de Salud [ENS] 2003-2009, Estudio Nacional de Dependencia en las Personas Mayores [ENADEAM] 2009, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN] 2015). El artículo aborda indicadores relativos a depresión y síntomas depresivos, suicidio e ideación suicida, y consultas de salud mental. Las cifras reportadas en las encuestas seleccionadas informan que, en Chile, los hombres adultos mayores son el grupo que presenta la mayor tasa de suicidio, el menor número de ideación e intento suicida, y la menor frecuencia reportada de consultas de salud mental. De igual modo, presentan menor reporte de depresión en comparación con mujeres. Estas cifras permiten aproximar a un perfil de salud mental en hombres mayores en Chile y cuestionar la pertinencia de los actuales modelos epidemiológicos para la identificación de perfiles de riesgo de salud mental en este grupo. Asimismo, emerge la urgente necesidad de diseñar programas de salud que incorporen dicha consideración de género, para lograr una adecuada pesquisa y aceptabilidad de las potenciales intervenciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental y reducir riesgos en hombres adultos mayores.

PERFIL SOCIOECONÔMICO DAS/OS ESTUDANTES DE SERVIÇO SOCIAL DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA MARIA

O artigo pretende dar visibilidade aos resultados da pesquisa realizada no curso de Serviço Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) que visou delinear a caracterização Socioeconômica dos e das estudantes de Serviço Social. Além disso, traçou-se a trajetória da constituição do curso na referida Universidade. A metodologia foi do tipo quanti-qualitativa e constituiu-se de um questionário à totalidade de estudantes de Graduação em Serviço Social no primeiro semestre de 2017 e três entrevistas com os (as) servidores (as) fundadores (as) do mesmo na UFSM, além de revisão bibliográfica. As considerações finais sugerem uma aproximação ao perfil geral da categoria profissional.

Shopping mall attraction and social mixing at a city scale

In Latin America, shopping malls seem to offer an open, safe and democratic version of the public space. However, it is often difficult to quantitatively measure whether they indeed foster, hinder, or are neutral with respect to social inclusion. In this work, we investigate if, and by how much, people from different social classes are attracted by the same malls. Using a dataset of mobile phone network records from 387,152 devices identified as customers of 16 malls in Santiago de Chile, we performed several analyses to study whether malls with higher social mixing attract more people. Our pipeline, which starts with the socio-economic characterization of mall visitors, includes the estimation of social mixing and diversity of malls, the application of the gravity model of mobility, and the definition of a co-visitation model. Results showed that people tend to choose a profile of malls more in line with their own socio-economic status and the distance from their home to the mall, and that higher mixing does positively contribute to the process of choosing a mall. We conclude that (a) there is social mixing in malls, and (b) that social mixing is a factor at the time of choosing which mall to go to. Thus, the potential for social mixing in malls could be capitalized by designing public policies regarding transportation and mobility to make some malls strong social inclusion hubs.

Woman in agriculture, and climate risks: hotspots for development

There is rising interest among research and development practitioners to arrive at impact driven solutions in the field of gender and climate change adaptation. Climate change adaptation interventions can be better targeted by being linked with type of climatic risks experienced by women farmers, their social profile and their needs based on the role they play in agriculture. This study presents a methodology to identify hotspots where climate change adaptation and gender based interventions could be prioritized. The methodology is illustrated for India. The results suggest 36 hotspots across 10 states in India, where large number of women farmers are impacted by high levels of drought probability, excess rainfall and heat wave. The target population in these hotspots comprise 14.4% of the total women farmers in the country. A socioeconomic characterization of the hotspot population highlights barriers, such as labor, credit and market access for female cultivators and lower wage rates for female laborers in these hotspots. Based on the constraints as well as the climatic risks faced by these women in the hotspots, the potential of climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices are emphasized. Additionally, a comparison of current research being done in the field with the results of the study highlights the potential to learn from current efforts for efficient scalability of gender and climate change adaptation interventions.

Structural disadvantage and (un)successful ageing: gender differences in activities of daily living for older people in Chile

ABSTRACTDiscourses on successful ageing have changed the way older age is viewed and the possibilities associated with it. However, such discourses do not always take into account differential capacities and resources that may shape disadvantage for women. The aim of this article is to examine gender differences in the experience of difficulties carrying out basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) in community-living people over the age of 65, using Chile as a case study. We also examine the effect of healthcare provider on performance of ADLs. We carried out logistic regressions on cross-sectional data from a sample of over 33,000 men and women, drawn from the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterisation Survey, conducted by the Ministry of Social Development of the Government of Chile. We found significant gender differences in experiences of performing ADLs for older people in Chile, with women consistently reporting more problems than men. The affiliation with the public health provider was also associated with gender differences. The results of our study indicate that women in Chile experience structural disadvantage in their efforts to age successfully, reporting higher levels of functional limitations. We argue that it is important that gender-sensitive public health initiatives be developed, focusing on the prevention of functional disability.

Determinants of utilisation rates of preventive health services: evidence from Chile

BackgroundPreventive health services play a vital role in population health. However, access to such services is not always equitably distributed. In this article, we examine the barriers affecting utilisation rates of preventive health services, using Chile as a case study.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study analysing secondary data from 206,132 Chilean adults, taken from the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterisation Survey of the Government of Chile. We carried out logistic regressions to explore the relationship between the dependent variable use of preventive services and various demographic and socioeconomic variables.ResultsCategories more likely to use preventive services were women (OR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.11–1.21) and inactive people (OR=1.41; 95%CI: 1.33–1.48). By contrast, single individuals (OR= 0.85 ; 95%CI: 0.80–0.91) and those affiliated with the private healthcare provider (OR= 0.89; 95%CI: 0.81–0.96) had fewer odds of undertaking preventive exams.ConclusionsThe findings underline the necessity of better information campaigns on the availability and necessity of preventive health services, addressing health inequality in accessing health services, and tackling lifestyle-related health risks. This is particularly important in countries – such as Chile – characterised by high income inequality and low utilisation rates of preventive health services.

Caracterização socioeconômica da área de proteção ambiental das ilhas e várzeas do rio Paraná no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

A análise de aspectos socioeconômicos é fundamental para a gestão ambiental, sendo a utilização de indicadores uma importante ferramenta para fornecer tais informações. O modelo de rede causal DPSIR (Forças-motrizes, Pressão, Estado, Impacto, Resposta) para estruturação de indicadores foi usado para realizar a caracterização socioeconômica dos municípios sul-mato-grossenses da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas e Várzeas do rio Paraná (APA IVAP), a partir de dados secundários disponíveis em sites oficiais na internet. Foi constatado que a população da região apresenta uma condição socioeconômica, de modo geral, inferior à média do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Tal condição, além da ausência do plano de manejo para a APA IVAP são fatores que, possivelmente, representam uma ameaça aos serviços ecossistêmicos da região.

The implications of changing living arrangements for intergenerational relations in Chile

ABSTRACTThe past three decades have seen important transformations in family life in Chile: falling marriage and fertility rates and increasing cohabitation and extramarital births. Increasing female employment has weakened the traditional male-breadwinner family. This article provides evidence of the effects of these changes in family living arrangements in Chile and their implications for intergenerational relations. We use 1990, 2000 and 2011 data from the National Socio-economic Characterisation Survey to explore why extended family living is increasingly important for young women in the early stages of family formation. We hypothesise two different processes to explain this increase. Firstly, due to the rise in women’s employment, young women need greater assistance from their extended family to reconcile the demands of work and family responsibilities. Secondly, declining marriage rates and rising rates of cohabitation and lone parenthood increase the need for extended family support. Our findings show that family change is the main driver of the rise in extended family living, indicating that intergenerational dependence is often driven by the economic and social support needed by young families. Despite improvements in social welfare and female employment, better-designed housing and work–family reconciliation policies are needed to offer young families an alternative to intergenerational family support.

Caractérisation socio-économique des formes d’agriculture durable

Les différentes analyses des transitions vers des agricultures durables distinguent souvent deux voies concurrentes, renvoyant aux paradigmes de la durabilité faible ou forte. En dépassant cette opposition polaire, ce travail interdisciplinaire propose une caractérisation socio-agronomique de différentes formes d’agriculture coexistant à des degrés divers dans nos économies occidentales. Les auteurs s’appuient sur une typologie agronomique de sept formes d’agriculture caractérisant les systèmes de production agricole plus ou moins durables, suivant la manière dont intrants exogènes et services écosystémiques endogènes à l’écosystème sont utilisés, et leur mode d’insertion dans les systèmes alimentaires. Ils expliquent les principes qui organisent ces formes, ainsi que les valeurs qui les justifient socialement. Cette analyse permet de discuter les conditions d’efficacité des outils de politiques agricoles.

La caracterización socioeconómica del estudiante de nivelación de carrera en la universidad de Guayaquil

El presente artículo busca fomentar el uso de una herramienta que permita caracterizar desde el ámbito socioeconómico a los estudiantes de Nivelación de la Universidad de Guayaquil. La Dirección Técnica de Nivelación de Carrera requiere conocer cómo ingresan los bachilleres a esta nueva etapa estudiantil. Para ello se establece desde el inicio del período escolar un instrumento que permita recoger las informaciones y datos necesarios para caracterizar al estudiantado. El instrumento, establecido como herramienta pedagógica dentro del accionar de la Nivelación de Carrera, persigue como objetivo conocer la realidad que vive el estudiante, pues al conocerla la institución se halla en mejor posición para ayudarlo a que su desarrollo cognitivo sea óptimo, tanto durante el proceso de aprendizaje como fuera de salón del clases. De ahí, el objetivo de potenciar el uso de una herramienta capaz de realizar una caracterización socioeconómica profunda del estudiante de Nivelación de Carrera en la Universidad de Guayaquil.

Health inequality gap in inmigrant versus local children in Chile

Children and young international migrants face different health challenges compa red with the local population, particularly if they live in insecure environments or adverse social conditions. This study seeks to identify gaps in health outcomes of children between immigrant and local population in Chile. This study analyses data from three sources: (i) Born in Chile: Electronic records of antenatal visits from all municipal antenatal clinics of Recoleta in 2012; (ii) Growing up in Chile: Population survey "National Socioeconomic Characterization" (CASEN) from 2013 and (iii) Getting sick in Chile: Data of all hospital discharges in 2012, provided by the department of statistics and health information (DEIS) of the Ministry of Health. (I) Born in Chile: Im migrants more frequently have psychosocial risk (62.3% vs 50.1% in Chileans) and enter later into the program (63.1% vs 33.4% enter later than 14 weeks of pregnancy). All birth outcomes were better among immigrants (e.g. caesarean sections rates: 24.2% immigrants vs % Chileans). (ii) Growing up in Chile: A higher proportion of migrant children is outside the school system and lives in multidi mensional poverty (40% immigrants vs 23.2% Chileans). (iii) Getting sick in Chile: Injuries and other external causes were more frequent cause of hospitalisation among migrants (23.6%) than the local population (16.7%) aged between 7 and 14 years. Addressing the needs of the children in Chile, regardless of their immigration status, is an ethical, legal and moral imperative.

Socioeconomic characterization of regions through the lens of individual financial transactions.

People are increasingly leaving digital traces of their daily activities through interacting with their digital environment. Among these traces, financial transactions are of paramount interest since they provide a panoramic view of human life through the lens of purchases, from food and clothes to sport and travel. Although many analyses have been done to study the individual preferences based on credit card transaction, characterizing human behavior at larger scales remains largely unexplored. This is mainly due to the lack of models that can relate individual transactions to macro-socioeconomic indicators. Building these models, not only can we obtain a nearly real-time information about socioeconomic characteristics of regions, usually available yearly or quarterly through official statistics, but also it can reveal hidden social and economic structures that cannot be captured by official indicators. In this paper, we aim to elucidate how macro-socioeconomic patterns could be understood based on individual financial decisions. To this end, we reveal the underlying interconnection of the network of spending leveraging anonymized individual credit/debit card transactions data, craft micro-socioeconomic indices that consists of various social and economic aspects of human life, and propose a machine learning framework to predict macro-socioeconomic indicators.

Socioeconomic and demographic characterization of an endemic malaria region in Brazil by multiple correspondence analysis

BackgroundIn the process of geographical retraction of malaria, some important endemicity pockets remain. Here, we report results from a study developed to obtain detailed community data from an important malaria hotspot in Latin America (Alto Juruá, Acre, Brazil), to investigate the association of malaria with socioeconomic, demographic and living conditions.MethodsA household survey was conducted in 40 localities (n = 520) of Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves municipalities, Acre state. Information on previous malaria, schooling, age, gender, income, occupation, household structure, habits and behaviors related to malaria exposure was collected. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was applied to characterize similarities between households and identify gradients. The association of these gradients with malaria was assessed using regression.ResultsThe first three dimensions of MCA accounted for almost 50% of the variability between households. The first dimension defined an urban/rurality gradient, where urbanization was associated with the presence of roads, basic services as garbage collection, water treatment, power grid energy, and less contact with the forest. There is a significant association between this axis and the probability of malaria at the household level, OR = 1.92 (1.23–3.02). The second dimension described a gradient from rural settlements in agricultural areas to those in forested areas. Access via dirt road or river, access to electricity power-grid services and aquaculture were important variables. Malaria was at lower risk at the forested area, OR = 0.55 (1.23–1.12). The third axis detected intraurban differences and did not correlate with malaria.ConclusionsLiving conditions in the study area are strongly geographically structured. Although malaria is found throughout all the landscapes, household traits can explain part of the variation found in the odds of having malaria. It is expected these results stimulate further discussions on modelling approaches targeting a more systemic and multi-level view of malaria dynamics.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO CULTIVO E CONSERVAÇÃO DA AGROBIODIVERSIDADE EM LOTES URBANOS VAGOS EM DUAS PEQUENAS CIDADES NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

<p>A agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) é um fenômeno mundial crescente e traz uma gama de benefícios, como a busca da segurança alimentar e nutricional, geração de renda e a possibilidade de conservação de agrobiodiversidade <em>on farm</em>. No Brasil, cidades de pequeno porte e zonas periféricas de metrópoles ainda apresentam características rurais, como espaços intersticiais desocupados, possibilitando a ex-moradores das zonas rurais a manutenção do hábito de plantar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a agricultura urbana praticada nos lotes vagos em duas cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo, Charqueada (CH) e Santa Gertrudes (SG), abordando os seguintes aspectos: caracterização socioeconômica dos entrevistados; caracterização dos lotes quanto a posse, tempo de cultivo e manejo agrícola; e registro das plantas e variedades cultivadas, com ênfase nas raízes e tubérculos, com vistas a avaliar o potencial para a conservação de agrobiodiversidade <em>on farm</em> nesses espaços. Todos os lotes cultivados na malha urbana foram georreferenciados, para o estabelecimento de uma amostra geral (77 em CH e 43 em SG) para a caracterização da população quanto a aspectos socioeconômicos e relativos à agricultura praticada. Posteriormente, selecionou-se uma subamostra (30 em CH e 20 em SG), para inventário das plantas cultivadas. Os levantamentos foram realizados por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas, utilizando-se a turnê guiada nos lotes para o levantamento das plantas. Os agricultores são na grande maioria homens acima de 50 anos de idade, de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade; não há participação efetiva dos jovens. Há uma presença importante de migrantes de outros estados, nordestinos em CH e mineiros em SG. Levantaram-se 102 etnoespécies de plantas cultivadas, principalmente alimentares, sendo as mais frequentes (>40% dos lotes em ambas as cidades) mandioca, mamão e quiabo. Vários cultivos apresentaram etnovariedades, mas o conhecimento dos agricultores sobre as mesmas não é muito aprofundado. A agrobiodiversidade levantada atesta o potencial da agricultura urbana para conservação <em>on farm</em>, porém o desinteresse dos mais jovens e as pressões de ocupação imobiliária do solo urbano podem dificultar sua continuidade. Há necessidade de políticas públicas que ordenem a atividade e garantam um mínimo de estabilidade, bem como da conscientização da população em geral sobre o papel e a importância da conservação da diversidade agrícola. </p>