Sociocultural Ideals Research Articles

State affect and body image effects of body positive social media content within a female chronic illness sample

Body positivity refers to a movement, popularized on social media, that encourages the normalization and acceptance of bodies diverging from sociocultural ideals, specifically within marginalized communities. Previous studies suggest that briefly viewing body positive social media content may lead to increased body satisfaction and positive affect in young women relative to thin-ideal and appearance-neutral content. Diminished body functionality and appearance change due to chronic illness poses a unique challenge to positive body image in young adults living with chronic illness. Typical body positive social media content may not be useful for this community since chronic illnesses are often not outwardly depicted, so the current study aimed to examine the state effects before and after viewing body positive social media content in a sample of young women (N=201) with at least one self-reported chronic illness. Participants (Mage = 29.4, SD = 6.74; 79.2 % white) were randomly assigned to view one of two sets of 10 images: chronic illness body positive and typical body positive. Participants completed a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pre- and post-stimuli exposure. Findings from repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interaction between time and group for negative affect (F(1198) = 4.402, p =.037) and broad conceptualization of beauty (F(1199) = 4.288, p =.040), such that those exposed to the chronic illness stimuli reported a larger reduction in negative affect and an increase in conceptualization of beauty beyond the non-chronically ill ideal post-exposure. Thus, exposure to body positive social media content inclusive of chronic illness may be more useful in stabilizing affect and promoting greater positive body image within the community. These findings highlight the importance of inclusive body positive portrayals in terms of dimensions beyond weight and shape to account for the effects of diminished body functionality.

Feeling like the enemy: the emotion management and alienation of hospital doctors.

Globally, an epidemic of psychological distress, burnout, and workforce attrition signify an acute deterioration in hospital doctors' relationship with their work-intensified by COVID-19. This deterioration is more complicated than individual responses to workplace stress, as it is heavily regulated by social, professional, and organizational structures. Moving past burnout as a discrete "outcome," we draw on theories of emotion management and alienation to analyze the strategies through which hospital doctors continue to provide care in the face of resource-constraints and psychological strain. We used Mobile Instant Messaging Ethnography (MIME), a novel form of remote ethnography comprising a long-term exchange of digital messages to elicit "live" reflections on work-life experiences and feelings. The results delineate two primary emotion-management strategies-acquiescence and depersonalization-used by the hospital doctors to suppress negative feelings and emotions (e.g., anger, frustration, and guilt) stemming from the disconnect between professional norms of expertise and self-sacrifice, and organizational realities of impotence and self-preservation. Illustrating the continued relevant of alienation, extending its application to doctors who disconnect to survive, we show how the socio-cultural ideals of the medical profession (expertise and self-sacrifice) are experienced through the emotion-management and self-estrangement of hospital doctors. Practically, the deterioration of hospital doctors' relationship with work is a threat to health systems and organizations. The paper highlights the importance of understanding the social structures and disconnects that shape this deteriorating relationship and the broad futility of self-care interventions embedded in work contexts of unrealized professional ideals, organizational resource deficits and unhappy doctors, patients, and families.

Body image of male college athletes: the role of uniforms and socio-cultural ideals on the perceptions of body image

ABSTRACT This study explored male athletes’ body image perceptions and how sociocultural influences and athletic uniforms may contribute to their perception. An open-ended survey was used to gather information from 75 current and former football athletes. Study results showed that athletes perceive inconsistencies between their own bodies and the ‘ideal’ male body, that sociocultural images and comments from others strongly influence athletes’ perceptions of their bodies, and that football athletic uniforms also affect athletes’ body images. This study contributes to an under-investigated area of research concerning male athletes and body image. The researchers discussed the body image issues male athletes face and offered suggestions for more inclusive athletic uniform marketing and athletic programs.

Maternity swimwear: A tool of female agency

Maternity swimwear is one of the least researched garment types despite its ability to create a unique affective experience for women during gestation. It contains as well as exposes and liberates the changing female form during pregnancy. The study explores the history of this ‘second skin’ and illuminates how it relates to sociocultural ideals and human agency. It also investigates the changing perceptions of pregnancy and how maternity wear evolved into maternity fashion. It briefly reviews American women’s attitudes towards sports, primarily swimming, and discusses some of the controversies surrounding the most famous swimwear type, the bikini, before refocusing on maternity swimwear. The authors examine the role of maternity swimwear in helping the historically secluded private female body transition into a visible and public body and postulate the harmony created between swimsuit, mother and child, particularly whilst submerged in water. They suggest that the bathing suit enables women to take charge of their pregnant bodies and new identities and conclude that maternity swimwear is a significant tool of female agency.

No Evidence That Exposure to Materialistic Advertisements Influence Appearance Overvaluation and Financial Success Overvaluation in the Self-concept

Theory and prior research indicate that placing overriding importance on a life domain (e.g., appearance, financial success, health, work, interpersonal relationships) can negatively influence mental and physical health. In particular, people who overvalue appearance have been shown to engage in maladaptive weight-control behaviours and to have eating disorders. Likewise, people who overvalue financial success have been shown to engage in risky gambling and to have disordered gambling. Although the consequences of overvaluing a life domain are palpable, much less is known about its antecedents, which we examined in the current research. According to the Consumer Culture Impact Model, exposure to sociocultural ideals regarding luxury, wealth, and appearance via advertisements influence appearance overvaluation. We proposed that exposure to such sociocultural ideals should also influence financial success overvaluation. We tested the hypothesis that appearance and financial success overvaluation increase in response to viewing materialistic advertisements. First and second year undergraduate students completed self-report measures of appearance and financial success overvaluation in September 2020 (N = 185). They were re-contacted in March 2021 to complete a consumer decision making task. In the task, participants were randomly assigned to a control condition wherein they viewed and compared several non-materialistic advertisements (e.g., pencils, coffee) or to an experimental condition wherein they viewed and compared materialistic advertisements (e.g., champagne, luxury vacation). Afterwards, all participants completed again the same measures of overvaluation. Unexpectedly, linear regression analyses showed that there were no pre-post changes in appearance and financial success overvaluation from before to after exposure to materialistic (relative to non-materialistic) advertisements. Exploratory Bayesian regression analyses revealed support for the null hypothesis. Findings do not support the Consumer Culture Impact Model. Holding materialistic values are discussed as a potential moderator.

Influence of Media on Students in Kannur District, Kerala

Every individual is exposed to media at a tender age. Media often portrays a typical image that has led to setting up of certain beauty standards in a society. Previous researches had shown these beauty standards are unachievable, which leads to low self-esteem, feeling of inadequacy and to eating disorders in individuals. Current study analyses the influence of media on students and its relationship with body appreciation and internalization of socio-cultural ideals. The sample (N= 204) consists both male and female students within the age group of 16 to 23 from rural and urban areas. The tools used for the present study are Socio-cultural attitude towards appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-4), Body Appreciation Questionnaire (2006) by Dr.TracyTylka. A Self developed questionnaire adopted from various studies was used to measure influence of media. Results indicate that media has influence on students and it has significant relationship with internalization of socio cultural ideals. The study also finds though both male and female students are influenced by media at same levels, internalization of socio-cultural attitude towards appearance is higher in males.

Internalization of Appearance Ideals and Appearance Comparison among Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Role of Identity Formation

ABSTRACT The detrimental impact of sociocultural pressures on adolescents’ body image has been widely established. However, it remains unclear why or for whom such pressures lead to increased appearance ideals internalization and appearance comparison. This cross-sectional study investigated moderating and indirect effects of identity confusion/synthesis in the relationship between (1) sociocultural pressures and (2) appearance ideals internalization and appearance comparison. The study comprised 685 community adolescents (13–19 years; Mage = 14.80; SDage = 0.93; 55.2% girls). Participants completed self-report questionnaires on sociocultural pressures (Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-4; SATAQ-4), identity confusion/synthesis (Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory; EPSI), thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalization (SATAQ-4), and appearance comparison (Physical Appearance Comparison Scale; PACS). Structural equation models with latent variables were estimated. The current results pointed to both moderating and indirect effects of identity formation in the relationship between sociocultural pressures and appearance ideals internalization and appearance comparison in boys and girls. No significant differences were found between boys and girls in the moderating or indirect models. These results highlight the need to integrate identity functioning in sociocultural theories on body image formation, and to address a healthy identity development in prevention and intervention programs targeting appearance ideals internalization and appearance comparison in adolescents.

The role of sports participation in the association between students’ body image concerns and disordered eating

Background. Body image concerns (BICs) negatively influence young people’s health as they mutilate psychosocial functioning and lifestyle. The present study aimed to compare BICs, socio-cultural attitudes towards appearance, and disordered eating (DE) in a large sample of student women and men of different body mass (BMI) and physical activity and to evaluate the mediating role of sports participation in the association between BICs and DE.
 Methods. A total sample of 1850 students (1087 or 58.8% were women, average age 21.6 ± 5.0 years) participated in the study and completed a questionnaire measuring BICs, internalization of the socio-cultural appearance ideals, drive for muscularity, DE, physical activity (PA), and BMI. Two hundred eighty-two men and two hundred eighty-eight women reported leisure-time participation in sports. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to test gender, BMI group, and sports participation effects on study variables. Moderated leisure-time exercise at a sports club effects were tested in the association between body image concerns (BICs) and disordered eating behaviours (DE).
 Results. Overweight/obese students reported greater BICs, internalization of the stereotyped appearance ideals, and DE compared to students of normal body weight. Participants of sports clubs demonstrated higher appearance evaluation and body areas satisfaction; however, they reported higher overweight preoccupation, internalization of socio-cultural ideals, drive for muscularity (men), and DE. A higher level of BMI, BICs, internalization of socio-cultural body ideals, and drive for muscularity (in men) were associated with greater DE in students. Participation in sports was not a significant moderator between BICs and DE. A significant interaction effect between BMI and exercising at a sports club was observed in women. Conditional effects demonstrated that female students with higher BMI and exercising at a sports club were at higher risk of DE (β = .18, p < .001) than women non-exercising at a sports club (β = .13, p < .001).
 Conclusions. Overweight students of both genders reported greater BICs and DE. Sports-involved students (men and women) demonstrated more favourable body appearance evaluation. However, sports participants of both genders demonstrated greater BICs and DE compared to non-exercisers. Sports participation had no significant mediating power on the associations between BICs and DE; however, women with higher BMI and participating in leisure-time sports faced a greater risk for DE than women with higher BMI but not participating in sports. The promotion of a positive body image was important to students, especially female students with higher BMI and participating in leisure sports.
 Keywords: body image concerns, disordered eating, physical activity, sport clubs, emerging adults.

Embodying the culture of achievement: Culture between illness and perfection is a ‘thin line’ – obtaining the ideal female body as an act of achievement

In this article, we argue that certain behaviour connected to the attempt to attain contemporary female body ideals in Denmark can be understood as an act of achievement and, thus, as an embodiment of the culture of achievement, as it is characterised in Præstationssamfundet, written by the Danish sociologist Anders Petersen (2016) Hans Reitzels Forlag . Arguing from cultural psychological and sociological standpoints, this article examines how the human body functions as a mediational tool in different ways from which the individual communicates both moral and aesthetic sociocultural ideals and values. Complex processes of embodiment, we argue, can be described with different levels of internalisation, externalisation and materialisation, where the body functions as a central mediator. Analysing the findings from a qualitative experimental study on contemporary body ideals carried out by the Danish psychologists Josefine Dilling and Maja Trillingsgaard, this article seeks to anchor such theoretical claims in central empirical findings. The main conclusions from the study are used to structure the article and build arguments on how expectations and ideals expressed in an achievement society become embodied.

Associations of observer\u2019s gender, Body Mass Index and internalization of societal beauty ideals to visual body processing

We examined whether visual processing mechanisms of the body of conspecifics are different in women and men and whether these rely on westernised socio-cultural ideals and body image concerns. Twenty-four women and 24 men performed a visual discrimination task of upright or inverted images of female or male bodies and faces (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, both groups of women and men showed comparable abilities in the discrimination of upright and inverted bodies and faces. However, the gender of the human stimuli yielded different effects on participants’ performance, so that female faces, and male bodies appeared to be processed less configurally than female bodies and male faces, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction of configural processing for male bodies was significantly predicted by participants’ Body Mass Index (BMI) and their level of internalization of muscularity. Our findings suggest that configural visual processing of bodies and faces in women and men may be linked to a selective attention to detail needed for discriminating salient physical (perhaps sexual) cues of conspecifics. Importantly, BMI and muscularity internalization of beauty ideals may also play a crucial role in this mechanism.

Adherence to cultural values and the internalization of sociocultural appearance ideals are associated with exercise dependence symptoms in Asian/Asian American men

This study examined sociocultural correlates of exercise dependence symptoms (EDSX) in young Asian/Asian American men. We hypothesized that greater adherence to Asian cultural values would be positively associated with EDSX and that the internalization of muscularity and thinness appearance ideals would exacerbate this link. Participants included 266 Asian/Asian American men (18–30y, Mage = 24.4 ± 3.6y; MBMI = 24.2 ± 5 kg/m2) enrolled in a larger study examining disordered eating and body image concerns in ethnically/racially diverse young men. Participants completed an online survey that assessed demographics, adherence to Asian values, internalization of muscularity and thinness appearance ideals, and EDSX. After adjusting for BMI, income, education, and presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, a linear regression model indicated that adherence to Asian values was significantly and positively associated with EDSX (B = 12.13, p = .036). Neither internalization of muscularity (p = .812) nor thinness (p = .967) appearance ideals moderated this association. However, independently, both internalization of muscularity (B = 10.93, p < .001) and thinness appearance ideals (B = 7.92, p < .001) were positively associated with EDSX. The current study highlights the importance of considering cultural factors, such as adherence to traditional norms, in our investigations of EDSX in young Asian/Asian American men and the need to develop tailored interventions for young men's disordered eating symptoms. Our data also support the link between sociocultural ideals of attractiveness and young men's excessive exercise behaviors, contributing to a robust body of literature highlighting the problems with a cultural emphasis on specific body sizes and shapes.

Gender and Black–White Race Differences in Young Adult Exercise Dependence Prevalence and Associated Disordered Eating

ABSTRACT Purpose: Exercise dependence, an unhealthy preoccupation with exercise that results in physiological and psychological symptoms, may be particularly prevalent among college students given sociocultural exercise and body ideals in this population. Yet few studies have examined this phenomenon in diverse college samples. The aims of the present study were to examine gender and Black–White race differences in the prevalence of exercise dependence and associated disordered eating. Method: Undergraduates (N = 839) completed online measures of exercise dependence and disordered eating. Chi square tests were used to test for differences in prevalence, and linear regression was used to examine race and gender moderating effects on the exercise dependence–disordered eating association. Results: More men reported exercise dependence symptoms than women. More White participants reported symptoms than Black participants. Of the four gender and race combinations examined, White men had the highest proportion and Black women the lowest proportion experiencing symptoms. Gender, but not race, moderated the exercise dependence–disordered eating association. Conclusions: Although more men experience exercise dependence symptoms, women experience stronger associations between exercise dependence symptoms and disordered eating. The number of students who reported exercise dependence symptoms underscores the need for further research in this population and the development of culturally sensitive interventions.

Women actors, insecure work, and everyday sexism in the Canadian screen industry

ABSTRACT Acting, especially in the screen arts industry, is a job where women are subjected to pronounced and widely accepted socio-cultural aesthetic ideals within an industry that has become renowned for its tolerance for and justifications of sexism and sexualized violence. However, there is a limited amount of scholarship that examines actors and acting from a work and employment perspective. Drawing on the literature on work insecurity and gender inequities in cultural work, this article examines the screen industry from the perspective of women actors in a semi-peripheral location in Canada. This is a cohort that has managed to remain in the industry, despite high levels of attrition. Drawing on in-depth semi-structured interviews, our participants identify a range of strategies they employ (toughness, silence, humour, refusal, creative resistance) to respond to workplace sexism and gender-based constraints as they try to balance their creative agency with career sustainability. Participants emphasized that finding multiple outlets for realizing creative agency is crucial to counteracting everyday sexism and remaining in the industry.

Mass media influences on body image and body esteem in female adolescents: the mediating role of hopeful future expectations

ABSTRACT Mass media influences to achieve ideal body image are widely posited to be an antecedent of low body esteem in females. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between mass media influence on body image and body esteem, with a focus on the mediating role of hopeful future expectations in a sample of female adolescents. Body esteem, mass media influences on body image, and hopeful future expectations were evaluated in 280 Italian female adolescents by means of questionnaires. Mass media influences on body image are negatively associated with body esteem, and hopeful expectations for the future are positively associated with body esteem. The negative influence of mass media pressures on body esteem was partially mediated by hopeful expectations for the future. Clinicians dealing with adolescents with low body esteem may consider how female adolescents internalize sociocultural body ideals and how this internalization might affect their future expectations and body esteem.

The Development of the Internalization of Sociocultural Body Ideals Scale Using Items From the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire: Validity, Reliability, and Measurement Invariance Testing

Eating disorders and body image disturbance are known to result in unhealthy consequences. When attempting to understand the etiology and management of these disorders, sociocultural models of body image disturbance and disordered eating have been predominant. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate the Internalization of Sociocultural Body Ideals Scale (ISBIS), a psychometric instrument that utilizes items from various versions of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ). The ISBIS was developed to overcome some of the limitations found in existing instruments (including the SATAQ) that assess the internalization of sociocultural body ideals. The sample comprised 1130 students aged between 10 and 14 years. The psychometric properties of the ISBIS were examined using different analyses. The results supported the eight-item structure: four items for thin body ideal internalization and four items for thin body muscular/athletic internalization. The structure showed invariance to gender and achieved acceptable internal consistency and temporal stability indexes. Controlling for gender and body mass index, the results also showed that the internalization of the thin body ideal positively predicted social-physique anxiety in a statistically significant way. The results provide empirical evidence that the ISBIS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing sociocultural body ideals in Spanish preadolescents.

The roles of truth, projection, and directional bias in predicting individuals’ perceptions of partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies and implications for sexual satisfaction

Individuals who perceive that their partner is satisfied with individuals’ bodies are more sexually satisfied than those who perceive that their partner is dissatisfied. Using the truth and bias model of judgment, we investigated whether perceptions were based on (a) truth (partners’ actual satisfaction with individuals’ bodies), (b) projection (individuals’ own body satisfaction), and (c) directional bias (unmeasured sources of bias that influence perceptions; e.g., sociocultural ideals). We hypothesized that truth and projection would independently contribute to individuals’ perceptions of partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies and that individuals would underestimate partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies (negative directional bias). We also hypothesized that individuals’ perceptions of partners’ satisfaction would positively predict both partners’ sexual satisfaction. We investigated these hypotheses in a one-year longitudinal study of 123 mixed-sex cohabiting couples. Individuals’ perceptions of partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies were predicted by truth and projection, which suggests that individuals accurately track and incorporate partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies into their perceptions, but also that individuals project their satisfaction with their body onto partners. Contrary to our expectations, individuals overestimated partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies (positive directional bias). Partially supporting our hypotheses, individuals’ perceptions of partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies positively predicted individuals’ but not partners’ sexual satisfaction over one year. These results suggest that truth and projection independently contribute to perceptions of partners’ satisfaction with individuals’ bodies and that positive perceptions may contribute to individuals’ sexual satisfaction.

Are Adolescent Body Image Concerns Associated with Health-Compromising Physical Activity Behaviours?

The present study aimed to assess the-prevalence of health-compromising eating and physical activity behaviours, and to test their associations with physical activity, internalisation of sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and body image in a sample of adolescents of both genders. A total sample of 736 adolescents (437 or 59.4% were girls) participated in the study. The participants ranged in age from 16 to 19 years (x = 17.2, SD = 0.6). The sample completed a questionnaire measuring body mass index, the risk of eating disorders, body image, internalisation of sociocultural ideals of appearance, health-compromising eating behaviours (HCEB), and health-compromising weight control related to physical activity behaviours (HCPAB). Logistic regressions were used to assess the associations between the study variables and predictors of HCEB and HCPAB. The results of the study showed a relatively high prevalence of HCEB with a significantly higher prevalence in girls and participants with a higher BMI. The study also demonstrated that the prevalence of adolescent HCPAB was higher than HCEB. The internalisation of sociocultural attitudes towards appearance and body image concerns were higher in the HCEB and HCPAB groups. Female gender (OR = 1.88; 95% PI = 1.10–3.18), HCPAB (OR = 1.19; 95% PI = 1.10–1.28), a preoccupation with being overweight (OR = 3.43; 95% PI = 2.52–4.66), and body weight evaluation as too high (OR = 2.40; 95% PI = 1.57–3.68) were significant predictors of HCEB. More frequent physical activity (OR = 3.02; 95% PI = 1.76–5.17), HCEB (OR = 1.22; 95% PI = 1.11–1.32), and perceived pressures to conform to popular beauty ideals (OR = 1.51; 95% PI = 1.12–2.03) predicted higher HCPAB. HCPAB is an important variable associated with adolescents’ body image, physical activity, and weight control. The results of the present study are important for health promotion and education programs addressing adolescents’ healthy lifestyle, weight control, and body image concerns.

Religion and spirituality: Pathways to positive body image

Positive body image is a multidimensional construct referring to love, respect, and acceptance of one’s body, including aspects inconsistent with sociocultural ideals. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential pathways leading from religion and spirituality to positive body image. Participants were 345 women who completed questionnaire measures of engagement with formal religion, spirituality, gratitude, self-objectification, and positive body image. Both engagement with formal religion and spirituality were found to be positively associated with positive body image. Further, mediation analyses showed that the relationship between spirituality and positive body image was mediated by gratitude and reduced self-objectification. It was concluded that a broader spiritual consciousness may assist women to develop a loving, appreciative, and respectful relationship with their bodies. In addition, gratitude and a de-emphasis on external appearance provide useful goals and potential intervention points for promoting positive body image.

On the measurement of thin-ideal internalization: Implications for interpretation of risk factors and treatment outcome in eating disorders research.

Although the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) and Ideal Body Stereotype Scale (IBSS) are used interchangeably to assess thin ideal internalization, limited work has examined the assumption that the two measures index the same construct. The current study utilized confirmatory factor analysis to examine whether these measures capture a single construct (one-factor), two constructs (two-factor), or both shared and unique constructs (bifactor). The SATAQ-4R-Internalization: Thin/Low Body Fat subscale and IBSS-Revised were administered to 1,114 college females. A bifactor model provided the best fit to the data. Further, the SATAQ-4R was more strongly related to disordered eating and body satisfaction than the IBSS-R. Results indicate that the two most commonly used measures of internalization capture both shared and unique constructs. While both measures appear to contribute to the assessment of a global internalization factor, the SATAQ-4R may be better suited to assess personal acceptance of and desire to achieve a thin body, while the IBSS-R may be better suited to assess an awareness or acknowledgement of broader sociocultural ideals (e.g., toned, shapely bodies). Continued psychometric investigation of the scales is recommended in order to ensure targeted assessment of the intended constructs.

Exploring the everyday energyscapes of rural dwellers in Wales: Putting relational space to work in research on everyday energy use

Rural dwellers face a series of considerable, inter-locking challenges in the coming transition to a low-carbon society. As the highest emitters of domestic carbon per head of capita in Britain, understanding how and why rural households use energy in the ways that they do, and how this changes through time, is critical to gaining an insight into the ways in which we might reduce domestic energy demand.Although a plethora of conceptual approaches exists for enriching our understanding of the social drivers of energy use and demand, it is also important to better elucidate processes that give form to lives as lived in relational rural spaces. The article deploys complementary concepts of biography, practice and lived relational space, utilises them as part of a bespoke methodology for studying extended case narratives, and reports original analyses of more nuanced understandings of sense-making about dynamic changes in life processes and lived spaces. Insights are offered into difficult to resolve narrative tensions arising when expectations, uncertainties, aspirations and imaginaries work in a relational way to frame energy use in the present, and when socio-cultural ideals and identity-forming processes manifest in rural dwellers’ energyscapes are involved in the making of the future present.