Socio-economic Reforms Research Articles

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF FINANCIAL SUPPLY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

The article performs an analytical review on the issues of reforms in the state structure of the Kyrgyz Republic and its military organization. The paper considers military reform as a necessary component of political and socio-economic reforms, one of the determining conditions for their success, an effective factor in ensuring the defense and security of Kyrgyzstan, its active and constructive role in the modern world. The author notes the necessity, from the point of view of the defense interests of Kyrgyzstan, in the development and adoption of fundamentally new methods of organizing the financial support of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic. At the same time, the created mechanism of the organization should be aimed, first of all, at optimizing the size and structure of the Armed Forces, their compliance with the financial, economic, scientific, technical and other capabilities of the country to ensure its military security with the least expenditure of resources.

A Social Contract Moment: Egypt's National Action Charter and Saudi Arabia's Ten-Point Program Compared

Egypt's National Action Charter and Saudi Arabia's Ten-Point Program were issued in 1962 amid a context of domestic and regional insecurity for both regimes. This article reviews the context that shaped each regime's pledges for both political and (rather similar) socioeconomic reforms, challenging the common analysis of the so-called authoritarian bargain as a simplistic exchange of economic benefits for the political rights of citizens. Both documents also simultaneously embedded their proposed reforms in their country's respective legacies, ushering in a new era of state-led development.

Climate change: A driver of future conflicts in the Persian Gulf Region?

Ongoing global change and its direct environmental impacts, in addition to securing economic transition to the post-oil era, could trigger complex socio-economic and political crises in oil-dependent economies of the Persian Gulf Region (PGR). To evaluate the role of climate change and related policies in degrading the environment and its socio-economic impacts in the PGR, we have used a variety of available global datasets and published data. The results show that the countries of the PGR pursue some types of socio-economic reforms to alleviate the impacts of climate change. However, it seems that these attempts are not compatible with the environment's capacity. The main problem stems from the fact that political differences between the PGR nations prevent them from managing the Persian Gulf environment as an integrated natural system and consequently they have to limit their efforts within their borders, regardless of what happens in other parts of the system. The shift to alternative revenue sources by the countries needs socioeconomic preparedness while there are environmental obstacles, political tensions and geopolitical rivalries. Unless there is a cooperative approach to mitigate the effects of climate change, accompanied by a reorientation of PGR economies, the situation is likely to worsen rather than improve. To address the challenges of climate change, integrated regional collaborations are needed. Collective action, such as more investment in regional research and development and education, is required if the PGR is to successfully transition from a commodity-based to a knowledge-based economy.

Opportunities, challenges and trade-offs with decreasing avoidable food waste in the UK.

Around 6 million tonnes of edible food are being wasted (post-farm gate) in the UK each year. This fraction of edible wasted food is known as avoidable food waste. In a circular economy food is a valuable resource that must be captured at all stages of the food supply chain and, where possible, redistributed for consumption. This can prevent avoidable food waste generation, and dissipation of food’s multidimensional value that spans environmental, economic, social, technical and political/organisational impacts. While the importance and benefits of surplus food redistribution have been well documented in the global literature, there are still barriers that prevent perfectly edible food from being wasted. This study looks at the main stages of the food supply chain, and amasses the opportunities, challenges and trade-offs associated with surplus food redistribution to the UK economy. It highlights points in the food system where interventions can be made, to improve food’s circularity and sustainability potential. Stakeholder interrelations, regulatory and socio-economic aspects are discussed in relation to their influence on decreasing avoidable food waste. The main output from this work is a diagrammatic depiction of where challenges and trade-offs occur along the food supply chain, and how policy and socio-economic reforms are needed to maximise avoidable food waste prevention, and the surplus avoidable food redistribution in the food supply chain for social benefit.

The Development of Higher Education in China and Malaysia: A Comparative Perspective

Since the 1990s, higher education in the developing countries has gone through great changes in response to their fundamental political and socio-economic reforms. China and Malaysia, the two main Asian developing countries with emerging economies and ambitious goals, were picked up for a comparison of higher education development to better illustrate this general trend. In this comparative framework, comparability about the two countries is analyzed firstly, followed by the consideration of three key dimensions, and George Bereday’s method of comparison is accordingly used. It is noted from the comparison that both Chinese and Malaysian higher education systems have experienced massification, marketization and internationalization, and are currently striding toward universalization with more excellence-driven initiatives of higher education, which involve the main mechanisms and rules, as well as strategies and policies of marketization and internationalization. Yet other than the commonalities at a macro level, in these three areas concerning higher education there are some remarkable differences and disparities, such as the actual paths of size expansion, the growth and fate of private institutions, the conception of internationalization, due to different historical paths, national agendas and socio-political environments. Along this comparative approach, there are three common issues that need further elaborate discussions, namely, the unbalanced structure of quantitative development, centralized decentralization, and internationalization at home.

Dynamics of Agricultural Soil Erosion in Siberia and Far East

Socioeconomic reforms in agrarian sector together with climate changes induce spatial changes in the anthropogenic factors of agricultural soil erosion and soil erosion patterns in the Asian part of Russia. Comparison of pre- and post-reform quantitative parameters of erosion rate and soil loss from arable slopes was performed using logical-mathematical erosion models for different administrative regions of the Asian part of Russia. Significant spatially-differentiated decrease in the annual soil loss from arable slopes was revealed in most of the administrative regions, except for the Altai krai and Amur oblast. On the arable lands of other administrative regions, the decrease in the annual soil loss varied within 25–50% of the soil loss in 1960–1990. The maximum decrease was observed in arid landscapes of the republics of Tyva and Buryatia and in the Zabaykalsky (Transbaikal) krai (–73–93%). Spatial changes in the rate of erosion are less prominent on currently cultivated land; a significant growth in the rate of agricultural soil erosion has taken place in the Far East economic region. The main driver of the post-reform dynamics of agricultural erosion was the countrywide decrease of cropland area and the change in the soil-protecting capacity of agrocenoses.

Power and Society in the Russian Far East in the Context of Radical Liberal Reforms (1990s)

The publication reveals the process of implementing political and socio-economic reforms in the Russian Far East. The coming of radical liberals to power and the strong administrative resource of President B. N. Yeltsin was allowed to quickly form an executive vertical of power at the expense of appointees - heads of administrations of territories and regions; the Soviets in the region quickly changed their critical or neutral positions towards the President of Russia after the October 1993 events to loyalty. This factor, as well as the illusions of the population regarding privatization, made it possible to carry out reforms in the region quickly, using revolutionary methods. The author reveals the grave consequences of socio-economic reforms and the failure to implement the 1996 Far East Development Program. The conclusion is drawn that the Far East's trust in the policies of the Center, including President Yeltsin, has fallen sharply.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ МОЛОДОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ РОССИЯН

The author of the article argues for the need to build a civil society based on the formation and development of the young generation of russians as a subject of sociocultural transformations or transformations of such a phenomenon of self-consciousness as civil identity. The article notes that modern conditions against the background of political modernization require active civic participation of every person, especially young people, so socio-economic reforms in Russia should be accompanied by activities to develop and form the civic identity of the younger generation, which will create a new type of interaction between society and government: close cooperation, real and constructive influence of the population on management decisions at all levels of government. The main method of forming a civil identity is to build a holistic phenomenological system (model) and determine effective socio-political mechanisms of action, only then will the result be tangible. Such mechanisms include the understanding of civil identity as a systemic phenomenon, which includes both the system of values of the individual and the political system in the development of the nation and civil society; the creation of an adequate state-public system of socialization and politicization of the younger generation; creation of a system of training qualified personnel ready for the effective formation of civil identity among the country's young generation; formation of all components of civil identity – cognitive, motivational and activity-based; use of the national experience of a multinational state, historical, cultural, social, political, economic and confessional characteristics of Russia; system integration of all subjects of civil society development in the country and interaction of all participants in the process of developing civil identity; introduction of a strategic concept for the formation of civil identity, focused on a systematic understanding of the laws of this political phenomenon and the possibilities of its change.

АМУРСКИЙ РЕЧНОЙ ТРАНСПОРТ ВО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ АМУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (РОССИЯ) И ПРОВИНЦИИ ХЭЙЛУНЦЗЯН (КИТАЙ) В 1990-Е ГГ.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the significance of the Amur River transport activity in the 1990s for interregional Russian-Chinese cross-border coopera-tion in the Far East. Using the materials in Chinese as well as archival documents, the author examines the process of border ties resumption between Russia and China in the Far East after the normalization of rela-tions between the countries. The peculiarities of the river fleet functioning on the Amur during the period of socio-economic reforms of the last decade of the 20th century in Russia are studied. The characteristic of the Amur River transport potential is presented. The prob-lems of the Amur River transport in the development of cooperation between the Russian Amur Region and the Chinese province of Heilongjiang in the context of Rus-sian-Chinese relations at the interstate and interregion-al levels are structured.

Azərbaycanda davamlı iqtisadi artımın təmin olunmasının müasir vəziyyəti

The article examines the socio-economic nature of economic growth as an economic phenomenon and examines its 5 roles in the development of the national economy, identifying the characteristics of economic growth and the factors affecting it, analyzing various conceptual approaches to ensuring economic growth, analyzing patterns of sustainable economic growth in Azerbaijan. Investigate the current state of provision and determine the means of regulation, study the interrelationship of reforms and economic growth in Azerbaijan, improve the regulatory framework for ensuring sustainable economic growth in Azerbaijan and the legal support mechanism for sustainable economic growth in Azerbaijan. At the same time, the transformation process implemented in Azerbaijan makes it necessary to carry out radical socio-economic reforms in various sectors of the economy.

ЦИФРОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ СЕМЕЙНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВА ОБРЕТЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ

The article explores the changing forms and content of family policies in developed countries. The author believes that at a certain stage of structural socio-economic reforms, the use of digital technologies in public administration has become an instrument for liberalizing family policy, which has shifted the focus of the social protection system from providing social and labor guarantees in connection with the birth of a child to providing social support measures to the family, considering the criteria of need. The introduction of the targeting principle into the state and corporate model of social policy, in turn, has led to the erosion of previously established forms of social insurance tied to the sphere of employment and a certain family standard. The author concludes that in developed countries the classic beneficiary of the welfare state – an industrial worker with a dependent wife and two children – has ceased to be typical, and targeted social support measures do not ensure the economic sustainability of families with children in the medium and long term. Further implementation of family policy in the context of digital transformation involves the use of dynamically changing, individualized and predictive analytics-based social contracts between the state and the family, the social and economic indicators of which have not yet been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of policy liberalization for families with children, to highlight the stages of state digitalization of this area, as well as to identify promising directions for the use of digital technologies to increase the effectiveness of family policy implementation. The article summarizes the existing practices of family policy implemented on the basis of digital services in developed countries and also proposes a methodology for determining the need of families for social support based on a valuation of the property complex in the minimum wage, adapted for administration on the basis of a unified state platform. Such generalizations and suggestions may be useful when developing measures aimed at preventing a decrease in the effectiveness of social support for families and developing a constructive family policy strategy implemented in the digital environment.

“Chinese Economic Miracle”: the experience of socio-economic reform of China (90-s of the XX century)

“Chinese Economic Miracle”: the experience of socio-economic reform of China (90-s of the XX century)

ДЕПРЕССИВНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ КАК РЕЗУЛЬТАТ ЕЕ ЛИБЕРАЛЬНО-РЫНОЧНОГО РЕФОРМИРОВАНИЯ

The article presents an analysis of socio-economic reforms in Russia from the early 90s to the present, based on the concept of market liberalism and the maximum weakening of the role of the state in the economy. The negative result that this has led to in terms of the progressive development of society is shown. This makes it possible to assess the current state of the country's economy as a great Russian depression, similar to that Great Depression of the 30s. A possible alternative to the existing course of market liberalism in the form of the concept of the state planning and market economy and steps that will overcome the depressed state of the Russian economy and ensure its real progressive development, accompanied by a proportional improvement in the quality of life of most Russians.

Творчі завдання як засіб формування природничо-наукової грамотності учнів

In the article are analyzed and researched definitions of "creative task". The analysis of scientific researches and publications on problems of application of creative tasks in the course of training in the basic school is carried out. The pedagogical conditions of formation of cognitive skills of pupils of 6-8 classes at lessons of physical geography with application of creative tasks as means of training are defined. In the context of modern Ukrainian socio-economic reforms in Ukraine related to the state course for European integration, there are changes in the system of general secondary education and teaching methods. The application of pedagogical conditions in the educational process of a modern Ukrainian school is established. Examples of solving creative tasks as a means of forming students' natural science literacy are proposed and presented. The combination of theoretical and practical human abilities contributes to critical thinking, their adaptation to change, showing mental flexibility, problem solving, responsibility for their own actions, teamwork, much attention is paid to working with information sources, digital literacy and more.

Riyadh changes priorities - “smart” cities and resorts instead of oil?

The article examines the progress of the implementation of socio-economic reforms, which began in 2016 after the promulgation of the new "Strategy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" called "Vision 2030", and aimed at diversification of the economy and modernization of the country. The focus is on two main areas of economic development - tourism and the construction of "smart" cities of the future. In accordance with the logic of the new strategy the economic geography of the Kingdom is also changing. If in the previous decades the state's efforts and investments were directed mainly to the east of the country, on the coast of the Persian/Arabian Gulf, where oil de-posits are concentrated, today, during the transition to the post-oil era, the main attention is paid to unlocking the potential of the western regions adjacent to the coast of the Red Sea. In brief, the result of 5 years of reforms is that the words "post-oil era" have ceased to be an abstract concept. As an evidence of the population's support for the reforms, the author cites the results of a survey by UN staff members of the Kingdom's residents, most of whom expressed satisfaction with the quality of life and the actions of the authorities, as well as the report of the IMF mission, which praised the activities of the KSA government on tourism and the entertainment industry development, to combat the pandemic, and to in-crease the role of the private sector in the country's economic development. At the same time, the author believes that despite the obvious successes, it would be a delusion to believe that all the risks associated with the implementation of reforms have been left behind.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУРНІ ЧИННИКИ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article proves the expediency of using the theory of generations as the basis for the study of economic behaviour as producer, consumer and government official. On the example of the experience of Ukraine the dependence of the dynamism of economic transformations in society on the rate of change of generations in the economy is revealed. Lack of understanding by government officials of the causality of economic phenomena and processes has caused failures in the implementation of socio-economic reforms. Among the reasons for the depressed state of the national economy is the lack of behavioural skills to survive in market conditions, which has led to long-term adaptation of Ukrainian food producers. In addition, the lack of constructive dialogue between producers and scientists is significant, which has significantly slowed down the transition from communist static to dynamic market space of interaction. So the pace of generational change in the economy is both the main destructive factor in the development of the food economy and a catalyst for change, as it models the coherence of economic processes in the sectoral structure of the food sector of Ukraine. The covariance of changes in the generations of the Ukrainian society and food rations has been established. The dependence of the nutrition model on the level of socio-cultural development of society, depending on the life experience of the population and the traditions acquired by it, has been proved. The stereotypical thinking of the Ukrainian consumer was also formed under the influence of the Soviet past. The relationship between the structure of food sets and the main causes of death of the country's population is traced. The main trends and gaps in the food supply of the population of Ukraine have been studied from the standpoint of changing their generations, on the basis of which the expediency of supplementing economic indicators with the results of assessing social progress, better reflecting the readiness of society for progressive changes, has been substantiated, because a static society with static values is doomed to degradation, because its development is limited.

Implementation of Law on Socialization of Health Services No. 224 in Muş province in the 1960’s

Çalışmada 5 Ocak 1961 tarihinde Milli Birlik Komitesi’nce kabul edilen “224 Sayılı Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Sosyalleşmesi Hakkında Kanun”un uygulaması için pilot bölge seçilen Muş ili konu alınacaktır. 1961 Anayasası ile köklü sosyo-ekonomik reformların hayata geçirilmesi öngörülmüş, bireylerin temel hak ve özgürlükleri anayasada ayrıntılı bir biçimde ele alınmıştır. Bunlardan biri de sağlık hakkıdır ve anayasanın 49. Maddesi’nde yer bulmuştur. Bu bağlamda 15 Temmuz 1960 yılında Sağlık Bakanlığı Müsteşarı olarak göreve başlayan ve bu görevi 6 yıl boyunca sürdüren Doktor Nusret Fişek ayrıca zikredilmelidir. Keza kendisi 224 Sayılı Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Sosyalleştirilmesine Dair Kanun’un mimarıdır. Fişek, Muş’ta başlatılan çalışmaların sadece fikir babası olmamış, buradaki gelişmeleri de mümkün olduğunca yakından takip etmeye çalışmıştır. Çalışmada, 1960’lı yıllarda sağlık hizmetlerindeki sosyalleştirme uygulamalarının Muş ili özelinde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS WITHIN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The article considers the impact of small business on the development of the national economy, expansion of production, improving the quality of goods and services, increasing employment, strengthening export potential, and efcient organization of imports. In this regard, the analysis of the conditions created in our country, and the basis of the achieved results were done. Also, future challenges and areas for improvement were identifed. One of the priorities in the development of a modern sociallyoriented market economy in our country is to strengthen small business and private entrepreneurship. Economic reforms are underway and a system has been set up to enhance the role of small business. The legal and regulatory framework guaranteeing entrepreneurial activity and structures to assist entrepreneurs have been formed. Small businesses have the opportunity to create new jobs without large capital and to reduce the shortage of certain goods, or even to provide them in full. Nowadays, it is important to analyze regularly the role of small business, which plays a key role in strengthening the productive capacity of the national economy and improving the welfare of the population, based on the conditions and opportunities of our country and draw perspective conclusions about them. At the same time, to substantiate and further improve the results of the ongoing socioeconomic reforms in society, it is necessary to study the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, as well as all sectors of the national economy. This article is the fulfllment of the tasks aimed at achieving these goals. The development of small and medium-sized businesses in the national economy, support for private and entrepreneurial activities will speed up production and ensure a stable supply of goods to the consumer market. As a result, the employment rate in the country will rise and the existing labor force will be able to create value. This process will increase national income and lead to an increase in per capita income. As a result, the national economy will develop, the well-being of the population will increase, and the socio-economic power and political position of the state at the international level will strengthen.

Some points about Ho Quy Ly’s socio-economic reform policies

Throughout the history of Vietnam, 10 socio-economic reformations have occurred. The size, level, nature and outcome of those reforms varied, but they all shared the same trait showing progress and revolution, especially ideology. Many leaders of socio-economic revolutions were talented people in the society who saw the cause leading to crises and the way to resolve them. They could be emperors, Confucian intellectuals, officials, etc. The reformation of Ho Quy Ly from the late 14th to the early 15th centuries is among them. It is a comprehensive and breakthrough reformation. Throughout 40 years, with his political position, Ho Quy Ly made some policies to change crisis status in terms of socio-economy in the late 14th century, especially economy. Over 600 years, many studies about Ho Quy Ly and his reform gave out many different opinions. In the feudal period, the Ho Dynasty and its reform received many negative reviews from historians who were affected by Confucianism. However, after 1954, this topic came back on research forums of modern historians in Vietnam. Those researches help researches about Ho Quy Ly's role in history become more positive than periods before. This paper will analyze the background of Vietnam society in the half-end of the 14th century to clarify reasons leading to Ho Quy Ly's changes. From the results, we can objectively judge the thoughts of the reform by Ho Quy Ly when facing the requests of his living period.

The religious issue in the Republic of Turkey in the 1950s

In this article, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, the authors consider the measures aimed at solving the religious issue by the government of A. Menderes in Turkey in the 1950s and 1960s. Acute social contradictions in Turkish society were caused by the issue of laicism policy. The separation of religion from the state with the confiscation of a huge material base from the clergy, the closure of theological educational institutions significantly undermined the authority and influence of the Turkish clergy on the socio-political life of the country. In the second half of the 50s, a gradual process of curtailing socio-economic reforms took place, and the Islamic factor is beginning to be actively used in politics. Thus, the authors of the article concluded that religious policy focused on the Islamization of the country.