Socioeconomic Profile Research Articles

Nutrient intake, oral symptoms, and oral health-related quality of life among antenatal mothers in Sarawak

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the association between nutrient intake, oral symptoms, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among antenatal mothers in the Sri Aman district, Sarawak. Methods: A total of 124 antenatal mothers in the second and third trimesters, through systematic random sampling, participated in this cross-sectional study. A validated selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect their socioeconomic and obstetric profiles, perceived oral health status, and OHRQoL. Three days 24-hour diet recall assessment involving two weekdays and one weekend day was used for nutrient intake assessment. Results: Most mothers (75.0%) had at least one oral symptom: cavitated tooth (51.6%), bleeding gum (32.3%), halitosis (27.4%), gum pain (13.7%), toothache (12.1%), and swollen gum (6.5%). Most mothers also had inadequate intakes of energy, vitamin D, iodine, calcium, zinc, fluoride, and iron. The most affected OHRQoL domain was psychological discomfort, followed by functional limitation and physical pain. Nutrient intake was not significantly different between antenatal mothers with and without oral symptoms. Antenatal mothers with at least one oral symptom, presence of toothache, cavitated tooth, bleeding gum, and halitosis had significantly lower OHRQoL. Conclusion: Most antenatal mothers had inadequate nutrient intake, particularly vitamin D and calcium. Nutrient intake was not significantly associated with oral symptoms. The oral symptoms of dental caries and periodontal disease were prevalent; and the presence of toothache, cavitated tooth, bleeding gum, and halitosis were associated with poor OHRQoL.

Relationship between Life’s essential 8 scores and cognitive decline in the ELSA‐Brasil cohort

AbstractBackgroundLifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors were combined in the Life’s simple 7 (LS7) index to evaluate cardiovascular health, and this index has been previously associated with cognitive decline. The Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) is an update of LS7, which now includes sleep health as an additional factor. We aimed to verify the association between LE8 and cognitive decline during X years of follow‐up in 11,390 participants from a racially diverse sample.MethodIn this cohort study, LE8 score was measured based on diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep health, BMI, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Cognition was assessed in three waves four years apart from each other using the CERAD word list, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B (TMT‐B), and a global composite score. We used inverse probability weighting to account for mortality and attrition bias and linear mixed models with random intercepts and slopes to verify the association between baseline LE8 score and cognitive decline. We tested the interaction between LE8 and age, sex, and race.ResultThe mean sample age was 51.4±8.9yo at baseline, 56% were women, and 43% Black. Higher baseline LE8 scores were associated with slower memory (β = 0.001; 95%CI = 0.000,0.002; p = 0.013), verbal fluency (β = 0.001; 95%CI = 0.000,0.002; p = 0.003), executive function (β = 0.004; 95%CI = 0.003,0.005; p<0.001), and global cognitive decline (β = 0.001; 95%CI = 0.001,0.002; p<0.001) (Table 1). Age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), and race (p < 0.001) were modifiers of the association between LE8 score and global cognitive decline (Figure 1), suggesting that in different socioeconomic profiles, this association might have different manifestations.ConclusionHigher baseline LE8 scores were associated with global and domain‐specific decline after eight years of follow‐up. Age, sex, and race were modifiers of this association, suggesting that it might differ based on the participant’s socioeconomic profile.

The capacity of territorial communities of Ukraine: approaches to assessment, regional differences, typification

Capable territorial communities are the key to the successful economic development of the country. Despite the existence of an official methodology, the assessment of community capacity remains a subject of debate among scholars and practitioners. This article presents an alternative methodology, which has been used to determine the level of capacity of Ukrainian territorial communities and typify them accordingly. The methodology is based on the use of econometrics and comparative statistics. The selection of indicators for assessing community capacity was carried out based on the results of factor analysis. In total, 10 indicators were carefully chosen, forming the matrix of original data. The assessment of community capacity level was conducted by calculating an integrated index of their development. The classification of communities by their capacity levels was performed using a criteria scale. This scale was based on the principle of deviating community capacity levels from the country's average value. The criterion for categorizing communities into territories with polar (high and low) values was a 25 % deviation of their capacity levels from the average. Communities with a moderate (average) level of development included territories with a deviation of +/–10 %. The study has assessed the level of capacity for 1 438 territorial communities in Ukraine as of 2022 and mapped them. The disparities in the capacity levels of the country's communities are determined as significant, yet not critical. The maximum value is 4.5 times higher than minimum. Nearly 58 % of communities have a moderate (average) capacity level. Only 8 % of communities belong to the areas of high or low levels. A low level of community capacity is distinctive across nearly all regions of western Ukraine. It has been confirmed that urban territorial communities generally have a higher capacity level compared to rural ones. Among urban areas, territorial communities centred around large and medium-sized cities emerge as leaders. Through correlation analysis, it has been established that financial indicators exert the greatest influence on the formation of community capacity. The current socio-economic profile of communities has been shaped over many years under the influence of various factors. That is why the territorial communities of Ukraine are not homogeneous. This study is the first to typify the country's communities by capacity indicators and create a corresponding map. The typification was conducted using cluster analysis. In total, nine community types were identified; however, even this number did not prevent an excessive concentration within certain groups. The majority – almost 86 % – of communities are concentrated within four types. These are traditional, predominantly rural and urban-type settlement communities, which cover 84% of the territory and are home to 40 % of Ukraine's population. The remaining five types encompass only 200 territorial communities. It has been determined that most of them are urban communities characterized by optimal and high capacity levels. Within these five types, a distinct group is formed by 17 primarily rural communities with the highest per capita budget revenues and a high tax capacity index. This phenomenon is attributed to the specifics of their geographical location and economic activities. The differentiation of communities by the level and indicators of their capacity identified in the study can serve as a basis for the modernization of regional and tax policy instruments in the post-war period. It is proved that the war with russia, temporary occupation of specific territories, enterprise relocation, and forced population migration will lead to changes in the capacity of territorial communities and in the approaches to its assessment. The findings presented in this article can serve as a starting point for further research in this field. Keywords: decentralization, territorial communities, community capacity, regional policy, typification of territories, econometric methods.

Determinants of Private Tutoring Demand in Rural India

: Private tutoring participation is increasing in several developing countries, and this expansion has attracted the interest of scholars spanning disciplines of economics, sociology and history. This paper presents a theoretical model of private tutoring demand. The model incorporates the household and school characteristics in a developing country context and demonstrates the source of gender gaps in access to private tutoring. Using a recent database from India and employing a hurdle model approach, the paper also provides estimates of the drivers of private tutoring participation and spending for pre-secondary students. Our results indicate evidence of gender gaps in private tutoring access, and that the socio-economic profile of a student is positively correlated with tutoring demand. Further, school quality indicators are negatively correlated with tutoring participation, suggesting that students at ‘better’ schools rely less on tutoring. Overall, the findings suggest that tutoring demand is influenced by a mix of demand-side (household, community drivers) and supply-side (school quality and learning environment) factors. The results bring into focus the equity implications of tutoring growth and the need to improve school quality in order to reduce the dependence on private tutoring.

Factors Associated with Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccine Among Pregnant Women: Finding from a Tertiary Care Facility in Maharashtra.

Gender inequality influences access to and demand for healthcare services including vaccines. The gender gap in the COVID-19 vaccine coverage doesn't account for the skewed male-female ratio in India. The pandemic response has failed to recognize the barriers faced by women in accessing healthcare. These barriers are intensified in the case of pregnant women who are considered as a high-risk group for COVID-19 infection. The present study was aimed to examine the factors influencing the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women. The study was carried out in the Department of OBGY, GMCH, Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Pregnant women above 18 years who had at least one antenatal visit were considered for the purpose of the study. Women who consented to participate in the study were administered a survey questionnaire by a healthcare provider which included a demographic, socio-economic, and obstetric profile of pregnant women, knowledge and attitude toward vaccines, and gender-related barriers. The chi-square test and independent t test were done to identify the factors influencing the uptake of the vaccine. About 22% of the women had not taken the vaccine (100 out of 444). Factors like age, residence, and education of women were not found to be associated with the uptake of vaccines. Husband's education was found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with vaccine uptake. The presence of complications during pregnancy also significantly deterred women from taking the vaccine. Concerns about the safety of the vaccine, side effects for the fetus, and negative opinions of family members about the vaccine were also found to be associated with non-uptake of the vaccine by pregnant women. Healthcare providers during antenatal care can play an important role by addressing concerns regarding the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women.

Role of SHGs in Women Empowerment at Tarnaka, Hyderabad.

The goal of financial inclusion is to promote access to low-cost financial products and services such payments, deposits, and cash transfers. Financial inclusion requires women to be actively involved in managing the household's money. The poor people's limited access to credit and financial services is one of the primary causes of poverty in India. Self-help organisations have shown to be the most reliable and efficient means of delivering microfinance services. The main objective of the paper is to study the socio-economic profile of the respondents and also to study the relationship between socio economic profile and level of empowerment attained. For the study data was collected through interviewing 100 respondents using structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using research tools like Chi Square. The result revealed that women’s social and financial status has improved after joining SHGs.

Flexitarians in Brazil: Who are they, what do they eat, and why?

In this study, we conducted the first scientific investigation focusing on Brazilian flexitarians, aiming to characterize their socio-economic and demographic profiles, motivations for adopting flexitarianism, the frequency of animal-based meat consumption, and the primary meat substitutes they consume. To accomplish this, we distributed an online questionnaire with the assistance of university students and researchers from various regions of the country. Data were collected from 1029 individuals in Brazil who self-identified as flexitarians. Our findings reveal that the flexitarian dietary model is primarily adopted by women, constituting 76% of the sample (n = 786). Their motivations include concerns about the environmental impact of meat consumption (n = 361, 35%), personal health (n = 344, 33%), and animal welfare (n = 219, 21%). Flexitarians exhibit varying consumption patterns, which can be categorized into three groups: light flexitarians (consuming meat 36 times a week), medium flexitarians (consuming meat 7 times a week), and heavy flexitarians (consuming meat 4 times a week). The flexitarian dietary pattern is characterized by reduced beef consumption (less than 2 times per week) and higher consumption of chicken (3 times per week). It is complemented by plant-based protein sources and eggs as the primary meat substitutes. The recognition of legumes as the principal meat substitutes opens avenues for an expanded discussion on sustainable food systems and alternative meat products in Brazil. This provides opportunities to enhance the availability and accessibility of these foods and to develop nutritional interventions that prioritize plant-based proteins.

Introducing the Ecosystem and Socioeconomic Profile, a Proving Ground for Next Generation Stock Assessments

Ecosystem-based fishery science is an important component of effective marine conservation and resource management. Implementation has progressed through large-scale comprehensive ecosystem status reports; however, integrating ecosystem research within the stock assessment process remains elusive. Primary obstacles include the lack of a consistent approach to including ecosystem and socioeconomic information into a stock assessment model and how to test its reliability for identifying future change. We introduce a methodology and reporting framework termed the Ecosystem and Socioeconomic Profile (ESP) to overcome these obstacles. The ESP facilitates the integration of ecosystem and socioeconomic factors within the stock assessment process through four steps that culminate in a focused, succinct, and meaningful communication of drivers for a given stock. The first ESP was produced for Alaska sablefish and we provide the general process to implement the ESP framework using results from the sablefish ESP. We conducted a data synthesis that allowed for the framework to be applied across multiple regions and stocks. ESPs are an efficient testing ground for developing ecosystem-linked stock assessments and provide a set of reporting tools that can be tailored to a variety of audiences in order to effectively merge the ecosystem, socioeconomic, and stock assessment disciplines.

Academic Performance and Issues of Pregnant Students: Basis for an Intervention Plan

Teenage pregnancy remains a significant concern in the Philippines, particularly affecting the student population in state universities and colleges. This study specifically investigates the impact of teenage pregnancy on the academic performance of students at Cagayan State University. It aims to detail these students' demographic and socio-economic profiles, comparing their academic outcomes before and after pregnancy and formulating a support plan. The research utilizes a sequential explanatory mixed-method design, blending quantitative data—such as academic records and demographic details—with qualitative insights into the students' personal and health-related challenges. The findings reveal that most pregnant students are in their second year of college, hail from low-income families, and deal with various concerns, including health complications and the stress of balancing education with impending motherhood. Despite these obstacles, the study interestingly notes an unexpected trend: academic performance does not suffer and, in some cases, improves as students become more determined to succeed for the sake of their future children. Based on these insights, the study recommends establishing comprehensive support programs at the university, including academic assistance, health services, and financial aid, to nurture an environment that supports pregnant students in their pursuit of education and personal growth.&#x0D;

An investigation into the socio-economic profile of Agri-Input Retailers in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh

An investigation into the socio-economic profile of Agri-Input Retailers in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh

Elderly Abuse in Rural and Urban Areas of Guntur District - A Comparative Study

Beautiful old people are works of art!". There is still time for us to help the 'art' that is our beautiful elders” said by Eleanor Roosevelt. Elder abuse is a term referring to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a care-given or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult. Therefore, we can say that mistreatment by the care given to the elderly is a normal thing or phenomenon as the family structure is changed from a joint to a nuclear family. There is no space for elderly people in the family. They are considered a burden and useless, which results, in ignorance of the elderly. According to the 2011 Census, there are 104 million elderly persons (aged 60 years or above) in India. The proportion of the elderly was 8.6% in 2011 and is rising. Also, the average Indian can expect to live at least 18 years beyond the age of 60, which means the dependency ratio is also rising. In this connection since the elderly abuse is a burning topic there is a great need in studying and knowing the problems of elderly, types of elderly abuse and features of elderly abuse etc. An attempt is made in this paper to Examining the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of respondents of the age of abuse and analysis of responses of elderly people on different types of abuse faced in the study area.

Impact of Training on Modern Machineries and Improved Agricultural Technologies towards Cognitive Assessment of Farmers

In the era of fast changing technology, training has become an integrated part of investment for accelerating transfer of technology to people of all walks of life. The well-established network of organizations spread over the length and breadth of the country. The budget spent on training has tremendously increased over the past few years. with this background the study under taken at Trichy district, Tamil Nadu state of a country India by employing purposive sampling procedure. Agricultural Engineering College &amp; Research Institute, Kumulur is one of the constituent colleges of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University located in Trichy. It is a pioneer institute in Tamil Nadu doing research on Agricultural Engineering technologies and Machinery. It is being chosen by the Tamil Nadu Govt. for state level capacity development trainings of farmers under the Agricultural Technology Management Agency and Agrl. Engineering Department (AED). Using simple random sampling procedure 10 farmers (trainees) were selected from 18 Districts of Tamil Nadu who were visited the institution during the study period. (180 sample size). The major objectives, as study of socioeconomic profile and knowledge assessment during pre and post training on Farm Machineries, Bio-energy, Agricultural Processing, Soil and Water Conservation, Drip irrigation and improved Agricultural sciences. Among 180 respondents, Majority of them were old age group (38.89 %) studied primary education (30.00 %) equally spread in marginal and small land holdings (around 75 %), possessed high level of farming experience (38.89 %) had medium level of extension agency contact (47.78 %), possessed medium level of Information seeking behaviour (53.89 %) with a medium level of Innovativeness (42.78 %). Knowledge test was assessed prior to training, among 180 respondents, Majority of farmers belonged to the medium level of knowledge category on all six categories and the after training knowledge test showed that the respondents belonged to low level were distributed in medium to high level of knowledge category and the medium level was elevated to high level category. The alternate hypothesis (H1)was proved through ‘ t’ test that there was a significant difference prevailed in the knowledge level of the respondents acquired through the trainings conducted on the recently developed Agrl. Technologies and modern machineries.

Critical Review of National Education Policy 2020 Concerning Nomadic Tribes and De-notified Tribes

Education is a primary tool for any community to uplift itself from the vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy and unemployment. Nomadic tribes and de-notified tribes (NT–DNT) groups have been victims of the draconian colonial Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871, which was repealed in 1952, replacing another version of the CTA with the Habitual Offenders Act (HOA). Several commissions and committees attempted to address the issue of NT–DNT over the decades. Most of their recommendations have yet to be implemented, including a proper census to track their socio-economic profile. With this background, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 plays a vital role in deciding the future of the education of marginalised students in India. This article examines the possible outcome of NEP 2020 on the educational status of NT–DNT groups and if specific attention has been provided to address the question of NT–DNT education. This study plans to understand the issues NT–DNT communities face regarding their fundamental education rights. Despite policies and legislatures focused on compulsory education, NT–DNT students find it challenging to achieve even a basic level of educational attainment. A review of previous studies reflects that NT–DNT students face several barriers like discrimination, lack of care and protection, language barriers and so on. They experience the stigma of criminality, difficulty in representation, accessibility to education and availing of fundamental rights assured to them by the Indian Constitution. NEP 2020 has clubbed all the marginalised population groups into a single category. It will make it even more difficult for students of NT–DNT groups to represent themselves.

Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Aligarh District of Uttar Pradesh

The primary goal of this study was to examine the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh. The study examined numerous issues that MSMEs in the area were facing as well as their performance. This article is based on primary data that were gathered by a structured questionnaire and a Google survey, respectively, both of which were conducted offline and online. The research has shown the sample MSMEs owners’ and managers’ socioeconomic and demographic profiles. The average value of production, average sales, net profit, the value of raw materials consumed, amount of working capital, various sources of finance for MSMEs in the Aligarh district such as the value of fixed assets, amount of owned funds, and amount of borrowed funds have all been broken down component by component to highlight the performance of MSMEs. The article also covers the many issues that MSMEs in the research area confront. The chi-square test has been used to examine the relationship between an enterprise’s line of business and the aforementioned factors.

Socio-economic Profile of Labour and Owners of Enterprises: A Case Study from Rural Non-farm Sector of Punjab

In the non-farm sector people are employed in two ways, either they work as laborers in rural enterprises or they have their own rural enterprises. Around 8.6% people are illiterate, 27% have completed primary education, 33.3% have completed Matriculation examination(10th), 17.9% have completed secondary education(S Sec) , 12.1% are graduates and 1.2% are above graduates. Majority of schedule caste workers are engaged in activities like Aaganwadi and Asha worker, Auto-mobile repair, Brick Kiln worker, casual worker, domestic worker, factory labour and religious work. On the other hand, general category workers are engaged in activities like Govt. Job Regular, Medicine, and shop labour. On the other hand either OBC workers are engaged in traditional activities like carpenter and workshop labour or as drivers and in shops As per our analysis, less than 2% people have dependency ratio of 1 person, 49.1% respondents have dependency ratio of between 1 to 3 persons, and 42.6%respondents have dependency ratio of 3 to 5 persons and 7% people have dependency ratio of above 5 persons.

Development of novel data-driven Irish diets and associations with socio-economic profiles and health

Abstract Dietary patterns play a significant role in body mass index (BMI) and development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, including Ireland, where 90% of all-cause mortality derives from NCDs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted across Ireland to collate respondents’ socio-economic profiles, health status, and dietary patterns with a representative sample size of 957 adult respondents. Principal component analysis (PCA) and statistical analyses were employed. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to use recent (2021) nationally representative data to characterise dietary patterns in Ireland via dimensionality reduction. Five distinct dietary patterns (‘meat focused’, ‘dairy/ovo focused’, ‘vegetable focused’, ‘seafood focused’ and ‘potato focused’) were identified and statistically characterised. The ‘potato focused’ group exhibited the highest mean BMI (26.88 kg/m2), while the ‘vegetable focused’ group had the lowest (24.68 kg/m2). ‘Vegetable focused’ respondents were more likely to be associated with a categorically “normal” BMI (OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.39, 2.60]) and urban residency (OR = 2.03, 95% CI [1.39, 2.96]). Conversely, ‘meat focused’ respondents were more likely to be obese (OR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.06, 2.00]) and rural (OR = 1.72, 95% CI [1.28, 2.31]), along with respondents attributed to the ‘potato focused’ group (OR = 2.15 [1.42, 3.26]). ‘Seafood focused’ respondents were more likely to report coronary heart disease (OR = 5.4, 95% CI [1.96, 15.01]) and more likely to have followed the current diet for &amp;lt;1 year (OR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.22, 3.96]). Results show that data-derived dietary patterns may better predict health outcomes than self-reported dietary patterns. BMI and NCD incidence rates may be reduced by shifting from heavy meat/dairy/egg/potato consumption (i.e., “traditional” Irish diet) to a contemporary North-Atlantic/Hibernian/Eireann/Irish diet focusing on vegetables, seafood and lower meat consumption. Key messages • Five distinct dietary patterns (‘meat focused’, ‘dairy/ovo focused’, ‘vegetable focused’, ‘seafood focused’, and ‘potato focused’) were identified in Ireland via PCA and statistically characterised. • BMI and NCD incidence rates may be reduced by shifting from heavy meat/dairy/egg/potato consumption (i.e., “traditional” Irish diet) to a diet focusing on vegetables, seafood, and less meat.

The care trajectories leading to emergency dialysis start: a qualitative study

Abstract Introduction Emergency dialysis start (EDS) is an important issue to understand and tackle in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) care. Late referral, absent previous nephrology care and higher comorbidity scores have been associated with EDS. However, how those factors happen and contribute to EDS remains unexplored. We conducted a qualitative study in France to identify and describe the mechanisms that shape the trajectories that lead to EDS, using patients, GPs and nephrologists perspectives. Methods Three groups of participants were recruited in Brittany, north-west France: Patients who started dialysis in emergency between 2017 and 2019, GPs and nephrologists. Maximum variation sampling approach was used based on patients’ socio-economic profiles and GPs’ and nephrologists’ years and settings of practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2017 and 2020. A crossed thematic analysis between the 3 groups of transcripts was performed, informing how EDS trajectories come to be. Results Twenty patients, 12 GPs and 18 nephrologists were interviewed. Five themes were identified: 1) Learning about dialysis, 2) Dialysis and nephrology care representations: a) an unacceptable biographical disruption, b) a dreadful invasive machinery, c) a straw that breaks the camel's back, 3) The gap between the “illness” perceived and the “disease” treated, 4) Slipping through the primary care prevention net, 5) the unavoidable unpredictability of CKD course. Conclusions This study shows how EDS is, in part, the results of an interplay between patients’ constructed representations of dialysis, relation with the medical sphere and CKD physiopathology. The results suggests a need for evaluation of kidney replacement therapy education programs and reinforcement of psychological care. Finally, results support ambitious mass prevention campaign focused on kidney health to counter the persistent negative representation of dialysis and seal off prevention cracks. Key messages • Emergency dialysis start is the result of an interplay between patients’ constructed representations of dialysis, relation with the medical sphere and CKD physiopathology. • Evaluation of kidney replacement therapy education programs and reinforcement of psychological care as well as an ambitious prevention campaign focused on kidney health could contribute to reduce EDS.

Socio-Economic Profile of the Krishi Vignan Kendra Rural Youth Trainees in Western Part of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present research study was carried out during 2022-23 to known the Socio-economic profile of the Krishi Vignan Kendra rural youth trainees in Western part of Uttar Pradesh. Out of 20 Krishi Vignan Kendras (KVKs) under Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, meerut, three KVKs were selected purposively for the study. From each KVK, 60 rural youth trainees were selected randomly constituting a sample of 180 respondents. Structured interview schedule was used to collect data through personal interview method. The study reported that majority (45.56%) of the rural youth trainees belonged to middle aged group of 25 to 30 years were male (83.90%) belonging to other backward caste (53.33%), educated up to high school (45.56%) with marginal land holding (49.40%) and (76.10%) had social participation. Majority (52.78%) of the rural youth trainees were involved in mushroom production having medium (43.30%) annual income of 1 to 4 lakhs, medium (51.11%) information source utilization,low experience (66.67%) of up to 5 years in mushroom cultivation, medium (54.44%) achievement motivation and medium (52.78%) economic motivation. Majority (70.56%) rural youth trainees received on campus training and (72.22%) of the rural youth trainees participated in one fortnight training programmes.

EV Markets: A Comparative Analysis between India &amp; Nigeria

This study conducts a thorough comparative analysis of the Electric Vehicle (EV) markets in India and Nigeria, two emerging economies with distinct socio-economic and infrastructural profiles. The primary objective is to comprehensively understand the factors influencing EV adoption for the consumers in these nations. We meticulously examine consumer preferences, purchasing barriers, and government role, highlighting the unique challenges in each context. We delve into the economic and policy-driven influences on the EV landscape, emphasizing Economic Factors and Economic reforms for EV in both nations. We evaluate policy frameworks in the context of national development goals and environmental objectives, encompassing Government plans and financial perks. This study also emphasizing domestic economic growth potentials. The study employs a structured questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents, resulting in 60 valid responses. This questionnaire includes 19 items for the study which are taken under to analyze or examine on the basis of Electric Vehicle (EV) Market of India and Nigeria.

Evaluation of socio-demographic profile and basic risk factors of tuberculosis patients in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India: a hospital-based study.

To study and analyse the socio-demographic profile and basic risk factors of tuberculosis(TB) patients and their relation with the current epidemiological status of TB registered under the RNTEP program in the study area. This prospective study was conducted on 1743 newly registered tuberculosis patients at TB-DOT center of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India from 2011-2014. Socio-demographic variables and baseline characteristics of the participants were noted by a semi-structured questionnaire. Our study results indicate that more than 95% of the TB patients were from lower socioeconomic class, and had poor literacy status and tuberculosis was observed highest in non-agricultural labour and cultivators. Among the young adult's majority of the affected population were females from the lower/upper-lower socioeconomic class. Our analysis revealed that, in successful tuberculosis therapy, men were more defaulters than women. Our study provides a socioeconomic profile and the risk factors of tuberculosis in patients such as the status of therapeutic intervention, involvement of other chronic diseases, age, sex and malnutrition. The findings of this study can be used to plan future studies with specific risk factors of the region and also for implementing the intervention and evaluating its effectiveness.