Socio-economic Opportunities Research Articles

Manifestation of characters' status, identity and mobility in Film: A comparative analysis of Sin Nombre, Biutiful, and Parasite

The scholarly inquiry of film studies focuses on studying multiple aspects of a film by using aesthetic, historical, and critical approaches. A film can amplify suppressed voices of people often overlooked in the margins of society, humanize them, and bring their experiences to the fore. Directors employ various cinematography methods overtly or symbolically to highlight their globalization experiences. A prominent mechanism featured in the cinematic expression of the impacts of globalization—most notably in the films observed for the sake of this paper—is that of 'place.' This paper critically analyses three selected films in which locations and motions are used to connote crucial aspects of the character's identification - status, identity, and mobility. The cinematic spaces encountered in Sin Nombre, Biutiful, and Parasite are pivotal in connoting characters' socioeconomic status, identity, and opportunities for mobility through the symbolic application of movement and setting.

Chinese consumers’ views of ethnic foods in relation to environment: Paradoxical perceptions versus ecological realities

Ethnic traditions are increasingly being seen as drivers of local economic growth and specialty product marketing in China. At the same time, growing awareness toward environmental issues and their impacts on humans have emerged as a part of lifestyle changes and new socioeconomic opportunities. Concerns regarding health and food safety have risen as a result of environmental degradation, increasing urbanization, and changes in food production methods and processes. The purpose of this study was to examine the expectations of Chinese consumers of ethnic foods in relation to the environment. A nationwide survey through purposive sampling was conducted in 19 provinces (n = 1244). Although minority areas are subject to serious degradation caused by desertification, deforestation, and pollution, they are associated with green environments. “Greenness” is a factor that is confirmed by 54 percent of free-listing respondents. Moreover, 72 percent of the respondents deemed that the environment in minority regions, even in relation to pollution, is preserved to varying degrees, while 64 percent believe that the ethnic region's environment has a moderate-high (positive) impact on food quality. This study concludes that the current marketing of ethnic foods in China is commercially functional, albeit to certain degrees factually flawed. Simultaneously, Chinese consumers' understanding of ethnic foods can be significantly improved through public extension. This study is one of the earliest studies on the relationship between ethnic foods and consumer views in China, as also mentioned in the literature section. It may be relevant to understanding public trust in food safety against the backdrop of Chinese food scandals, whereas its findings could allow ethnic food manufacturers and distributors to more properly satisfy customers’ requirements.

Promoting ethnic relations in the current Ethiopia

One of the greatest challenges of Ethiopia is to promote wider societal development because the notions of ethnicity are fall prey to atomized competitions, hostility, or conflicts. These fraudulent competitions are directed in the struggle for political power, public offices, and socioeconomic opportunities by mobilizing their constituencies to think except ‘their own members’ are in power, they are unable to secure the national benefits. Nevertheless, ethnicity does neither inherently revolutionary nor impermeable, as many multi-ethnic nations do not have major troubles with their diversities but are a potential factor for cultivation. Understanding the psychological perspective that improves ethnic group relations of the family can assist notify involvements to enhance ethnic group members of the family. This seminar examines social psychological manners of ethnic perception and relation which are fundamental to promote ethnic members of the family and discusses how those forces may be forwarded to enhance ethnic organization members of the family, regularly through the enchaining of high-quality ethnic organization contact. I similarly keep in mind how promoting ethnic relationships advantaged and deprived corporations may also reply differently at the manner to involvements, and how a focal point frequently on improving high-quality ethnic group attitudes may also fall brief of ameliorating structural inequality among societies. I pick out modern conceptual and realistic demanding situations and advocate guidelines for the future. The result of the study shows that social psychology contributes undoubtedly to society via promoting social harmony, positive, cooperative relationships among contributors of various companies reduces tension and may generalize the significance of organization memberships, improves shared identities, and tremendously apprehending organization variations. Emphasized ethnic group relations at the local area by relating to Eastern Hararghe Zone of Amahara, Oromo, Somali, and other ethnics where living, cultures particularly, in Jarso Woreda is on the individual, which in its worst forms of ethnic relations can foster selfishness or indifference to others. However, promoting a sense of relations goes beyond a single ethnic group rather focus on interdependence and relationships.

Social Innovation and Co-creation in Smallscale Renewable Energy: an Asset-based Approach

Abstract This paper makes a novel contribution by turning an ‘asset’ lens onto social and technical innovation in the context of the small-scale generation of renewable energy. The authors draw on learning from an international project that aimed to develop innovative technologies for the micro generation of energy using wastes and residues. Variations on innovation that cut across the social and technical are introduced. It is noted that although emanating from different traditions, a common theme is emphasis on a distributed knowledge base in which the roles of innovator, producer and consumer overlap or merge. This implies that the (social) innovation process is also one of co-creation. The authors borrow from international development studies the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis (SLA) framework, which is usually used for working with poor households to foreground strengths and resources rather than needs and deficits. To illustrate the utility of SLA for social innovation at local and community level, findings are presented from UK fieldwork on socio economic barriers and opportunities affecting the feasibility of new community energy generation and enterprise options. The importance and the fragility of human assets are highlighted.

Surroundings: A History of Environments and Environmentalisms

Surroundings: A History of Environments and Environmentalisms

The Role of Housing in Facilitating Middle-Class Family Practices in China: A Case Study of Tianjin

This paper, drawn from a wider doctoral study that investigates how middle-class Chinese families manage and balance their resources to negotiate family duties across generations, focuses on the role of home ownership and property. The research considers intergenerational equity, which is a key part of social sustainability, and uses this to explore the shifting care expectations between generations and the inherent tensions between socioeconomic opportunities that have changed the shape of families and the belief in the importance of the family unit as a vehicle to deliver care. The research draws on the narratives of whole families in a ten-family study undertaken in the Chinese city of Tianjin. The findings reveal the critical role of housing resources in presenting alternative solutions to the performance of care. Firstly, the opportunity to make new choices in the face of shifting priorities across the life course is facilitated by property ownership. Secondly, it facilitates the possibility of living close by, but not together, maintaining the privacy of the nuclear family, but fulfilling care roles. Thirdly, housing resources promote variations on the traditional co-residence pattern for supporting frail elders and, finally, new forms of co-residences where care flows to the young family and their children.

Turning Socio-Political Risk to Your Brand’s Advantage

Abstract Employment practices, civic responsibilities, philanthropy, environmental stewardship, the conduct of corporate executives and employees, the execution of marketing campaigns: All these topics can trigger brand risk events. The challenging branding environment calls for reimagining classic brand marketing through a refreshed and updated social risk management lens. Companies need to assess which socio-economic marketing opportunities can renew brand resonance. This involves not just identifying revenue generating opportunities, but also identifying, cataloging, and tracking SEP risk types in order for managers to understand the new landscape brands must now navigate. Then, they need to implement a framework to manage a brand’s social risks and to take advantage of potential opportunities. Fully embracing this responsibility changes the marketing executive’s role in a significant way: From top line revenue generation to a dual role that includes managing risks as well as returns.

Brain circuity: The case of South Africa as a hub for doctoral education

The production and reproduction of knowledge are important components of national development. As student mobility increases, globally and within Africa, so does the national diversity of students as they seek to further their postgraduate studies at the limited number of research universities in Africa. Knowledge migration is inevitably a relationship between nation states because migration is driven by push factors (such as the socio-economic conditions and opportunities) in the country of origin as well as by pull factors (such as the rules and incentives for entry, participation in postgraduate education and post-study residency), which are prerogatives of the host nation. In other words, migration and development must be understood in comparative terms. The brain drain perspective on migration and development takes mainly the perspective of the origin country into consideration. Migration and the loss of high-level skills are seen as detrimental to the development prospects of the country of origin. The brain circulation perspective moves the discussion forward by suggesting that there are residual returns to the country of origin. However, relatively little attention has been given to the impact of knowledge migrants on the host nation when the host is facing its own post-colonial development challenges. This is the dilemma facing South Africa as a hub for doctoral students from the rest of Africa: attracting top doctoral students from the rest of the continent to contribute to the country’s knowledge capacity but at the expense of developing local talent, thereby setting up a complex tension between underdevelopment and development. Here we establish whether South Africa is maintaining its position as a PhD hub on the African continent and explore the extent to which the brain circulation argument holds up in the African context. We suggest that, given the current policy environment in South Africa, brain circuity is a more likely outcome, where brain circuity describes the flow of knowledge characterised by indirection and undesirable intricacy.Significance: In the case of South Africa as a destination for doctoral students from the rest of Africa, neither the brain drain nor the brain circulation theories of student mobility hold; rather, students are confronted with an overly complex set of conditions resulting in brain circuity. Despite the continued attractiveness of South Africa as a destination for doctoral students, the tension between equity and development remains unresolved at the policy level, potentially undermining the circulation of knowledge for the benefit of all African countries.

Self-Determination, Multinational Federalism and an Emerging Threat in Ethiopia: A Decolonial Approach

Abstract With the coming to power of Abiy Ahmed in April 2018 following a popular movement that was initially sparked in Oromia and then spread to other regions, there was a short period of euphoria over the country's political landscape. Ethiopians and the international community alike were optimistic of democratic transition that would lead to the opening up of political and media spaces, fair and free elections, consolidation of the multinational federal system, the strengthening of autonomy of regional states, peace and stability, equitable resource distribution and equal socioeconomic opportunities for citizens. But, to the dismay of many observers, Abiy and his entourages shifted the narrative to the restoration of imperial system rather than strengthening the already existing multinational federal system. The return to imperial imaginations is both discursively and practically evident in Ethiopia's political discourses, in particular since 2018. Polarized political views between supporters and critics of multinational federalism have not only created a tense political environment but also partly contributed to the war in Tigray and Oromia. The country's three-decade long experiment with the federal system now faces a serious challenge of reversal. As the thesis and antithesis of multinational federalism have become salient forces shaping the country's political order, this article seeks to contribute to the existing debate, in particular contextualizing the discussion within decolonial literature. I argue that the current controversy over the nature of state structure is part of the struggle between forces promoting the right to self-determination and those favoring a unitary system.

Adolescent pregnancy prevention in rural Indonesia: a participatory action research.

Adolescent pregnancy remains a difficult problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. Pregnancy at an early age is a risk factor for maternal and infant mortality. A recent report indicates that adolescent pregnancy is even higher in rural areas. Therefore, this study aims to identify factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in rural Indonesia and formulate intervention actions to reduce the teenage pregnancy rate. Participatory action research (PAR) was conducted in the rural area of Mesuji District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Six meetings, including four focus group discussions (FGDs), were held. The FGDs were audio-recorded and transcribed for inductive analysis. Themes emergent from the data were discussed with the local collaborators to achieve agreement. Five factors were identified as determinants of adolescent pregnancy. They were low uptake of reproductive health services, low educational attainment, juvenile delinquency, poverty, and social and cultural norms. The intervention actions taken included income generation and reproductive health education. This study verifies previous studies' findings that adolescent pregnancy determinants are mostly socioeconomic factors. These findings are essential because adolescents in this study setting endure significant disparities in health services and socioeconomic opportunities. Without sufficient intervention relating to these adolescents' needs and perceptions, the gap will continue to grow. Socioeconomic factors influence adolescent pregnancy. Cross-sectoral cooperation and active community participation are needed to address the problem. PAR is useful to explore the causes of health issues and promote active community participation.

3 Challenges, 3 Errors, and 3 Solutions to Integrate Frontline Communities in Climate Change Policy and Research: Lessons From California

Frontline communities of California experience disproportionate social, economic, and environmental injustices, and climate change is exacerbating the root causes of inequity in those areas. Yet, climate adaptation and mitigation strategies often fail to meaningfully address the experience of frontline community stakeholders. Here, we present three challenges, three errors, and three solutions to better integrate frontline communities' needs in climate change research and to create more impactful policies. We base our perspective on our collective firsthand experiences and on scholarship to bridge local knowledge with hydroclimatic research and policymaking. Unawareness of local priorities (Challenge 1) is a consequence of Ignoring local knowledge (Error 1) that can be, in part, resolved with Information exchange and expansion of community-based participatory research (Solution 1). Unequal access to natural resources (Challenge 2) is often due to Top-down decision making (Error 2), but Buffer zones for environmental protection, green areas, air quality, and water security can help achieve environmental justice (Solution 2). Unequal access to public services (Challenge 3) is a historical issue that persists because of System abuse and tokenism (Error 3), and it may be partially resolved with Multi-benefit projects to create socioeconomic and environmental opportunities within frontline communities that include positive externalities for other stakeholders and public service improvements (Solution 3). The path forward in climate change policy decision-making must be grounded in collaboration with frontline community members and practitioners trained in working with vulnerable stakeholders. Addressing co-occurring inequities exacerbated by climate change requires transdisciplinary efforts to identify technical, policy, and engineering solutions.

Explaining the Black-White Disparity in Preterm Birth: A Consensus Statement From a Multi-Disciplinary Scientific Work Group Convened by the March of Dimes.

In 2017–2019, the March of Dimes convened a workgroup with biomedical, clinical, and epidemiologic expertise to review knowledge of the causes of the persistent Black-White disparity in preterm birth (PTB). Multiple databases were searched to identify hypothesized causes examined in peer-reviewed literature, 33 hypothesized causes were reviewed for whether they plausibly affect PTB and either occur more/less frequently and/or have a larger/smaller effect size among Black women vs. White women. While definitive proof is lacking for most potential causes, most are biologically plausible. No single downstream or midstream factor explains the disparity or its social patterning, however, many likely play limited roles, e.g., while genetic factors likely contribute to PTB, they explain at most a small fraction of the disparity. Research links most hypothesized midstream causes, including socioeconomic factors and stress, with the disparity through their influence on the hypothesized downstream factors. Socioeconomic factors alone cannot explain the disparity's social patterning. Chronic stress could affect PTB through neuroendocrine and immune mechanisms leading to inflammation and immune dysfunction, stress could alter a woman's microbiota, immune response to infection, chronic disease risks, and behaviors, and trigger epigenetic changes influencing PTB risk. As an upstream factor, racism in multiple forms has repeatedly been linked with the plausible midstream/downstream factors, including socioeconomic disadvantage, stress, and toxic exposures. Racism is the only factor identified that directly or indirectly could explain the racial disparities in the plausible midstream/downstream causes and the observed social patterning. Historical and contemporary systemic racism can explain the racial disparities in socioeconomic opportunities that differentially expose African Americans to lifelong financial stress and associated health-harming conditions. Segregation places Black women in stressful surroundings and exposes them to environmental hazards. Race-based discriminatory treatment is a pervasive stressor for Black women of all socioeconomic levels, considering both incidents and the constant vigilance needed to prepare oneself for potential incidents. Racism is a highly plausible, major upstream contributor to the Black-White disparity in PTB through multiple pathways and biological mechanisms. While much is unknown, existing knowledge and core values (equity, justice) support addressing racism in efforts to eliminate the racial disparity in PTB.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus in Turkey: a multi-center study from Kocaeli

AimsThe aim of this study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management and disease control of the patients with diabetes mellitus in Kocaeli.MethodsThis study was carried out in six leading central hospitals in five major districts of Kocaeli. The study was conducted between June 2020 and November 2020. The patients who had previous admissions to these clinics within 6 months prior to the pandemic were enrolled in the study.ResultsA total of 283 patients were enrolled in the study, among them 151 (53%) patients were female, 268 (95%) had type 2 DM and remaining 5% had type 1 DM. The median weight of the patients was similar between the previous and last visits (84 kg vs 83 kg, p = 0,88). Laboratory parameters of previous and current visits revealed that mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c levels were not significantly changed. The number of the patients who had controlled blood pressure was significantly decreased. The number of those who had neuropathic complains and the severity of dyslipidemia significantly increased during pandemic period.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that despite decreased compliance with diet and exercise, and difficulty in accessing medication, there was no significant change in weight, FPG and HbA1c levels in diabetic patients. Since cultural differences, education level and socioeconomic opportunities differ between societies, national and international studies will be more accurate to evaluate the effects of epidemics on the course of chronic diseases.

Do auditors’ early-life socioeconomic opportunities improve audit quality? Evidence from China

Prior research documents significant variation in audit outcomes based on individual auditors' demographic features, working experience, educational background, and social connections. This study examines whether individual auditors' early-life socioeconomic opportunities also affect audit practices. We expect that auditors from big cities have more access to socioeconomic opportunities and accumulate more human capital in early life, thus are more capable of providing high-quality audits after they start careers. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that auditors from big cities make more audit adjustments to earnings compared with auditors from small towns. Additional tests suggest that this early-life effect on audit quality is moderated when auditors receive higher education or gain more auditing experience and is more pronounced in downward adjustments than in upward adjustments. We also find a fee premium for auditors from big cities. Overall, this paper provides evidence that auditors’ early-life socioeconomic opportunities have a far-reaching influence on audit quality.

Support for Children with Disabilities, who Live in the Industrial Region

The article discusses theoretical and modeled framework practical aspects of supporting children with disabilities living in an industrial region. The main goal was to study the traditions and trends of providing socio-psychological, pedagogical and economic support to the above population with further development of theoretical foundations of rehabilitation and social adaptation of children with disabilities in the industrial region and framework justification of socio-pedagogical support program.social and pedagogical realities of one of the industrial regions of Ukraine. It is proved that the basis of the regional model of social and pedagogical support of children with disabilities is always the appropriate state model, as well as the general guidelines and traditions of its implementation adopted in this region. Such guidelines for the Donetsk industrial region are: understanding the problems of children with disabilities not as medical and pedagogical, but as socio-pedagogical; an integrated approach to the use and integration of great opportunities of the industrial region (strong socio-economic and pedagogical potentials and opportunities of all subjects of socio-pedagogical support of children with disabilities); targeted, comprehensive nature of socio-pedagogical support. The mechanism of implementation of the regional program of social and pedagogical support of children with disabilities in an industrial region has been modeled. Its structure includes sectors and areas of activity, the level of implementation (regional, city (district), educational institution), and its implementation consists in systematic activities for the implementation of socio-pedagogical diagnostics of the child and youth environment, identification of the goal and priority areas of activity at the regional level and development of strategic and tactical measures for the practical implementation of the regional action program.

Essential Factors Influencing Malaysia’s Relations with the United Arab Emirates

This study analyses Malaysia’s relations with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as one of its important partners and the most rapidly developing country in the Middle East. It seeks to understand the bilateral relationship by identifying the essential factors that influence them. Apart from the systemic structure that presents no obstacle for the relations, the study has found two essential factors that play pivotal roles in solidifying Malaysia’s relations with the UAE. They are political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic opportunities. Hence, this study touches first on Malaysia’s early interactions with the UAE from an overview of foreign policy orientation and is followed by examining the political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic interactions, which shape the character of the relations. The findings show that besides significance of political–diplomatic engagements and socioeconomic interactions, the religious element is still germane. Though not in the manner of Malaysia’s traditional–religious interactions with some Middle Eastern countries, especially Saudi Arabia and Egypt, it visibly appears in the form of ‘Islamic commercial brands’ vis-à-vis the UAE that economically bind both countries to embrace more in Islamic finance and investment, halal industry, tourism, and education.

African Roads to Prosperity: People en Route to Socio cultural and Economic Transformation

The edited volume entitled, ‘Roads to Prosperity: People en Route to Socio-Cultural and Economic Transformations’, is the product of a collaborative research project undertaken at the African Studies Centre at Leiden University in 2013 and 2014. The project adopts a multidisciplinary approach to study the trajectories and social construct of peoples’ transience. It focuses on the socio-economic, cultural and historical perspectives and the changing dynamics of migration in a globalising world. Migration has been a very critical global issue in history, space and time. Issues on societal transformation, internal and international migration have formed the major canon of discussion across the humanities in recent times. This has become of immense importance cross-continentally, particularly in Africa which is recounted as a space for transit and transference of legal and illegal migrants globally. The edited volume recounts the histories, emergence and consequent societal changes in specific parts of Africa that have become spaces for transit and disembarkation of African migrants in search for better socio-economic opportunities.

Australian Maltreated Infants and Young Children Can Achieve Positive Relational Health With Neurodevelopmentally- and Trauma-Informed Interventions Provided Within Relationally-Positive and Stable Environments.

Background: Childhood maltreatment such as abuse, neglect and family violence has a profound impact on children's psychological and relational functioning and their lifelong trajectory, with associated adverse physical and mental health outcomes, higher mortality rates and reduced socioeconomic opportunities. The aim of the study was to explore the impact of neurodevelopmentally- and trauma-informed interventions on the relational health of children who have experienced maltreatment.Context: The study was conducted at Berry Street Take Two, an Australian therapeutic service. Take Two provides services to Victorian children aged 0-18 years, to address the impact of the trauma they have experienced from maltreatment. Take Two clinicians use relational and ecological frameworks, neurodevelopmental research and evidence-informed approaches to repair family relationships and develop networks of caring adults that focus on meeting the child's needs. Take Two uses the NMT approach as a framework for clinical intervention-planning and is site-certified in the use of the NMT Clinical Practice tools.Method: The mixed methods study had two components. A cross sectional study of baseline and repeat clinical measure data (HoNOSCA and SDQ) with a cohort of children aged 2–11 years (n = 91), who were clients of Berry Street Take Two between 2014 and 2019, was conducted utilizing SPSS. The quantitative data analysis was supplemented by three case studies of Berry Street Take Two clients, which explored the process of intervention, including intervention type, timing and dosage. The case studies drew on the full case record for each child to illustrate the impact of NMT-informed interventions on the relational health, psychological and behavioral functioning of children.Results: The study found that Take Two intervention was associated with improved relational health, measured by the NMT metric and supported by significant positive changes on the SDQ and HoNOSCA with medium effect sizes (cohen's d). The case study analysis highlighted the importance of intervention addressing individual, family and systems elements to bring about positive change.Conclusions: This study illustrates the value of neurodevelopmental trauma-informed interventions in positively impacting on the relational health and current functioning of maltreated children and the potential to reduce the lifelong impact of maltreatment.

Sustainability of the Palestinian historic village of Battir

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the proper built heritage preservation and management as important steps toward sustainability for the case of village Battir. In particular, the historic village core and its surroundings were elaborated. Battir is a Palestinian village located to the south of Jerusalem, famous for landscape terraces traditionally used in their authentic form since the Roman time. Because of its outstanding universal values, Battir was inscribed on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list (WHL) in 2014.Design/methodology/approachTo present the potentials of Battir to become a sustainable asset, the results of the Sustainable Plan have been used in this paper. Among the proposed strategies of the Plan methodology for the historic core conservation was emphasized. Referring to the same methodology, key findings about the current state of conservation are elaborated as well as proposals for the village core enhancements.FindingsAs a result of an on-site survey, the Plan outlines several strategies, which are summarized in this paper. Within each strategy, the role and benefits for the inhabitants are evaluated along with the overview of the proposed interventions for the historic tissue preservation.Originality/valueChallenges of the village's heritage preservation have been elaborated under the comprehensive Sustainable Plan that was initiated, prepared and lead by International Peace and Cooperation Center (IPCC). Here, sustainability refers to the better managing of available natural and cultural resources and features, while at the same time, creating new socio-economic opportunities for inhabitants.

Impact of interventions of the Murder of People with albinism in lake Victoria a case of Shinyanga region

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of interventions of the murder of persons with albinism in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The study was conducted in Shinyanga Region in two Districts namely; Shinyanga and Kahama Districts. A total number of 100 respondents participated in this study, two focus group discussions sessions were conducted, each involving 8 participants and key informant interview was done to three traditional doctors used for capturing qualitative responses whereas data from 52 People With Albinisms (PWAs) and 29 stakeholders of PWAs including heads of households of PWAs, friends of PWAs, journalists, and advocacy officers were collected by using the structured questionnaires for the collection of primary data while documentary review was applied to collect secondary data. The study has revealed that, in Tanzania there is a high rate of murder of PWAs principally for ritual purposes. This belief directly led to the murder of PWAs by people desperate for success in the form of good luck and money. The core of this practice is witchdoctors. The eradication of such killings has become very difficult and complicated process. Poverty, low quality of settlements, absence of witchcraft law, and inadequate government readiness, to mention a few make interventions to fail and ultimately increase the murders. The study recommends on the urgent measures to assess and address the situation in asylums where PWAs are centered, to enact witchcraft law and provide public awareness, strong collaboration of all stakeholders, political will, and equal access to socio economic and political opportunities