Social Willingness Research Articles

Commutative and Retributive Justice in the Administration of Disgorgement in Insider Trading Cases—the Case for the Common Law Approach to Damages

Using Zambia as a case study, this article examines the efficacy of the Zambian regulatory and institutional framework for public distribution of securities in ensuring commutative justice in the administration of disgorgement by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Using the doctrinal and non-doctrinal approaches to examining the effectiveness of regulatory rules and institutions, the main findings of the study are: When it is applied to non-corporate insider traders, the statutory formula for disgorgement which is provided in the Zambian Securities Act 2016 tends to under-regulate by leaving some of the insider trading gains with the insider trader—a commutative injustice to the public; When it is applied to juristic persons (companies and other styles of bodies corporate), the formula for disgorgement which is provided in the Zambian Securities Act 2016 tends to over-regulate by taking away from the insider trader more than they actually gained from insider trading—a retributive and commutative injustice to the insider trader. The central argument of this article is that regulatory rules and institutions which promote retributive and commutative justice are likely to inspire social willingness to pay the cost of socioeconomic exchanges and regulation, and as such, are efficient. As a possible way of promoting commutative and retributive justice in the administration of disgorgement in insider trading cases, the article makes a case for the application of ‘the common law approach to the award of damages’ in the determination of the amount which is to be disgorged. The article also makes proposals for the repeal of the statutory formula, and its replacement with the standard formula for disgorgement which has been proposed.

Strike a chord: How observed ostracism and perceived similarity affect observers' willingness to socialize

Research has shown that ostracism negatively affects the social willingness of those who are ostracized, but the impact of observers, who play an important role in ostracism situations, has been less studied. Three studies examined whether observed ostracism affects observers' willingness to socialize and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that (1) observed ostracism decreased observers' willingness to socialize; (2) perceived future rejection mediated the relationship between observed ostracism and observers' willingness to socialize; and (3) perceived similarity had a moderating effect on the mediation model. Specifically, the higher the perceived similarity between observers and ostracized individuals, the stronger the effect of observed ostracism on observers' perceived future rejection and willingness to socialize. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive, systematic understanding of how ostracism affects observers, including its underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions.

장 이론(Field theory)을 이용한 청년아파트 입주자 커뮤니케이션 방법에 관한 연구

This study analyzes Chinese representative rental youth apartments based on Field theory, examining the correlation between these apartments and their fields. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of spatial design of projects on interaction patterns and communication modes among tenants through the field theory. First, it explores the relationship between Field theory's concepts and characteristics, applying the relationship between field capital and practice to rental youth apartments. It then examines how project background, space structure, and field relationships impact residents' social behavior. Findings indicate that the rules of the field in rental youth apartments influence social methods, with functional diversity, shared spaces, and enhanced transitions between areas increasing residents' social willingness.

Factors influencing willingness to use MBTI social applications in youth groups - based on a technology acceptance model

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was developed from Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of personality classification and designated by American psychologists as a personality test indicator that classifies people into sixteen different personality attributes and assigns different identities to each of the sixteen personalities. Today, the MBTI is one of the most widely used instruments in the world to measure normal personality differences, and is widely used in employment, education, and social occasions. A large-scale group discussion has been formed on the Internet, and through the fluctuation of the Internet, MBTI is taking on a new look and dominating the social discourse of young people as a new social currency. This study explores the youth group as the research object, and digs out the reasons why it has become the social currency, as well as the state of mind of the contemporary youth group and the social willingness of the contemporary youth through the analysis of this new subculture.

Exploring Apparel Design Students’ Willingness to Use Virtual Reality in the Sketching Phase of the Fashion Design Process

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated experience through projection of shapes, objects, and scenic views via headset or helmet device and interpreted as a genuine realistic environment. The interpretation of the highly realistic projection from the eye creates an immersive experience for the user. The use of VR technology is utilized in an array of industry applications as well as learning/training spaces. In particular, when VR is used in an educational setting, studies have shown positive or improved student achievement for a variety of academic disciplines in conjunction with creativity, inspiration, engagement, and motivation. VR used in industry applications, specifically within apparel industries, has been reported to enhance efficiencies in retail, enable virtual garment fitting, and reduction of physical samples in the apparel design and product development process. Regardless of these demonstrated favorable outcomes from education and industry, few research studies have investigated students’ willingness to adopt VR as a tool for use within their desired academic discipline (feeding into their future career path). As use in the apparel design and product development process has been reported, an opportunity exists to explore VR as an educational tool to ideate fashion design ideas in an individual’s apparel design process. Thus, the goal of this study was to provide initial insights into students’ willingness to use VR as a sketching tool, compared to traditional sketching tools, during the apparel design process. A multiple case study design was employed to examine the phenomenon in eight selected undergraduate Apparel Design students. The study was guided through the lens of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework to examine students’ willingness based on performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions to use VR. A learning module was developed in a 300-level apparel design course specifically to explore VR as a sketching tool in their design ideation process. Students received a demonstration for how to use the Oculus Quest VR equipment and experimentation/practice time using the equipment in conjunction with the Gravity Sketch (GS) VR application which allowed student users to draw in virtual space on an imported preexisting dress form. Following the practice time, students then completed an apparel design activity using the VR tool. Students then completed a survey in which data was collected through mixed methods by questionary scales and open-ended questions. The findings suggest a relationship between social willingness to adopt VR in their design ideation process while also providing a structure for future researchers to expand the use of this technology in apparel design coursework.

Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: A case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia

Ecotourism is grounded in the concept of socio-environmental sustainability. However, the literature needs more clarification on the determinants of ex ante determinants for community participation in ecotourism in coastal lagoon ecosystems. This paper aims to analyze community-based ecosystem management through participation in ecotourism. After a case study design, a survey-like method was used to identify the social willingness to engage in ecotourism and the benefits that the participants preferred as a result of participating. The results show that most respondents believe that ecotourism would promote environmental conservation in the area and also considered their participation essential to ensure the success of ecotourism. Therefore, this research emphasizes the importance of identifying local perceptions of ecotourism before its implementation, evaluates the willingness of locals to participate in this strategy to highlight community agency, and investigates how participation could be achieved. These results are useful for future research and studies on the willingness to take part in ecotourism studies and the understanding of the relationship between society and ecosystems.

The Influence of Social Networking on Adolescents' Social Willingness

The development of adolescents has become a hot topic of social concern. With the continuous development and expansion of the Internet, the popularity of social networking has greatly increased. Teenagers have become the main users of online social media applications, but some negativity on the Internet is more likely to have a bad influence on immature teenagers. This research mainly discusses the relationship and mechanism of adolescents' use of social networks, network social efficacy, and network interpersonal relationships. This paper utilized methodology of face-to-face interview, and analyzed under the theoretical frame of Flow Theory. The research draw a conclusion that there were 5 negative effects of the Internet on young people: addicted to online games, addicted to online dating, internet porn addiction, addicted to online information collection, and computer addiction.

Solid Waste Treatment Using Multi-Criteria Decision Support Methods Case Study Lattakia City

Lattakia city faces many problems related to the mismanagement of solid waste, as the disposal process is limited to the random Al-Bassa landfill without treatment. Therefore, solid waste management poses a special challenge to decision-makers by choosing the appropriate tool that supports strategic decisions in choosing municipal solid waste treatment methods and evaluating their management systems. As the human is primarily responsible for the formation of waste, this study aims to measure the degree of environmental awareness in the Lattakia Governorate from the point of view of the research sample members and to discuss the effect of the studied variables (place of residence, educational level, gender, age, and professional status) on the level of environmental awareness. Data were collected and analyzed using the SPSS.21 statistical package. This study also presents a methodology to find the optimal scenario for solid waste treatment using the hierarchical analysis method represented by Expert Choice 11.1. The study found that there is an environmental awareness about the danger of the increasing percentage of environmental pollution and the presence of a social willingness to contribute to solid waste management, such as household sorting and working in voluntary associations. Environmental awareness is spreading throughout the province, but more attention is paid to the environment in the countryside than in the city. It was also found that environmental awareness is linked to the cultural level, and it was equal between males and females. The study also provided the optimal treatment method for solid waste according to the theory of hierarchical analysis, where the biogas production method ranked first with a rate of 35.5%, followed by the composting production method with 22.6%, the recycling method with 17.4%, followed by the incineration method by 15%. The sanitary landfill method ranked last, with 9.5%.

Evaluating Discrete Choice Experiment Willingness to Pay [DCE-WTP] analysis, and Relative Social Willingness to Pay [RS-WTP] analysis in a Health Technology Assessment of a treatment for an ultra-rare childhood disease [CLN2

Background : Conventional cost-effectiveness analysis [CEA] using cost per QALY thresholds may counteract other incentives introduced to foster development of treatments for rare and ultra-rare diseases. Therefore, alternative economic evaluation methods were explored, namely Discrete Choice Experiment Willingness to Pay (DCE-WTP) and Relative Social Willingness to Pay (RS-WTP), to value interventions for an ultra-rare childhood disease, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2). Research Design and Methods Treatment for CLN2 was valued from a citizen’s (“social”) perspective using DCE-WTP and RS-WTP in a survey of 4,009 United Kingdom [UK] adults. Three attributes (initial quality of life, treatment effect, and life expectancy) were used in both analyses. For DCE-WTP a cost attribute (marginal income tax increase) was also included. Optimal econometric models were identified. Results DCE-WTP indicated that UK adults are willing to pay incremental increases through taxation for improvements in CLN2 attributes. RS-WTP identified a willingness to allocate >40% of a pre-assigned healthcare budget to prevent child mortality and approximately 15% for improved health status. Conclusions Both techniques illustrated substantive social WTP for CLN2 interventions, despite the small number of children benefitting. This highlights a gap between UK citizens’ willingness to spend on rare disease interventions and current funding policies.

Relationship Between Social Structure and Willingness to Embed Human Rights Education

Human rights education is mandated by a variety of international treaties, yet it is not fully implemented. Despite rhetoric that it is important, many obstacles interfere with its incorporation in schools or communities. This article explores what human rights education is, what needs to be in place for it to be embedded in schools, and common challenges for its implementation. Data from a human rights education group showcases the trends shown in a review of human rights education literature and research. Recommendations for action are included.

Introducing the adopter perspective in social innovation research

It is generally well-accepted in innovation research that consumer/user adoption of an invention is key to its diffusion. Despite general awareness about the importance of the adopter perspective in innovation diffusion, the majority of the literature on social innovation, hardly addresses the adoption-side of innovation diffusion. Social innovation potential therefore often remains under-utilized. In this paper the result of a review of 468 (predominantly English language) publications on social innovation is provided (based on Web of Science), searching for the adopter perspective in social innovation research. The findings show that, although some hints at the role of adopters, and their environment, can be found in the literature, attention for the willingness and capacities of potential adopters is meager in peer-reviewed publications. Propelled by high policy expectations, at the national as well as European level, scientific interest in social innovation has been booming over the last decade. Without a proper understanding of social innovation diffusion dynamics and adopter willingness and their interactions with existing institutions, expectations may not be fulfilled and specific social innovation policies that have been emerging across Europe may not be able to achieve intended policy goals.

Pro-environmental behavior model creating circular economy in steel recycling market, empirical study in Thailand

The purpose of this study is to examine the variables that influence both the Circular Economy (CE) and pro-environmental behavior in steel recycling manufacturing companies in Thailand. To develop and examine a model using structural equation modeling (SEM), we used a set of CE indicators proposed in previous studies. The variables identified in this study were determined through responses from stakeholders in the steel manufacturing and scrap management industries. A questionnaire-based survey was used to analyze the study target's (foundries, castings, and steel recycling manufacturers) behavior. Respondents contended that they value long-term relationships with suppliers. Quality control has a sizable impact on lean manufacturing techniques. Recycling costs and environmental concerns both have an effect on how behavioral control is perceived. It is critical for society to be educated about the circular economy and its practices. Environmental commitment is the most critical factor in the circular economy's success. The findings indicate that the most significant influence on the Circular Economy is the social willingness to recycle (CE). The study investigates the relationship between social willingness to recycle (SWR) and lean manufacturing techniques (LMT) and the success of circular economy practices. Environmentally responsible behavioral practices both promote and contribute to high levels of productivity. The CE's promotion is critical in light of the current trend toward globalization. We propose that steel manufacturers must continue to innovate in technical or non-technical ways, most notably through the use of efficient equipment such as pre-shredders, shredders, and power plants that accelerate long-term mineral resource savings.

Cost-Effectiveness of Behavior Modification Intervention for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease in the FROM-J Study

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health problem. An advanced, or innovative, CKD care system of clinical practice collaboration among general physicians (GPs), nephrologists, and other healthcare workers achieved behavior modification in patients with Stage 3 CKD in the Frontier of Renal Outcome Modifications in Japan (FROM-J) study. This behavior modification intervention consisted of educational sessions on nutrition and lifestyle, as well as encouragement of patients' regular visits. The intervention contributed to slowing CKD progression. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the widespread diffusion of the behavior modification intervention proven effective by the FROM-J study. A cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out to compare the behavior modification intervention with the current practice recommended by the latest CKD clinical guidelines for GPs. A Markov model with a societal perspective under Japan's health system was constructed. We assumed that the behavior modification intervention proven effective by the FROM-J study would be initiated by GPs for targeted patient cohorts-patients aged 40-74years with Stage 3 CKD-as a part of the innovative CKD care system. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the behavior modification intervention compared with current guideline-based practice was calculated as 145,593 Japanese yen (¥; $1,324 United States dollars [$]) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Using the suggested value of social willingness to pay for a one-QALY gain in Japan of ¥5 million (US$45,455) as the threshold to judge cost-effectiveness, the behavior modification intervention is cost-effective. Our results suggest that diffusing the behavior modification intervention proven effective by the FROM-J study could be justifiable as an efficient use of finite healthcare resources. GPs could be encouraged to initiate this intervention by revising the National Health Insurance fee schedule and strengthening clinical guidelines regarding behavior modification interventions.

Evaluation of mental health first aid training for family members of military veterans with a mental health condition

BackgroundA concerning proportion of former Australian Defence Force (ADF) members meet criteria for a mental health condition. Mental health difficulties not only affect the individual veteran. They have been found to negatively impact the mental health of family, with an increased likelihood for family members of veterans developing a mental health condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether participating in a Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) program improved family members of veterans mental health knowledge, reduced personal and perceived mental health stigma, reduced social distancing attitudes and increased confidence and willingness to engage in MHFA helping behaviours. Additionally, the study measured participant’s general mental health and levels of burnout.MethodThe study utilised an uncontrolled design with assessment at three time points (baseline, post-program and three-month follow-up). Participants (N = 57) were immediate and extended family members of former ADF members with a mental health condition, who took part in a two-day standard adult MHFA program. At each time point, participants completed self-report measures assessing mental health knowledge, personal and perceived mental health stigma, social distancing attitudes, confidence and willingness to engage in MHFA helping behaviours, general mental health and burnout. Cochranes Q and repeated measures ANOVA was computed to measure the impact of time on the outcome variables.ResultsResults indicated significant improvements in MHFA knowledge and confidence in providing MHFA assistance. Significant reductions in personal mental health stigma (i.e. an individual’s attitude towards mental health) for schizophrenia were observed and maintained at follow up. High levels of perceived mental health stigma (i.e. the belief an individual holds about others attitudes towards mental health) were reported with no significant changes observed following the MHFA program. Results did not indicate any significant benefit in improving general psychological distress or burnout at follow up. The participant sample had high levels of mental health difficulties with over half reporting a lifetime mental health diagnosis.ConclusionThe study is an important contribution to the international literature on MHFA. The provision of a MHFA program to family members of military veterans has not previously been evaluated. Implications of the findings are discussed with regards to future directions of MHFA research and implementing MHFA programs in this population.

The straight labor of playing gay

ABSTRACT This essay examines the celebrity interview as a significant promotional paratext because it is through these that white, cisgender, heterosexual actors are asked to comment upon playing gay. We focus on paratexts around Scandal, Modern Family, Behind the Candelabra and Call Me By Your Name because they are important sources for shaping the ways audiences respond to media and are often re-circulated beyond their original context through social media. We highlight how white, heterosexual actors emphasize labor in order to insist on the paratextual distance between his veridical self and the role he has been employed to play. As a discursive strategy, this is accomplished by a recognized, seamlessly performed and strikingly blatant routine. Collectively, audiences, interviewers, and the actors themselves work to consistently demonstrate social, cultural, and industrial commitments to what we are calling a possessive investment in straightness, which we define, building on George Lipsitz’s (2006) work, as concerned with not only the resources, power and opportunity white heterosexual actors have in taking on gay roles, but the social, cultural and industrial willingness to help these actors re-assert their claims to heterosexuality and normativity.

Macroeconomic aspects of maintenance optimization of critical infrastructures

The main goal of maintenance is prevention, timely detection and elimination of failures and damage. From the point of view of critical infrastructures (CIs), the main purpose of their maintenance is to increase the safety of CIs and / or to ensure life safety. CIs should be optimal in terms of their purpose, cost, as a source of income and profit at all stages of their life cycle, and also acceptable in terms of possible loss of human lives or injuries. The paper considers the assessment of necessary optimal investments in the maintenance (time interval between subsequent maintenance), to increase the safety of life, the so-called life saving costs. The problem of limiting the threat to human life is as follows: “how much money is society ready and able to spend to reduce the likelihood of premature death”. A quantitative criterion of risk acceptance is used, in which the marginal cost of life saving is compared with social willingness to pay. This value is determined using the life quality index of population.

Macroeconomic aspects of maintenance optimization of critical key assets

The main goal of maintenance is prevention, timely detection and elimination of failures and damage. From the point of view of critical infrastructures (CIs), the main purpose of their maintenance is to increase the safety of CIs and / or to ensure life safety. CIs should be optimal in terms of their purpose, cost, as a source of income and profit at all stages of their life cycle, and also acceptable in terms of possible loss of human lives or injuries. The paper considers the assessment of necessary optimal investments in maintenance (time interval between subsequent maintenance) for ensuring life safety, the so-called life saving costs. The problem of limiting the threat to human life is as follows: how much money is society ready and able to spend to reduce the likelihood of a premature death. A quantitative criterion of risk acceptance is used, in which the marginal life saving cost (MLSC) is compared with social willingness to pay. This value is determined using the life quality index.

World Youth Day 2016 in the Archdiocese of Lodz: An Example of the Eventization of Faith

The organization of numerous religious mass events of international, or even global, reach is a phenomenon of the early 21st century. It is sometimes termed “eventization of faith”. This article presents a multifaceted analysis of the initial stage of the World Youth Day in 2016, which took place in the Archdiocese of Łódź (Poland). While multiple scholarly publications have been written about World Youth Day (WYD) itself, its first part of preparatory nature, the so-called “Days in Dioceses”, has not been studied yet. The authors of this paper used a wide array of research methods, such as participant observation, questionnaire (official statistics concerning 10,000 pilgrims), pilot survey (258 respondents), and analysis of media reports (over 100 films and 30 articles). The analysis of the organizational method of such a major religious event leads to a conclusion that it is a complex logistic undertaking, which requires professional preparation and implementation by a team of specialists in different fields as well as an army of deeply involved volunteers and public services employees. Over 10.2 thousand young pilgrims (mostly at the age of 15–29) participated in the youth meeting in the Archdiocese of Łódź; apart from spiritual motives (strengthening faith, meeting Pope Francis, following in the footsteps of St. John Paul II) they exhibited strong social (willingness to be in the community of believers, making new friends), recreational and tourist (visiting Poland) needs as well. In view of the hermetic and low-budget character of World Youth Day, its impact on the economy of the region was deemed negligible. Above all, the event played a promotional and image-building part, which perhaps in the years to come will result in an increase in visits of foreign tourists to Łódź.

Establishing a Sustainable Waste Management System in a Transitional Economic Context: Analysis of the Socio-Economic Dynamics

Establishing a sustainable waste management system concerns multiple aspects of the prospected geo-locations. Among them, the dynamics of the socio-economy play a crucial role. Based on the idea of circular economy (CE), the amount of waste, in general, should be reduced and the process of social involvement is embedded. This study aims to examine the social willingness towards a sustainable waste management system at a local level in Georgia. The research study was conducted with waste management analyses in Marneuli city in the South-Eastern Georgian district of Kvemo Kartli, as well as a survey in 510 households in Marneuli. A descriptive statistical analysis and a narrative analysis were used to evaluate the results of the survey. In Georgia, as a transitional country, local participation is still not well developed. However, this research study shows that the potentiality and the social request for the environmental actions at a local level exist. The key results of this study are that the robust connection with the locals is a fundamental factor in implementing a sustainable waste management plan at a local level.

Supplemental Material for Unobserved Altruism: How Self-Signaling Motivations and Social Benefits Shape Willingness to Donate

Supplemental Material for Unobserved Altruism: How Self-Signaling Motivations and Social Benefits Shape Willingness to Donate