Social Vices Research Articles

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Introduction. In the genre system of Kalmyk poetry, the literary fable appeared in the 1930s. When it came to master the genre, Kalmyk poets mainly focused on the traditions of Russian fable of the 19th–20th centuries, primarily on I. A. Krylov’s works which they eagerly translated. The Kalmyk authors were the least likely to rely on traditions of Eastern literature — whether Indian, Tibetan, or Oirat Mongolian — since those sources written in Tibetan, Classical Mongolian and Clear Script (Kalm. todo bichiq) were virtually unavailable to them, and not all poets had knowledge of the scripts. National folklore, including myths, animal tales, household tales, aphoristic poetry (proverbs, sayings, riddles), to a certain extent contributed to the creation of plots and motifs, a gallery of images ― people and the animal world ― in the Kalmyk literary fable. The appeal to the fable was determined by the tasks of cultural construction in Kalmykia, the satirical possibilities of the genre designed to scourge social vices and human shortcomings, contribute to the correction of morals, facilitate education of a person in the new society. Attention to the fable in 20th-century Kalmyk poetry was not that universal and constant, by the end of the century it was no longer in demand and never revived further. The Kalmyk literary fable has been little studied so far, with the exception of several recent articles by R. M. Khaninova, which determines the relevance of this study. Goals. The article aims to study zoopoetics of text of the animalistic fable in Kalmyk poetry of the past century through examples of selected works by Khasyr Syan-Belgin, Muutl Erdniev, Garya Shalburov, Basang Dordzhiev, Timofey Bembeev, and Mikhail Khoninov. Methods. The work employs a number of research methods, such as the historical literary, comparative, and descriptive ones. Results. The animalistic fable is not the leading one in the general genre system of Kalmyk poetry of the past century, including among fables with human characters. It usually includes characters of the steppe fauna whose figurative characteristics are manifested in Kalmyk folklore. The social satire and political orientation of the fables are actualized by modern reality, actual international situation and events. The paper reveals a relationship between the animal fable and — Kalmyk folklore and the Russian fable tradition. Most of the fables have not yet been translated into Russian. Conclusions. In terms of national versification patterns, the study of the Kalmyk poetic animal fable has identified such synthetic forms as fable-fairy tale, fable-proverb, and fable-dream. The genre definition is not always specified by the authors, a moral usually concludes each quatrain-structured narrative. Genre scenes, monologues, and dialogues contribute to an in-depth reading of the context, symbolism of images, and semantic code.

Entrepreneurship as a panacea to increasing youth unemployment in Africa

The African youth population is expected to increase up to over 830 million by 2050 and an estimated 263 million young people may not be gainfully employed by 2025 according to the African Development Bank projection. This is quite worrisome as there is currently an increase in migration of young and skilled Africans to other continents, as well as poor living conditions, increased crime rates, and social vices among the African youth population as a result of unemployment, amongst other factors. Urgent attention is, therefore, required towards reducing the rate of unemployment in Africa. Although job creation and the provision of economic opportunities for citizens are constitutional duties of government officials and public office holders, the alarming increase in youth unemployment calls for a more holistic and sustainable approach to addressing this challenge – hence the need for human capacity building towards self-employment and sustenance. The promotion of entrepreneurship through formal and informal education in Africa, provision of mentorship programmes, and start-up funds will provide a short- and long-term solution to the scourge of youth unemployment in Africa.

Visionary Leadership in Africa: The Example of Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 1922 to 1999

This article recaptures the philosophy of Nyerere and the idea of Ujamaa (familyhood) in modern African socialism. Nyerere’s political idea for Tanzania centred on the creation of an egalitarian socialist society based on cooperative agriculture, racial and tribal harmony, as well as moralistic self-sacrifice. The study argues that contemporary challenges in Africa caused by colonialism, misrule, and corruption have called for backwards-looking and integration to prevent political and economic chaos on the continent. Presently, the Corona Virus-19 Pandemic (COVID-19) like its twin disease, the Influenza Pandemic of 1918, had triggered unemployment, food shortages, inflation, price instability, the balance of payment disequilibrium, and social vices. Drawing on primary and secondary sources to substantiate its claim, this study found that the present state of affairs in the world has introduced the new normal and new methods of doing things; hence the need for indigenous solutions to Africa’s problems. This article recommends that African leaders need re-invent indigenous political philosophy such as the Nyerere’s African socialism to save its citizens from poverty rather than the present dependency on colonial masters and donor countries.

Couples' social characteristics, family planning, and unwanted pregnancy risk: Evidence from two Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys.

Increased cases of child abandonment, homeless and street children in developing countries are traceable to proportionate rates of unwanted pregnancies. Such pregnancies impose hardships on households and increased social vices in society. In Nigeria, baby factories are continually being discovered in almost every state, thereby raising concerns about the exposure of women to the dangers of unwanted pregnancies. In order to contribute to the government's efforts to control unwanted pregnancies in Nigeria, this study examined the effects of couples' social characteristics and family planning methods on unwanted pregnancies in Nigeria. We applied the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method of regression analysis because of its efficiency and unbiased property in statistical analysis. Survey data from the 2013 and 2018 Nigeria's Demographic and Health Surveys were used in the analysis. Results indicated that the more family planning methods are used in Nigeria, the fewer unwanted pregnancies will occur. Furthermore, the social characteristics of men are more important than those of women in predicting unwanted pregnancies. Based on other findings, literacy campaign in the Northern Nigeria where literacy rate is low, more counselling on the importance of modern family planning, and use of different strategies in population health awareness campaign across the different regions in Nigeria is encouraged.

Challenges and Solutions: The Experiences of Newly-Qualified Counsellors

The emergence of the increases in the rate of different social vices among the adolescents in high schools calls for re-evaluation and updating of the existing operating counselling services in secondary schools' educational system. The study examined the challenges of the newly qualified school counsellors and the solution proffered. Six research questions were raised to guide the study. It adopted a mixed-method research approach. The results of the findings revealed that the lack of recognition of the role of counsellors in the school system was rated the highest among the challenges experienced by newly-qualified counsellors, non-referral of students who need to be sent to a counsellor by teachers was rated second. From the findings of the study of the awareness campaign on the importance of counselling through various media, the finding “more time should be allotted to practicum for counsellors in training” was the highest-rated as the solution to the challenges experienced by newly-qualified counsellors. The results obtained from the study also revealed that male counsellors might be experiencing different challenges from their female counterparts. The results of the study also show a significant difference in the challenges experienced by newly qualified counsellors based on school type. The findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the solution provided by newly qualified counsellors based on gender. The results also show that the solution provided by a counsellor from private schools does not differ from that of their public schools’ counterpart. Based on the findings of the study recommendations were made: government should provide public enlightenment programmes to parents, school administrators, teachers, and students through jingles, posters, billboards on the need to embrace counselling in the school system and make use of the facility. National University commission should revise the counsellor training programme and increase the period allocated for practicum for the counsellor in training in order to equip them for the tasks ahead.
 Keywords: challenges, solutions, experiences, newly qualified counsellors

Child polyvictimization in Zongo communities in Ghana: Young people’s reflections on systemic resilience enablers

PurposePolyvictimization is often commonplace for young people living in violent communities. The situation is no different for young people in Ghanaian Zongo communities where poverty, social disorder and social vices are prevalent due to structural reasons. ObjectiveUsing the social ecology approach to resilience, the study sought the perspectives of young people about how systemic aspects of community contribute to their positive development in high-risk communities. MethodsFollowing the short narrative approach, 23 young people ages 18–24 from two Zongo communities in Ghana were engaged in qualitative interviews. FindingsCultural values of solidarity and peer support were common systemic enablers that facilitated young peoples’ resilience. These enablers provided context and resources which ensured their survival in cases of neglect and abuse. Cultural values of solidarity exemplified by care for each other among residents created a safe environment and cultural capital contributed to the young peoples’ resilience. Additionally, the “base” within Zongo communities provided a social structure that enabled peer support and promoted young peoples’ resilience in the face of polyvictimization experiences. Conclusion and implicationsThe findings shift the resilience discourse from a conception of personality traits to one of collective aspects of community systems. They also identify cultural values of solidarity within the community that provide cultural capital for the social functioning of young people dealing with polyvictimization in high-risk environments. The findings provide pathways for professionals to promote resilience and develop resilience-oriented primary preventive measures for adolescents living in high-risk environments in Africa.

Science and Skill Acquisition in Junior Secondary School in Ekiti State, Nigeria

This study examined science and skill acquisition in junior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive research of the survey type. Participants were 240 science-oriented youths randomly selected from six states across six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. Three instruments titled “Problem of Unemployment in your Locality Questionnaire” (PUYLQ), “Skill Acquisition Programme Questionnaire” (SAPEQ) and “Security Challenges Questionnaire” (SCQ) were used to collect data for the study. The reliability of PUYLQ, SAPEQ and SCQ were determined through test and re-test method and these yielded a correlation co-efficient of 0.87, 0.85 and 0.89, respectively at 0.05 level of significance. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The finding revealed that employment can significantly influence level of skill acquisition programme among science based students in Nigeria. The finding also revealed that gender has no significant influence on level of skill acquisition programmes among science-based students. The study revealed that employment status and level of skill acquisition can significantly influence security challenges in Nigeria. It was recommended that government should provide employment for the science based graduates for national development. Government should also engage the jobless science based graduates with skill acquisition programmes to reduce social vices in the country. It was also recommended that, there should be no gender disparity while creating employment for science based students. In addition, both male and female Science graduates should give opportunity for participating in skill acquisition programmes for national development. Keywords: National development, Skill acquisition programmes, Science Graduates, Employment/job opportunities, Insecurity. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-8-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF MATHARE SLUMS, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Large population of youths in informal settlement in Kenya are involved in a number of social vices. These vices may include but not limited to robbery with violence, early marriages, dropping out of school and joining outlawed gangs. Youth involvement in social vices presents great concern to parents, government and non-governmental organizations. With increased prevalence of social vices in informal settlements in Kenya, this study was motivated to investigate the influence of psychosocial factors on drug abuse among the youths in Mathare informal settlements of Nairobi County, Kenya. This study sought to determine the effect of stress level as a psychosocial factor on drug abuse among the youths in Mathare informal settlement. The unit of analysis were persons of both genders falling between 18 years and 35 years of age. The target population was 17,894 youths of which a sample of 391 respondents was selected using proportionate stratified random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using the linear regression analysis where hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of significance. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was utilized for the purposes of validity. The validity of the instruments was checked by the researcher who also sought the opinion of experts from the School of Education in Laikipia University. The reliability coefficients for questionnaire were estimated through Cronbach’s alpha. The resultant alpha for youth questionnaire was r= .827. The questionnaires were considered reliable after yielding a reliability coefficient alpha of at least 0.70. Both the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics was used by the study. The descriptive statistics that were used included the mean, standard deviations and frequency distributions. From the data analysis it was evident that stress level contributes to 2.8% of drug abuse cases among youth in Mathare informal settlements. The study recommends that county Government of Nairobi to economically empower the community of people with emphasis on the youths. This will help them think beyond immediate daily survival and assert greater control over their resources and life choices, especially decisions in investment in health, housing and education.
 
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Designing a Framework for Employment-Growth Targeting in Nigeria

Unemployment in Nigeria has assumed disturbing proportions despite fifteen years of sustained economic growth outcomes between 2000 and 2014. This needs very urgent attention from policy makers since the problem has further resulted in other social vices like: armed robbery, kidnapping, political thuggery, pipe-line vandalisation, and social unrest.Unfortunately, policy makers have approached the deep-rooted problems with only tactical and superficial methods. There has been no serious attempt to target employment based on the economic fundamentals; and, the interdependencies and the interconnectedness of the various sectors and the working of the economy.Using Johansen co-integration, and applying Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) regression to time series sectoral economic data of Gross Value Added (GVA), employment, interest rate, wage rate, and inflation rate, collected from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) this study constructed a framework that policy makers can use to target growth and employment simultaneously.

Designing a Framework for Employment-Growth Targeting in Nigeria

Unemployment in Nigeria has assumed disturbing proportions despite fifteen years of sustained economic growth outcomes between 2000 and 2014. This needs very urgent attention from policy makers since the problem has further resulted in other social vices like: armed robbery, kidnapping, political thuggery, pipe-line vandalisation, and social unrest.Unfortunately, policy makers have approached the deep-rooted problems with only tactical and superficial methods. There has been no serious attempt to target employment based on the economic fundamentals; and, the interdependencies and the interconnectedness of the various sectors and the working of the economy.Using Johansen co-integration, and applying Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) regression to time series sectoral economic data of Gross Value Added (GVA), employment, interest rate, wage rate, and inflation rate, collected from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) this study constructed a framework that policy makers can use to target growth and employment simultaneously.

Evidence of adaptation, mitigation, and development co-benefits of solar mini-grids in rural Ghana

The deployment of renewable energy can potentially offer co-benefits for rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa. However, empirical studies identifying the linkages between adaptation, mitigation, and development co-benefits of renewable energy in the region are scarce in the academic literature. This article provides evidence of adaptation, mitigation, and development co-benefits of solar mini-grids to rural Ghanaian islands. Drawing on climate compatible development framework, the study applied surveys to identify solar mini-grids' benefits. The results show that solar minigrids have delivered co-benefits to the rural islanders. The co-benefits include mediated impacts of heatwaves through use of fans, reduced harmful gases from excessive burning of wood, and reduced social vices at night. We conclude that a full recognition of broad array of co-benefits of solar mini-grids can stimulate interests in their deployment and accelerate the transition to clean energy in the region. We thus argue for continuous research in the region to identify the full range of solar mini-grid co-benefits, which may provide a new landscape for addressing climate change and development concurrently in sub-Saharan Africa.

Khadijah Bnt Khuwaylid (R.A) An Entrepreneur in The Prophetic House: A Lesson to The Contemporary Muslim Women of Gombe State-Nigeria


 
 
 Entrepreneurship is the act of earning through engagement in business and investment, which can be achieved by everyone regardless of gender, religion, background, environment and social status. It is highly encouraged in Islam through various Qur'anic verses and Prophetic traditions. Similarly, Muslims are seriously cautions against idle-living that usually affect socio-economic growth and development of the people. This study recognized that most of the contemporary Muslim women of Gombe state continue to remain idle and could contribute less to the development of their society economically and socially. This triggers the research towards calling their attention to duplicate and put into practice the life of Khadijah Bnt Khuwaylid (R.A) the wife of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the wealthiest merchant and most exalted business woman of Arabian Peninsula in the 1st Century of Islam. This study was conducted using descriptive method to analyze the strategies adopted by this great woman to earn income, reduced unemployment in her community, supported the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islam economically. The research uncovers that the effect of idle living among Muslim Women in Gombe State usually cause crises in matrimonial setups, social vices and child upbringing. It further recommends that women should become economically self-reliant, also government, individuals and non-governmental organizations should establish entrepreneurship Centers as well as acquisition centers at all levels to train women on entrepreneurship and government should support them with business take-up packages, Husbands and parents should be supportive to their wives and children that decide to start-up business as the benefit will extend to the family members, community and country at large.
 
 

Family-Related Determinants and Implications of Low Female Enrolment in Electrical Trade in Adamawa State

This study determined the perceived family-related determinants and implications of low enrolment of female students in electrical trade in technical colleges of Adamawa State. Two research questions were answered and two null hypotheses formulated to guide the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study consisted of 13 Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work Trade (EIMWT) teachers and 129 parents of National Technical Certificate Two (NTCII) EIMWT students (either father or mother) in three Government Science Technical Colleges of Adamawa State. There was no sampling done as the entire population was used. A researcher developed 20-item questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Three lecturers from Electrical Technology Education Department of Modibbo Adama University Yola, validated the questionnaire. A reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was established to be 0.87 using Cronbach Alpha method. The research questions were answered using weighted mean while t-test of independent samples was used to test the hypotheses. The study revealed low contribution from the female gender to family income in households and increased level of dependency of the female gender on the males in Adamawa State as major perceived family-related implications. The study therefore recommended among others that Adamawa State Government in collaboration with corporate bodies should embark on an awareness campaign in order to enlighten parents and family members on the prospects of EIMWT especially to female gender. The study concludes that mechanisms should be put in place to improve female enrolment into EIMWT as a way of investing in the education of females in view of breaking cycles of poverty and social vices that the females might be lured into.

The Moderating Effect of Influence of Family and Friends on Awareness and Attitude towards the Acceptance of Islamic Microfinance in Kano State, Nigeria: Proposed framework


 
 
 Purpose-Islamic micro-finance remain a key driver towards spreading small loan to such classes of the poor in society as it is delivering loans to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It is also a means of curving of some social vices such as: herdsmen, cattle rustling, armed robbers and kidnappers among others. Despites all these role of Islamic micro finance to the economic growth and development, there are still inadequate awareness on Islamic microfinance which leads to insufficient investment and patronage by the people in Kano State. The objective of this research paper is to introduces the proposed framework of study and conceptualize the model in examination of the moderating Influence of family and friends on awareness, attitude towards the acceptance of Islamic microfinance in Kano State, Nigeria. The finding of this study can lead Investors and the general public to use this research frame to serve as guidance for invest in Islamic microfinance for maximum profits. Also, agencies such as stock exchange commission, the central bank of Nigeria and other financial institutions can utilize the outcome of the proposed study in making policies and strategies. Design/methodology/approach- Sample of 400 questionnaires would be selected and used from Islamic microfinance customers in Kano state, Nigeria. PLS-SEM would also be considered towards analysis of the formulated hypotheses. Meanwhile, the ongoing study is quantitative by methodology as it considered library, text books and journals among others.Findings- Based on the literature critically reviewed and the designed proposed study framework indicated that family and friends are expected to positively influence the relationship between awareness and attitude towards the acceptance of Islamic microfinance in Kano State, Nigeria.
 
 

Instructional Resources and Effective Pedagogy of Financial Accounting in Secondary Schools, Lagos, Nigeria

Students’ poor Financial Accounting performance in senior secondary schools is worrisome and induces youths to engage in several social vices. An attempt to curb the menace and improve students’ performance led this study to assess the instructional resources and effective pedagogy of Financial Accounting in secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. Adopting the descriptive survey research design, the population of the study comprised 2,492 senior secondary schools 1 and 2 students and 10 teachers of Financial Accounting under Education District IV in Lagos State, Nigeria. 300 students and all the 10 teachers eventually emerged as samples using Checkmarket Sample Size Calculator at 5% margin and 95% confidence level. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire that obtained Cronbach’s Alpha=0.90, and analysed using descriptive analysis and t-test at α=0.05 level of significance. The results showed that the teachers of Financial Accounting were not using activity-based pedagogical strategies. Most of the instructional materials necessary for the effective pedagogy of Financial Accounting were inadequate and malfunctioning. Therefore, Financial Accounting teachers are strongly encouraged to apply innovative and experiential learning strategies in teaching and learning. Furthermore, adequate infrastructure and modern equipment in the schools will create better learning opportunities for students.

An Empirical Analysis on COVID-19: Lockdown Impact on Nigerian Economy

Objective – Objective of this study is to analyze the lockdown effect on economic activities in Nigeria as the lockdown response measure to COVID-19 pandemic claim to pose a serious and potentially long term socio-economic threat to individuals, households, businesses as well as public sectors in Nigeria. Design/methodology – This study considered four regions in Nigeria (Northwest, North-Central, South-South and Southeast) and adopted a quantitative research approach which entails systematic evaluation of individuals’ behavior towards an unprecedented economic shock and their response to the manner in which the situation might unfolds by lifting the lockdown measure in Nigeria. This is achievable with a systematic random sample and a well-structured survey questionnaire. All these regions experienced the imposition of lockdown measure by their respective state authorities. Results – The results indicated that most socio-economic challenges including job loss, increase social vices, rise in poverty level, fall in economic activities, as well as fall in the level of GDP faced by individuals was not a resultant of the lockdown. Consequently, authority’s inefficiency was also challenged in spite of their efforts to mitigate and control the emerging economic consequences faced by households during the lockdown periods.Recommendation - The study recommends that lifting of lockdown would be the best action for the government to take for socio-economic resilience. The study also revealed that both public and individuals need to establish democratic preferences, and trust on health professionals or experts. Further to this, government should decide on effective measures needed to contain the continuous spread of the virus especially through development of research based and healthcare institutions.

Selecting optimal site for solar photovoltaic plant in Ikwerre L.G.A., Rivers State, Nigeria

Erratic power supply is a serious problem to most part of Rivers State, Nigeria in general and Ikwerre Local Government Area in particular. This situation does not only halt social and economic development of the area but has also given birth to other social vices such as arm robbery, kidnapping, and other criminal activities. Renewable energy is an alternative form of energy aim at alleviating the problems of erratic power supply. It is generally considered as the cleanest form of energy. Solar photovoltaic is a type of renewable energy which derived its energy from the sun. The construction of solar plant requires the selection of suitable location for the generation of optimal energy. The purpose of the study is to determine suitable locations in Ikwerre Local Government Area, Rivers State to site solar photovoltaic plant using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) in ESRI’s ArcGIS. The dataset used for the determination of the optimal sites include; solar radiation and slope map produced from digital terrain model (DTM), pipeline, road network, land use/ cover map, soil map, and settlement. The datasets were converted to raster and reclassed into six classes for the purpose of data integration. The datasets were weighted according to their relative importance in the weighted overlay tool. Solar radiation has the highest percentage influence 40, followed by proximity to pipeline and road network which are 15 each. The model produced four suitability classes ranging from poorly suitable to highly suitable class. Highly suitable class has an area of 10139.87ha with 548 polygons, representing 15.78% of the study area. Further analysis was carried out using highly suitable class and settlement layer, it was found that three (3) optimal sites were obtained as most suitable for sitting solar plant. The three polygons were located in the region with very high solar radiation, accessible to road and away from built-up areas. The above results suggest the usefulness of GIS in site selection, particularly in sitting solar photovoltaic plant. It is recommended that further study should include transmission line which was completely omitted in this analysis due to inability to get the shapefile from the ministry of power.

'Why Have You Forsaken Us?' a Brief Logical and Philosophical Analysis of the 'Problem of Evil.'

The problem of evil is perhaps the most challenging to ever been experienced in the school of thought. It lies amidst the deepest fathoms of the mystery of human life. The world has seen diseases, political war crimes, natural disasters, and the rise of social vices. Often we ask ourselves if we have an omnipotent God, who knows everything, what holds him from eradicating all forms of suffering. But before we ask ourselves that question we need to establish a strong foundation of the being of God. In such times, we ask God, 'Why have you forsaken us? What is evil and what is its purpose? Such are the questions that perhaps you may never find a satisfying and empirical-based answers, especially in theistic systems. From Christian Science, that denies existence of evil altogether, and then Manichaeism, where evil is equated to God with a perpetual and constant strife between light and darkness, the ‘problem of evil’ is intricate. St. Thomas Aquinas' doctrine of 'the five ways' as explained in his book Summa Theologica offers a comprehensive logical and psychological argument to the problem of evil, according to how we explain the concept of God.

Nollywood and the leaders of tomorrow: interrogating film content and character formation of the Nigerian child

The intellectual discourse on the influence of films in shaping a child’s ideological leaning is a topic that has generated interest in different parts of the world. The supposed proposition that inapt behaviours, nonchalant attitudes, moral decadence, and violence among children are outcome in most films produced in Nollywood Film Industry calls for serious examination. Hence, to examine the effects which film contents could have on educational development and character formation of a Nigerian child remains the aim of this study. Objectives include; to ascertain the potentials of films content in creating a standard for good leadership skills for the Nigerian child, and to advocate possible ways through which Nollywood movies can be produced to achieve all round development of the Nigerian child. The study through the adoption of observation, and content analysis approaches of qualitative research method, evaluated the influence of films on children. The study utilized George Gerbner’s Cultivation theory in examining the influence of film environments in child’s learning and leadership skill and found out that most Nollywood films have themes of Mischief, adult chauvinisms, hatred, demonic possessions, and violent politicking, among other social vices which pose serious threats to the child’s ideal leadership purview. The researcher therefore recommends, establishment of a film unit that should provide adequate censorship of children films. The unit should be empowered to sieve, dissect and scrutinize all children film contents in Nollywood Film Industry so as to make sure that the filmmakers produce films relevance to the academic and character formation needs of Nigerian children. Hence, children are the leaders of tomorrow.

Conventional implicatures of the 2019 Presidential Tribunal: implications for the Nigerian leadership, media and users

Conventional implicature deals with non-truth conditional content of the expression in any given situation. Nigerians went into the general election in the year 2019, which various positions were contested and so many conditions that took place. Political parties were at the helm of the affairs doing what they know how best to do, through manifestos, campaign, propaganda and so on. Later, there was outcome of the presidential tribunal, especially among the first and topmost two contenders in the election and actual implicature transpired in the judgement. The implication lies at what the majority sees as a rape of democracy and the court ruling. Language of affidavit became awash on the social media. So many non-truth conditions were generated on the media after the ruling. To ascertain this implicature, this study applied the qualitative research by using purposive sampling technique in gathering the data and its analysis. The study reveals the social vices in this situation against dwindling areas in our leadership and how it affects those using the language.
 Keywords: Conventional, Implicature, Language, Affidavit, leadership, Presidential, Social Media