Social Support Interactions Research Articles

Longitudinal change and association between four types of social support and mental health among low-income U.S. veterans.

This study sought to examine how perceived social support changes over time for U.S. veterans and how social support relates to their mental health longitudinally. Data from a nationally representative sample of 783 low-income U.S. veterans in 2021-2023 were analyzed to examine changes and correlates of four different types of social support (Emotional/Informational Support, Tangible Support, Affectionate Support and Positive Social Interaction) over 1 year. Weighted logistic mixed models were conducted. The majority of veterans reported no change in their level of perceived social support, but about 18%-26% reported either an increase or decrease (about evenly split about increase/decrease) in their perceived level of one of the four types of social support. High levels of the four types of social support were associated with being married and a lower likelihood of screening positive for depression. Other differential associations were found between sociodemographic characteristics and some types of social support. These findings confirm the value of assessing perceived social support among veterans with low socioeconomic status who may have mental health issues.

"Exploring Social Media Usage Trends Among Adolescents in a Public Senior Secondary School in Abuja, Nigeria"

This study investigates social media usage trends and prevalence among 260 adolescents in a public senior secondary school in Abuja, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study design was employed, with students aged 13 to 18 years. Data collected revealed that a significant majority of respondents, 63.1% possess a smartphone and indicated a high level of access to social media platforms. Their engagement with social media daily is primarily for social interaction, social comparison, entertainment, and academic support. Furthermore, the findings highlight patterns of usage that vary by gender, with female students displaying a higher, 60% tendency for interaction through visual content platforms, while male students favored gaming and sports-related content. The study also identifies potential concerns regarding the implications of excessive social media use, including mental health issues, cyberbullying, and academic distraction. These results underscore the need for targeted educational programs and parental guidance to promote safe and responsible social media engagement. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of adolescents' social media behaviors and offers recommendations for fostering a balanced approach to digital engagement in educational settings.

Impact of motherhood and social support on the wellbeing of UK female police officers and staff

Abstract Background Female officers and staff face gender-specific challenges, particularly, during pregnancy and motherhood. Our study explores whether and how motherhood affects mental health outcomes (e.g., probable depression and anxiety) and return to work following sickness absence (SA), considering mediating role of workplace social support. Methods Logistic regression analysed probable depression and anxiety using Airwave Health Monitoring Study (AHMS) data. Cox proportional hazards models assessed return to work after sickness absence, linking AHMS with sickness absence data from 26 police forces. Exposure variables were created by the interaction of motherhood status and social support, while covariates included sociodemographic, lifestyle, and work-related factors. Results Mothers with low social support from superiors had higher odds of probable depression (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.81-2.54) and anxiety (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.62-2.14) compared to non-mothers. Moderate and high social support reduced odds of depression (Moderate: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.85-1.11; High: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.57-0.73) and anxiety (Moderate: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.12-1.36; High: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.75-0.9) for mothers, but the impact varied when adjusted for covariates. Mothers with lower levels of social support were less likely to return to work after SA compared to non-mothers, as indicated by the survival analysis (Low social support: HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.95-1.13; High social support: HR = 1, 95% CI = 0.96-1.04). These trends persisted across social support sources-colleagues and combined support-emphasising the complex interplay between workplace social support, motherhood, mental health, and sickness absence in policing. Conclusions Our study emphasises boosting workplace social support for female police officers and staff, to aid them in navigating motherhood demands. This improvement can lead to better mental health, retention, job satisfaction, and organisational effectiveness, ultimately promoting community safety. Key messages • Highlighting the importance of workplace social support for female police officers and staff, informs policy makers and practitioners to prioritize social support initiatives within policing. • Lower social support was associated with a reduced likelihood of returning to work after sickness absence, particularly among mothers compared to non-mothers.

Social Support and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients: A Comparative Study with Healthy Controls

Background and Objectives: Hemodialysis patients face significant physical and psychological challenges, including diminished quality of life and reduced social support. This study aimed to assess the levels of social support and quality of life in hemodialysis patients and identify the sociodemographic and dialysis-related factors influencing these outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study included 115 hemodialysis patients and 107 healthy controls. Social support was measured using the Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS) and its abbreviated version (MSSS-5). Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Demographic variables (age, sex, education, marital status) and dialysis-related factors (session duration, Kt/V, vascular access type, and urea reduction ratio) were analyzed to determine their effects on social support and quality of life. Results: Hemodialysis patients reported significantly lower scores in the Physical Health and Psychological Health domains of the WHOQOL-BREF compared to healthy controls. Males on hemodialysis scored lower than the controls in the Physical Health, Psychological Health, and Environment domains of the WHOQOL-BREF and the Affectionate Support and Positive Social Interaction subscales of MSSS. Conversely, hemodialysis females reported higher scores for Tangible Support, Emotional/Informational Support, and Affectionate Support. Longer dialysis sessions negatively impacted the Social Relationships domain. Married hemodialysis patients had higher Emotional/Informational Support and Affectionate Support scores. Conclusions: Hemodialysis patients experience diminished physical and psychological quality of life, particularly males. Social support, especially emotional and informational support, is crucial for hemodialysis patients, with marital status playing a key role. Addressing these psychosocial factors may improve outcomes for hemodialysis patients.

Social support and (complex) posttraumatic stress symptom severity: does gender matter?

ABSTRACT Background: Perceived social support is an established predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after exposure to a traumatic event. Gender is an important factor that could differentiate responses to social support, yet this has been little explored. Symptoms of complex PTSD are also common following trauma but have been under-researched in this context. Large scale studies with culturally diverse samples are particularly lacking. Objectives: In a multi-country sample, we examined: (a) gender differences in perceived social support and both posttraumatic stress symptom severity (PTSS) and complex posttraumatic stress symptom severity (CPTSS); (b) associations between social support and PTSS/CPTSS; and (c) the potential moderating role of gender in the relationship between perceived social support and trauma-related distress. Method: A total of 2483 adults (Mage = 30yrs, 69.9% females) from 39 countries, who had been exposed to mixed trauma types, completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the International Trauma Questionnaire (which captures PTSS/CPTSS). Regression analyses examined associations between gender, perceived social support, and PTSS/CPTSS; and tested for gender by social support interactions in predicting PTSS/CPTSS scores. Models were adjusted for age and socioeconomic status. Results: In our cross-country sample, females had greater PTSS/CPTSS than males (B = .23 [95% CI 0.16, 0.30], p < .001; B = .20 [0.12, 0.27], p < .001; respectively), but there was no evidence of gender differences in perceived social support (B = .05 [−0.05, 0.16], p = .33). For both genders, low perceived social support was associated with higher PTSS/CPTSS (females: B = −.16 [−0.20, −0.12], p < .001; B = −.27 [−0.30, −0.24], p < .001; respectively; males: B = −.22 [−0.29, −0.15], p < .001; B = −.31 [−0.36, −0.26], p < .001; respectively), and for PTSS only we found weak evidence that this association was stronger for males vs. females (B = .07 [0.04, 0.14, p = .04). Conclusion: Individuals who feel more socially supported have lower trauma-related distress, and this association is similar in males and females. PTSD/CPTSD interventions may benefit from augmenting perceived social support, regardless of gender.

The Phubbing Phenomenon in Adolescents: Uncovering the Impact of Technology on Social Relationship Quality

Phubbing is a social behaviour where an individual prioritizes smartphone usage over engaging with those around them. This study seeks to explore the underlying causes, manifestations, and consequences of phubbing behaviour among adolescents and to understand how this behaviour affects the quality of their social relationships. Adopting a qualitative approach through case study methodology, this research focuses on three adolescents who are habitual practitioners of phubbing. The findings of this study reveal that smartphone dependence, fear of missing out (F.O.M.O.), and low self-control are the primary factors influencing this behaviour. The repercussions of phubbing include the weakening of social relationships and an increase in feelings of loneliness and discomfort during social interactions. This research provides valuable insights into how technological advancements impact adolescent social behaviour and underscores the crucial role of educators and parents in promoting healthier social interactions. By identifying the factors contributing to phubbing and its effects on social relationships, this study aids in developing strategies to help adolescents adapt to technology in a more balanced way while maintaining the quality of their interpersonal connections. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing phubbing and encourages more meaningful and supportive social interactions in the digital age. This expanded understanding of phubbing's impact highlights the importance of fostering better communication habits and supportive environments for adolescents navigating modern technology. Research shows that phubbing perpetrators have the defence that their behaviour is not the only one, that in this era, almost everyone does the same thing as they do, and their behaviour is inevitable. So, they tend to repeat the same cycle. Thus, phubbing behaviour is a cause-and-effect behaviour that is also influenced by an individual's internal and external factors.

Cross-lagged analysis of cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression among high school students

Cyberbullying is a common social problem that has a profound impact on the psychological and emotional state of victims, especially with complex associations between school connection and depression. Research has shown that victims of cyberbullying often feel isolated and lack a sense of belonging in the school environment, which weakens their emotional connection with the school community, namely school connection. Due to the decrease in school connection, victims may be more likely to experience depressive emotions, as schools are a key place for them to receive social support and positive interaction. Meanwhile, the exacerbation of depression may form a vicious cycle, making it more difficult for victims to escape the negative effects of cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary for us to explore the relationship and mechanisms between cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression. The aim of this study is to adopt a tracking research design and use cross lag analysis to explore the longitudinal relationship between high school students' cyberbullying victimization, school connections, and depression, to further understand the causal relationship among the three factors. And test the lagged effect of cyberbullying victimization on depression, compare data from different time points to determine whether cyberbullying victimization will lead to the onset or exacerbation of depressive symptoms after a period of time. In addition, it can also explore the mediating role of school connections between cyberbullying victimization and depression. The study sample comprised 622 high school students, who participated in a longitudinal assessment (two time points, six months apart). They completed the Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Scale, School Contact Scale, and Depression Scale. The results revealed that at T1, cyberbullying victimization negatively predicts school connectivity among high school students. T1 cyberbullying victimization positively predicts T1 depression, and T1 depression, in turn, significantly predicts T2 cyberbullying victimization. There is a reciprocal predictive relationship between school connection and depression. School connection at both T1 and T2 mediates the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression. Based on these results, it is indicated that prevention and intervention efforts for depression need to address the phenomenon of cyberbullying victimization and enhance students' school connection.

Enhancing Numeracy Skills in Elementary Students through the Traditional Congklak Game: A Study in Kudus

The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of the conventional congklak game in enhancing numeracy abilities among primary school pupils in Kudus. The capacity to enumerate is a fundamental skill in the field of mathematics education, which is sometimes regarded as tedious by young learners. This study employed an experimental research approach and included a sample of 100 students representing diverse social and economic backgrounds. The employed methodologies encompass literature review, documentation, direct observation, and pre-test and post-test assessments to evaluate students' numeracy abilities. In addition, questionnaires and interviews were used to analyse several dimensions like learning motivation, social interaction, and family environmental support. The findings indicated that pupils who were taught utilizing the congklak game shown a notable enhancement in their numeracy abilities in comparison to students who employed traditional approaches, with an average rate of improvement of 28%. Furthermore, the congklak game has been empirically shown to enhance both learning motivation and social interaction among students. The findings of this study validate the need of including conventional games within the primary education curriculum in order to establish a learning environment that is both entertaining and efficient. Therefore, this study provides a substantial contribution to the advancement of novel and efficient learning methodologies. The findings from this study can serve as a valuable resource for policy makers and educators in developing a curriculum that is both engaging and effective in enhancing students' fundamental skills.

Single or Multiplayer Mode? Examining the Effects of Exergames in Improving Physical Health and Well-Being Among Older Adults.

Objective: This study assesses the impact of single-player and multiplayer exergaming modes on improving exercise intentions, reduction of fear of falling, and emotional well-being among older adults, primarily from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds-a group often underrepresented in exergame research. Method: We engaged 48 participants, primarily from low-SES communities in Singapore for a 4-week community-based exergaming intervention. Participants were divided into four groups as follows: (1) conventional exercise alone, (2) exergames alone, (3) exergames with a health coach, and (4) exergames with a peer. Using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, we analyzed the effects of these interventions. Results: The findings revealed that all exergaming modes positively influenced exercise intentions, fear of falling, and emotional well-being to varying extents. Notably, exergaming with a health coach significantly improved participants' exercise intentions and emotional well-being, underscoring the value of expert guidance in motivating and supporting older adults in adopting healthier lifestyles. Exergaming with a peer was most effective in reducing fear of falling, highlighting the importance of social support and peer interaction in addressing physical health concerns among this population. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the potential of tailored exergame interventions incorporating various social interactions to improve health outcomes for older adults, contributing to more inclusive health promotion strategies.

Dynamic analysis of the relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity and psychosocial support.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease that significantly affects both the physical and mental health of patients. Psychosocial support systems play a crucial role in managing chronic diseases, yet their specific impact on the disease activity of SLE patients remains unclear. This study aims to explore the dynamic relationship between disease activity in SLE patients and various types of psychosocial support systems. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal observational study, including 150 SLE patients who received treatment at our hospital from January 2022 to January 2023. Emotional support, tangible support, social interaction support, and informational support were assessed using the revised Social Support Rating Scale. Disease activity was quantified using the European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement. The relationship between psychosocial support and disease activity was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression models, with Bootstrap resampling employed to test the robustness of the results. We found a significant negative correlation between psychosocial support and SLE disease activity, with emotional support, social interaction support, and informational support showing stronger negative correlations. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the inhibitory effects of emotional support, social interaction support, and informational support on disease activity increased over time. Although the impact of tangible support was not statistically significant, it gradually became more apparent over time. Our findings indicate a significant negative correlation between psychosocial support and SLE disease activity, particularly with emotional support, social interaction support, and informational support. Over time, the impact of tangible support also becomes evident. These findings provide important references for the comprehensive treatment and management of SLE patients. However, due to the observational nature of the study, the causality of this relationship requires further exploration.

Identity Reconstruction in Survivors of Complex Trauma

Survivors of complex trauma often face significant challenges in reconstructing their sense of identity, which is frequently fragmented and disrupted by their traumatic experiences. This qualitative research investigates the intricate process of identity reconstruction among trauma survivors, focusing on their perceptions, key contributing factors, and the influence of support systems. Using a phenomenological approach, the study delves into the lived experiences of 12 diverse participants through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step process, facilitated by NVivo 12 software, to uncover the essence of their identity journeys. The findings reveal that survivors often perceive their identities as profoundly altered and disconnected from their pre-trauma selves, highlighting the enduring impact of trauma. Key factors aiding identity reconstruction include personal resilience, effective therapeutic interventions, and supportive social interactions. The critical role of support systems, such as family, therapy, and community, is underscored, either facilitating or hindering the reconstruction process. The research culminates in the development of the "Identity Reconstruction and Support Systems Framework" (IRSSF), a novel model that integrates essential elements of identity reconstruction with the pivotal influence of various support systems, offering comprehensive insights into the recovery pathways for complex trauma survivors. The findings of this research provide significant insights into the complex journey of identity reconstruction among trauma survivors, directly addressing the research objectives.

Pengaruh Interaksi Sosial dan Social Support terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai Moderasi

The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of social interaction and social support on employee performance with job satisfaction as moderation. The analysis used in this research is a quantitative approach. The population of this study was employees from several companies totaling 65 people. The data collection techniques used in this research were questionnaires, interviews and literature studies, and the analysis method used Smart PLS software. The findings in this research are that social interaction and social support influence employee performance. Job satisfaction as a moderating variable is able to moderate social interaction and social support on employee performance.

유아교사의 직장 내 사회적지지가 교사-유아 상호작용에 미치는 영향에서 놀이교수효능감의 매개효과

Objectives This study examined the mediating effect of play teaching efficacy in the relationship between early childhood teachers’ social support within the workplace and teacher-child interactions. Methods The data were collected from 123 teachers in preschooler classes at daycare centers and 119 homeroom teachers in kindergartens in the Seoul metropolitan area to find out social support in the workplace, play teaching efficacy, and teacher-infant interaction. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Results Firstly, there were significant positive correlations among early childhood teachers’ social support within the workplace, play teaching efficacy, and teacher-child interactions. Secondly, play teaching efficacy partially mediated the relationship between early childhood teachers’ social support and teacher-child interactions. Conclusions These results demand that the efforts of the educational settings to enhance positive support for the teachers’ social support. Moreover, the results stressed the need to develop education programs for teachers to encourage play teaching efficacy in order to enhance teacher-child interactions.

A powerful safety net: Social support moderates the association of quality of life deficits with suicidal ideation in long-term childhood cancer survivors

Objectives Cancer survivors are at risk for suicidality. We aimed to expand the knowledge about protective factors and their interplay with risk factors by testing social support as a modifier of the association of Quality of Life (QoL) deficits with suicidal ideation. Research approach We surveyed N = 633 childhood cancer survivors (CCS) using validated questionnaires (EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire QLQ-C30, Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ-9). The interaction of QoL and social support was investigated using multiple linear regression analysis. Findings CCS reporting suicide attempts and current suicidal ideation (SI) had lower QoL. CCS with SI reported less social support. QoL and social support were independently associated with SI and interacted: among CCS with less social support, low QoL was more strongly associated with SI. Conclusion The results highlight the need for interdisciplinary survivorship care, and to focus on risk and protective factors to strengthen suicide prevention.

Assessing social connection for long-term care home residents: A scoping review of measure content.

Social connection comprises distinct but interrelated aspects describing how individuals connect to each other. Various measures have assessed multiple aspects of social connection in long-term care (LTC) home populations, but they use inconsistent terminology, making it unclear what aspects are measured. This scoping review describes how social connection is assessed by measures that have been used in LTC home residents. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Two systematic literature searches combining search terms for social connection AND LTC home residents AND measurement properties were conducted in eight electronic databases from inception to April 2022. Included studies reported the development or psychometric testing of measures which assessed social connection in LTC home residents. A content analysis with a deductive-inductive approach was used to analyze the measures' content and an adapted Framework Method was used for data management. Findings report each measure's items and the assessed aspects of social connection. Dementia and non-dementia-specific measures had content, administration, and scoring compared. From 8753 records, 58 studies reporting on 14 dementia-specific and 28 non-dementia-specific social connection measures were identified, including complete measures, subscales, and single items. These measures assessed social network (52.4%), social isolation (11.9%), social interaction (47.6%), social engagement (31.0%), social support (33.3%), social connectedness (21.4%), and loneliness (9.5%). A total of 27 (64.3%) of the measures included more than one aspect of social connection. Dementia-specific measures most often assessed social interaction whereas non-dementia-specific measures most often assessed social network, social interaction, and social support. Dementia-specific measures typically relied on a proxy response, whereas non-dementia-specific measures more often used self-report. Existing social connection measures in LTC home settings operationalize seven aspects of social connection and differ according to the target population (dementia or non-dementia-specific). These findings will inform future measure selection and development. Social connection is important to long-term care (LTC) home residents' quality of life.Social connection has been assessed by quantifying/describing relationships.Existing measures usually assess more than one aspect of social connection.These aspects cover several interlinked observed or experienced domains.Dementia and non-dementia-specific measures differ in assessing social connection.

Parent stress and social support in a randomized controlled trial of individual versus group parent training for children with HKD/ADHD

AbstractObjectivesAssess (a) the relative benefit of individual versus group parent training compared to treatment as usual (TAU) with an emphasis on parent outcomes. Investigate (b) if group parent training increases social support more than other modes of treatment and explore (c) how social support interacts with different modes of treatment.MethodCompared individual with group parent training and treatment as usual (TAU) in a randomized controlled trial for N = 237 children with Hyperkinetic Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (HKD/ADHD). Employed two formats of the same cognitive‐behavioural parent training in the same settings to maximize comparability. Controlled for medication status and assessed changes from pre‐ to post‐treatment and 6‐month follow‐up.ResultsParents reported more positive changes in the parent training groups than in TAU in relation to child behaviour problems and moodiness as well as more positive changes in parent stress and sense of competence. However, gains on parent stress were limited after group training as were gains on satisfaction. Social support improved similarly in all treatment groups. While results indicated clear main effects of social support on all child and parent measures, interactions of social support and treatment outcomes were found for child moodiness and parent stress.ConclusionsCognitive‐behavioural parent training is beneficial beyond TAU, especially when it can be provided individually. Surprisingly, group training did not reduce parent stress more than TAU or individual training. Social support related to all measures and interacted with treatment on some outcomes. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice.

MAIN MEANS OF CREATING AND DEVELOPING INCLUSIVE ROUTES

The article considers the problem of creating and developing inclusive routes. It analyses current trends in this field, including the impact of technology and sociocultural changes, classifies the requirements for the design of inclusive routes, and defines the main groups of elements and means of arranging inclusive routes. The study of barrier-free environments is an essential component of the work of many academics and researchers in inclusion and accessibility. Developing a barrier-free environment is a necessary need of modern times and a powerful catalyst for the progress of any country. Barrier-free access opens up new opportunities for the active participation of many people in public life who couldn’t fully use their potential before, which is especially true for less mobile population groups and persons with disabilities, particularly. The authors have studied and classified the requirements for the arrangement of inclusive routes, addressing the needs of population groups with reduced mobility, and determined the main criteria and priorities: accessibility, informativeness, safety, and convenience. The defined advantages of inclusive routes are: inclusion and integration – inclusive routes contribute to a more inclusive society where all people have the opportunity to move freely and participate in different aspects of life; improving the quality of life – access to inclusive routes facilitates the daily movements of people with disabilities and improves their quality of life; economic advantages – the creation of inclusive routes contributes to the development of local economies and increases the attractiveness of the region for tourists and investors; social interaction – inclusive routes unite different population groups and support social interaction and mutual understanding. Considering and analysing the main groups of elements and means of developing inclusive routes will allow for determining the main calculation parameters in further studies of inclusive routes. Keywords: inclusiveness, route, accessibility, safety, comfortable movement, barrier-free.

Social Competence and Mental Health Among Students with Disabilities in Ethiopian Universities: The Mediating Role of Social Support

ABSTRACT This study was designed to examine the mediating role of social support in relationships from social competence to psychological distress and wellbeing. A cross-sectional survey design was employed. A sample of 276 university students with disabilities was participated in the study from three selected public higher education institutions in Ethiopia. The data were collected through questionnaire. Data were analyzed using IBM® SPSS 23.0® and IBM® Amos 23.0®. Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine the mediating role of social support in the association from social competence to psychological distress and psychological wellbeing. The model provided a good fit to the sample data. The results of the study indicated that social support fully mediated the relationships from social competence to psychological distress and wellbeing among university students with disabilities in Ethiopia. Developing intervention strategies that can enhance and maintain effective social interaction and social support among students with disabilities is a promising and important step for promoting psychological wellbeing of students with disabilities.

Analyzing Lived Experiences of Athlete and Coach Relationships in Sports

Objectives. The two main stressors affecting athletes’ wellbeing are relationships between coaches and athletes and social support. This study aims to investigate the connections between athletes’ psychological health, social support, and coach-athlete interactions. Relationships between coaches and athletes have a favorable impact on future coaching techniques and support systems, which in turn improves athlete wellbeing. Materials and methods. This study employed a quantitative approach using survey methods. The study involved 323 respondents consisting of 231 males (71.52%) and 92 females (28.48%). The instrument used in this study was the Instructor–Student Rapport Scale, comprising 2 dimensions (pleasant interactions and personal relationships). The study results were analyzed using the t-test to determine the significance of differences in athletes’ life experiences based on their relationship with the coach. The findings of the study explain that the experiences of athletes’ gender have differences regarding the relationship with the coach. Results. This result has also been proven by the results of the t test calculation of &lt;0.001. Meanwhile, the results of t test calculations related to the type of sport (individual and group) obtained results &gt; 0.001, which states that there is no difference in life experience between athletes and coaches. Conclusions. These findings lead to the conclusion that the most crucial factor in facilitating and enabling meaningful life experiences between coaches and athletes is the coach’s proximity to the athletes.

Voices of Strength: Narrative of Resilience from Parents Having Trisomy 21 Child

This narrative inquiry dives into the resilience and strength of parents raising children with Trisomy 21. The metaphoric framework of building a house illustrates the progressive and complex experiences of parents with Trisomy 21 child. This study is based on eight purposively selected participants, initially grappling with shock and denial is akin to laying a foundation, followed by understanding genetic and societal implications as the house structure rises. Coping strategies and adapting to care needs represent building walls and installing a roof. Within this metaphorical house, evolving acceptance and support networks shape family dynamics and social interactions. The narrative not only captures personal growth and deeper family bonds but also reflects broader societal shifts toward inclusion. This metaphor for home building not only builds up a narrative inquiry but also highlights the progressive development of resilience and deeper family bonds, which is illustrated by significant personal growth and societal shifts towards inclusion.