Social Standards Research Articles

To Study "The Impact of Social Media on Body Image Dissatisfaction and Cyberbullying among Young Adults"

The aim of this study is to uncover the whole interconnectedness of the social media use and the construction of ideal body-image standards by the young adults within the age-range from 18 to 24. Social media platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat give their users access to beauty standards that are tailor- made, ending up being surreal beauty ideals. The processes of social comparison via and among peers through social media platforms create a digital eco-system that rewards conformity to these standards of beauty. The study looks into the underlying processes that lead to body image perception being channeled through social media and, ultimately, to body dissatisfaction in this group of people. The study explores the frequency of cyberbullying, psychological implications, and effects on a general well-being to yield clues into the complicated relationship between social media and body positive standards. Comprehending this dynamic is the core to building up interventions and strategies to improve thoughts of body image and to lessen the adverse effects of social media on young people.

New media facilitate adolescents’ body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in Mainland China

New media play a significant role in adolescents’ body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in Mainland China, through shaping social standards, peers, and family dynamics. How to mitigate their adverse effects on adolescents, reduce body dissatisfaction, and prevent eating disorders is a significant social issue that demands serious consideration.

The Role that Movies Play in Shaping Both Individual Daily Routines and Societal Norms

In today’s world, films are everywhere. They are not just a source of amusement, but they also have the power to alter people’s daily routines and social standards significantly. This study explores the complex relationship between films and human behaviour, explaining how cultural transmission, narrative framing, and cinematic representations influence both the microandmacro aspects of human existence.Through the lens of representation, films have significant influence over people’s perceptions and actions. The way different identities such as those related to race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status are portrayed affects how people view themselves and other people. Movies are a major factor in the formation of societal attitudes and norms, whether they are challenging or reinforcing stereotypes. Movies have the power to change how society views acceptable behaviour, social roles, and beauty standards by supporting or challenging particular images.

Features of regulatory support for social security of a modern state

The article aims to elucidate the features of regulatory support for the social security of a modern state, examining these through the criteria for appropriate regulatory support for the social security of modern Ukraine. The author identifies that effective legal and regulatory support for the social security of a modern state relies on a set of standards. The legal regulation of the social security of the state should primarily be conducted by entities vested with the requisite rule-making powers, and these powers must be exercised in accordance with the procedures stipulated by law. Rulemaking activities and the legal framework for the social security of the state must align with the principles of law, ensuring legal certainty in the provisions of regulatory legal acts pertaining to social security. Regulatory and legal support for the social security of the state, as an integral component of the legal framework, should adhere to the provisions outlined in the Constitution of Ukraine, current social standards, and consider the international legal obligations of the state, which also emanate from the European integration objectives of Ukraine. The regulatory support for the social security of a modern state must incorporate norms with direct applicability and establish an institutional foundation for the effective implementation of legislation on social security. The regulatory framework for the social security of the state must be coordinated, consistent, flexible, and adaptive, while also being subject to an assessment of its impact on the field of social security. Moreover, in the context of democratizing the socio-legal regime for ensuring the social security of modern Ukraine, the process of legal regulation of social security involves the active participation of interested entities, including civil society actors. The conclusion of the article succinctly summarizes the results of the study.

The state in the mechanism of law-formation as a subject of theoretical and legal knowledge

In the content of the article, the author revealed the relevance of scientific knowledge of state issues in the system of subjects of modern law-formation. It is noted that the state in the modern conditions of the development of society acquires a new multifaceted meaning, since its role is significantly changing, namely the state faces new challenges associated with the resolution of hybrid wars, a significant increase in the number of armed conflicts on the political map of the world, a significant increase level of their aggressiveness, pandemic threats. It is emphasized that today the issue of both the scientific rethinking of the state's regulatory and protective capabilities, and the expansion of scientific ideas about the practical limits of the state's influence in improving regulation and protection of the rights, freedoms, and interests of legal subjects is becoming particularly relevant. The most significant character today is the state's influence on law-formation, ensuring a balance of interests in the formation of law, its formalization, interpretation and further socialization. However, the role of the state in the law-formation mechanism is currently in a state of significant transformation, which is accompanied by the strengthening of the state's influence on law-formation, in particular in terms of ensuring the effective implementation of state policy, especially in the areas of national security and defense, European integration, ensuring social standards, etc.
 The author substantiates that the scientific understanding of the state as a subject of law­formation has an ambiguous character. This is due to the discussion in the understanding of the phenomenon itself - law-formation, its properties, which are laid by scientists as the basis for understanding the mentioned concept, including such a property as subjectivity. From a cognitive point of view, the state in the mechanism of law-formation: firstly, it is characterized by the multifaceted nature of its manifestation and functioning, providing influence and determining the content of law-formation; secondly, it is a polystructural phenomenon, exerting an influence on law-formation through the system of state­authority subjects, ensuring legal regulation of social relations of an international, national, state-wide and regional nature; thirdly, it is an instrumental means that ensures not only the formalization of the law, but also its use, execution, compliance and application; fourthly, it is a functional phenomenon, providing a comprehensive impact on both the formation of the legal framework and legal regulation as a whole; fifth, it is a political phenomenon that ensures the implementation of its own law-formation policy and helps to balance the law-formation interests of other law-formation subjects.

The Application of Environmental, Social and Governance Standards in Operational Risk Management in SSC in Poland

Organizations are facing increasing pressure to be transparent about their performance and to accept responsibility for their impacts on both society and the environment. The role of ESG is essential from a reporting standpoint. New regulations are forcing organizations to focus more on cascading ESG risk management in order to ensure that the various ESG objectives are analyzed and monitored at the group and subsidiary levels. This article employed the results of an empirical study conducted on risk management concerning shared service centers in Poland. In addition, a case study was conducted based on their internal reports and financial statements. At this stage, SSCs are focusing solely on financial risks and are ignoring the broader perspective. Thus, the promotion of ESG practices in organizations currently represents the most critical factor. ESG-related activities should be cascaded to company subsidiaries, especially those that employ internally separated processes, operate globally and are responsible for end-to-end processes. Based on an analysis of financial statements, few entities currently even consider operational risks, including ESG-related risks. Companies should re-examine their internal governance approach so as to ensure the effective cascading of ESG objectives to the lower levels of the organizational structure.

Environmental, Social and Governance Standards as A Pillar of Sustainable Financial Development-The Case of The Greek Food Industry

Businesses have recently started exploring various approaches to incorporate). Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) activities into their decision-making processes. Our study makes use of ESG's environmental component to study the impact of environmental criteria on the annual turnover of the Greek food sector. According to the results, the food industries that have over 500 million annual turnover, invest in ESG and emphasize in environmental criteria. Investing in environmental policies and strategies increases financial sustainability. Companies become more profitable and efficient in this context.

CAN SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING MAKE A DIFFERENCE?: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ON SUSTAINABILITY REPORTS OF BIST LISTED AGRI-FOOD COMPANIES IN TURKEY

Agri-business is a huge industry including all operations from farm level production to storage, manufacture and distribution of agricultural commodities. This fact together with worsening social and environmental conditions and pandemic crises have added to change in perception of agriculture in economic construction. The following decades will most probably witness a resurgence of agriculture-based development recipes having been informed by social, environmental and governance dimensions of sustainability. This article searches for the sustainability reports of agriculture-related firms listed in BIST in Turkey. Sampling includes 11 out of 64 listed agri-business firms having recent sustainability reports, which are examined by qualitative data analysis techniques with MAXQDA software. The first argument our findings support is that agri-food sector is lagging behind to catch up sustainability reporting compared to other sectors. Second, companies are more ready to comply with issues that are legally regulated. Third, environmental problems are more addressed than social and economic sustainability standards. This study also shows the relative unimportance of topics such as child labor, pesticides use, supply chain traceability, women entrepreneurship and geographical indication, which can have positive impacts for Turkish agricultural space if a backward push of big companies through integrating these topics more into their sustainability reporting process. This article contributes to the literature on sustainability in general and reporting in agri-food sector in particular.

Selection of social comparison standards in cardiac patients with and without experienced defibrillator shock

Patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) often report psychological distress. Literature suggests that patients with physical disease often compare their well-being and coping to fellow patients. However, we lack knowledge on social comparison among patients with ICD. In this study, we examined psychological distress and social comparison selection in patients with (ICD+) and without experienced ICD shocks (ICD−). We theorized that relative to ICD− patients, those with ICD+ display higher levels of psychological distress and thereby compare more frequently with fellow patients with more severe disease, but better disease coping and try to identify more strongly with these standards to improve their own coping. We recruited 92 patients with (ICD+, n = 38) and without an experienced ICD shock (ICD−, n = 54), who selected one of four comparison standards varying in disease severity and coping capacity. Relative to ICD−, ICD+ patients reported higher levels of device-related distress, but there were no significant differences in anxiety, depression, or quality of life. ICD+ patients selected more often comparison standards with poor coping and, irrespective of standard choice, displayed more negative mood following comparison. Our results show that ICD+ patients tend to perform unfavorable comparisons to fellow patients, which might explain higher psychological distress and worse coping. These findings warrant further research into social comparison as a relevant coping mechanism in ICD patients.

Digitalization transformation and enterprise green innovation: empirical evidence from Chinese listed companies

Green innovation is an essential strategy for businesses to gain a competitive edge and attain long-term sustainable growth. It does, however, often run into money problems. The rapid advancement of digital technology provides organizations with potent tools to get external resources through digital transformation, surmount resource obstacles, and promote environmentally-friendly innovation. The impact mechanism, however, necessitates additional elucidation. This article analyzes the data of Chinese A-share listed firms from 2012 to 2022, using resource dependence theory and stakeholder theory. This study examines how digital transformation affects the ability of organizations to innovate in environmentally friendly ways by focusing on the acquisition of external resources. Research has shown that digital transformation may significantly improve the quantity and quality of green innovation in businesses. Moreover, the findings of the intermediate impact study indicate that digital transformation has the potential to enhance the green innovation capacity of businesses by improving their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards. Concurrently, we noticed that the level of openness in disclosing environmental information by corporations and the quality of partnerships between the government and enterprises play a positive role in influencing the effects of digital transformation on the ability to innovate in environmentally friendly ways. Based on the findings of our research, we provide fresh perspectives and policy suggestions to assist business managers and governments in fostering environmentally-friendly innovation in enterprises.

Interface as a Mirror: Reflexivity of the Individual and the Collective

In the era of global digitalization, interfaces have become an essential part of social and cultural life, defining the interaction between the individual and the collective. The subject of this article is to analyze the relationship between interface design and socio-ethical aspects of society. The research focuses on how interfaces reflect and shape social norms and ethical values, influencing the processes of self-identification and social integration in the context of global digitalization. Special attention is given to the mechanisms through which interfaces contribute to the formation of personal and collective identity, as well as how they participate in cultivating cultural identities and ensuring accessibility and inclusivity in the digital space. The main goal of the research is to analyze the role of interfaces in the process of forming personal and collective identity, and their impact on the socio-ethical aspects of public life. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, combining elements of social philosophy, cultural studies, and design analysis. Qualitative methods, including theoretical literature analysis and case studies, are used to investigate the influence of interfaces on social processes. The study highlights that interfaces facilitate social integration and cultural exchange, influencing socio-cultural identities and norms. Interface design, with its accessibility and inclusiveness, is crucial for social justice and ethical standards in the digital realm. It underscores the importance of ethical considerations in interface development, which significantly affects technology-society interaction and impacts social and cultural dynamics. The research advocates exploring interfaces' social and ethical implications in the digital era, suggesting new academic and practical research directions.

Sustainable Development of Mining Regions in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

The Arctic’s specific conditions require increased attention to natural and human capital. Therefore, implementing the principles of the sustainable development concept, balancing economic, social, and environmental goals is of paramount importance. Mining is at the heart of the strategy for the socio-economic development of Russia’s Arctic territories. This study’s objective is topical: to justify measures lifting the restrictions on sustainable development of AZRF (the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation) mining regions. The authors propose a method to identify AZRF regions where mining determines the socio-economic development level (Komi Republic, Nenets Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Yakutia, and Chukotka Autonomous District). The multi-factor regression analysis conducted confirms the hypothesis that living standards and achievement of social standards in the AZRF mining regions depend on the income and fiscal capacity levels, which makes the state more responsible for the region’s development. The authors prove the expediency of reconsidering the proportions of rental income redistributed between the budgets of the AZRF mining regions and the federal budget in favor of the former, until migration and natural population growth become positive and reach the target indicators of strategies of socio-economic development. The study’s results can be used to justify the state policy while elaborating strategies for AZRF development.

Optimization of the structure of the manufacturing industry of Ukraine according to the criteria of increasing the technology level of manufacturing operations and reducing their import dependence

Abstract The post-war reconstruction of Ukraine's economy should be based on new development priorities. First of all, we are talking about the structural transformation of the manufacturing industry, as a key segment of the economy, in the direction of increasing the weight of manufacturing operations with higher added value, socio-economic efficiency, the functioning of which will ensure the restoration of intersectoral relations, the reduction of import dependence, the improvement of the technical defence capability of the country and the social standards of life of the population. The purpose of the article is to optimize the structure of output and the structure of gross added value (GVA) of the manufacturing industry of Ukraine and the structure of intermediate consumption (in terms of domestic and imported components) of manufacturing operations. On the basis of the study of the relationships between the indicators of the economic efficiency of the Ukrainian manufacturing industry and the technological structure of its production (across 16 manufacturing operations), it was established that during the years 2013-2021, under the influence of non-economic factors, there was a significant decrease in the share of medium-high-tech industries (primarily chemical and machine-building) in the output of industry with a simultaneous decrease in the share of GVA in the output of these industries. On the basis of the obtained analytical information, using the author's methodical tools and the experience of previous studies, the optimization of the structure of output and GVA of the Ukrainian manufacturing industry was carried out according to the criterion of increasing the technology level. The objective function of such optimization was chosen to increase the efficiency of the manufacturing industry of Ukraine (expressed as an indicator of the share of GVA in output) to the level of Poland. According to the results of a detailed correlation analysis of the relationships between the values of indicators of import dependence and the economic efficiency of Ukrainian manufacturing operations, a number of negative features of the functioning of the latter were revealed, in particular: the deepening of import dependence of basic and strategic segments of industry, the increase in the volume of production of products based on give-and-take raw materials, etc. Based on the criterion of reducing import dependence of all manufacturing operations, but above all medium-high-tech ones, such a structure of intermediate consumption (in terms of imported and domestic components of costs) of manufacturing is modelled, under which the indicator of the share of GVA in the output of the manufacturing industry of Ukraine will correspond to the level of Poland. The modelling results form a scientific basis for strategic planning and forecasting the development of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. Prospective author's research in this direction will be aimed at the development of models for optimizing the structure of Ukrainian industry according to the criteria of increasing the innovativeness of industrial products and ensuring the socio-economic development of the country in the period of post-war recovery. Keywords industry, production, technology level, output, gross added value, efficiency, import dependence, intermediate consumption, optimization

Included, but how? A critical investigation into elementary social studies standards about religion

ABSTRACT Teaching about religion in public schools is a complicated and nuanced topic. Though religious illiteracy has been named as a widespread concern throughout the United States, little research has been conducted that critically analyzes what teachers are asked to cover. Preservice teachers often confess they do not understand what they are and are not allowed to say about religion, and many teachers choose to ignore teaching about religion at all. In this study, I conducted a critical content analysis of elementary standards about religion included in the state social studies standards documents for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Then, using critical religious pluralism theory, I investigated the standards based on the inclusion of religious groups in curriculum content, as well as the extent to which this inclusion demonstrates challenges related to inclusion in curricula. Finally, I critically interrogated the ideology of the standards and made suggestions for how teachers and teacher educators can advocate for the inclusion of religion in elementary social studies.

Impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on food safety attitude, knowledge, and behavior

The potential impact of the virus on food safety during the COVID-19 outbreak has posed a critical challenge to governments, the food industry, and consumers worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of adult people regarding food safety during the COVID-19 outbreak. It is a cross-sectional study which is based on internet survey data of 1049 residents from seven regions of Turkey. The survey includes questions about the level of knowledge and attitude toward food safety during the COVID-19 outbreak. It has been observed that over 90% of the participants have correct knowledge about what to do in food shopping during the COVID-19 process. 56.6% of the participants stated that COVID-19 can be transmitted through food or food packaging, 81.0% stated that food packages should be disinfected in order to be protected from COVID-19 and 37.7% stated that COVID-19 is more resistant than other bacteria or viruses. While the presence of gender (p = 0.748) and chronic disease (p = 0.181) does not affect the number of correct answers to questions about food safety during the COVID-19 process, education (p < 0.001) and age group (p < 0.001) do. Those who are in the COVID-19 risk group and those living with the individual(s) in the COVID-19 risk group (respectively; p = 0.036, p = 0.033). Turkish consumers had a high level of knowledge about food safety, positive attitudes, frequent hand hygiene, cleaning and sanitizing activities, and adherence to social seclusion standards when shopping or dining out.

Comparative Perspectives on the Protection of Food Geographical Indications in Asian Countries

AbstractThe significance of food is beyond its gastronomic value. Food symbolises a community's enriched past and holds cultural expressions and traditional knowledge. The linkage of food with religious beliefs, geo-climatic factors, social standards, and various health benefits builds the reputation of the food, which is essentially attributable to its geographic origin. Following the ratification of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the contracting states that have enacted Geographical Indications (GI) legislation (particularly those in Asia) have come forward to protect foodstuffs as GI in order to safeguard their communities and their traditional knowledge associated with foodstuffs. Against this background, the present article attempts to compare foodstuff GIs in eight selected Asian countries with a sui generis system of GI protection as TRIPS compliance. The comparative analysis of the evolution and scope of foodstuff protection, pre-registration and post-registration impact, and quality maintenance provides important insights into convergence and divergence among the selected Asian countries. The study further identifies policy implications for the sustenance of GI.

Bosch’s Brush: Imagination and Reality in 15th-Century Dutch

This study examines the sociocultural and psychological aspects present in Hieronymus Bosch's renowned artworks, "The Gardens of Earthly Delights" and "The Last Judgment," utilising historiography, iconography, and an analytical checklist. The findings revealed that intricate stories question established social standards and add to a deep sociocultural conversation, uncovering a diverse range of societal stories that enrich the comprehension of the complex and numerous elements of quality of life in the 15th-century Netherlands. The visionary art of Bosch has a significant impact on the ongoing sociocultural conversation, encouraging deep contemplation of the complexities of existence in the 15th century, which improves the quality of life.

The New Normalcy and the Pandemic Threat: A Real Option Approach

This paper delves into the evolving post-pandemic business arena, focusing on how liability options and social norms are reshaping industry structures. We anticipate lasting transformations due to the emergence of new safety standards that bridge the gap between corporate interests and societal welfare. To foster these changes, effective post-lockdown economic policies could encompass not only rigorous social standards but also specific financial incentives. Examples of such incentives include tax relief for businesses implementing comprehensive health protocols and subsidies for those transitioning to remote work or modifying production layouts to minimize infection risks. Our analysis delineates two predominant operational frameworks for firms in this new environment: the liability and property regimes. These are determined by each firm’s financial outcomes and the extent of damages incurred, all measured against societal expectations. Firms within the liability regime may exhibit only partial compliance, often attributed to ambiguous standards and prevailing uncertainties, potentially leading to a dip in profits. In contrast, entities operating under the property regime are likely to engage in more extensive organizational restructuring. A key insight from our study is the paradigm shift in investment behavior, increasingly influenced by risk management, particularly in the strategic choice between liability and property rules. This shift is evident in how firms now prioritize managing potential external liabilities, such as environmental hazards or evolving regulatory landscapes, in their investment decisions. Consequently, the traditional growth-centric investment paradigm is being supplemented by strategies that emphasize safeguarding against various external risks, marking a significant realignment in corporate investment philosophies post-pandemic. This transition underscores the intricate interplay between economic policies, corporate strategies, and societal dynamics in the contemporary business milieu.

Development of gender identity during adolescence: perspectives from Jordanian and Syrian youth

ABSTRACT The current study applied a life-course approach with 64 Jordanian and Syrian adolescents (15–19 years old) to understand when and how sociocultural norms are internalized and shaped the gender identity of adolescents passing from childhood to adulthood. The study participants reflected on important life events that shaped their sexual and gender identity in in-depth interviews using visual timelines. Data were analysed using narrative qualitative methods. The participants described the end of childhood as an essential transition point in forming gender-roles and identity. Normative gender role expectations were internalized through two social processes: nature vs. nurture and the public sphere is for men, while the private sphere is for women. Through these processes, the participants gradually adopted stereotypical adult gender roles culturally present in Jordan. The adolescents highlighted gender inequalities and double social standards as they evaluated the impact of restrictive gender norms on the evolution of their stereotypical gender roles.

Application of modified urethral separation method in artificial urethral sphincter implantation and its influence on intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry

Objective: To explore the application of modified urethral separation method in artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) implantation in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and its influence on the results of urethral pressure profilometry. Methods: A prospective collection of clinical data was conducted on 25 patients with stress urinary incontinence who underwent modified urethral separation method in AUS implantation and underwent urethral pressure profilometry in Beijing Hospital, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University from March 2019 to June 2023. The improved urethral separation method was to borrow part of the white membrane tissue of the cavernous body while freeing the dorsal side of the cavernous body of the urethra. The circumference of the urethra, sleeve size, and urethral pressure were recorded, the patient's autonomous urinary control before and after surgery and the changes of the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form (ICI-Q-SF) score, incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QoL) score, urinary frequency score, nocturia score were compared. Follow-up was conducted in the clinic or by telephone at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after activation of the device, and once a year thereafter. Local skin status and urine control were assessed, residual urine volume was measured by ultrasound and subjective score scale was completed. Results: All patients were male, aged 27-85 (65.8±15.7) years old. The circumference of the cuff used in this study was 4.0 cm in 4 patients (16.0%), 4.5 cm in 16 patients (64.0%), 5.0 cm in 4 patients (16.0%), and 5.5 cm in 1 patient (4.0%). Among them, the urethral circumference matched the cuff size in 14 cases (56.0%), the urethral circumference was smaller than the cuff size in 4 cases (16.0%), and the urethral circumference was larger than the cuff size in 7 cases (28.0%). Preoperative urodynamic examination showed that the maximum urethral pressure (MUP) was (78.0±25.9) cmH2O, (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa) and the maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) was (53.4±26.6) cmH2O. The MUP of AUS device in the inactivated state was (88.0±26.5) cmH2O, which was not significantly higher than that before operation (P>0.05). The MUCP was (68.2±24.5) cmH2O, which was significantly higher than that before operation (P<0.05). The MUP and MUCP of the AUS device in the activated state were (146.6±25.2) cmH2O and (123.0±28.3) cmH2O, which were significantly higher than those before surgery and in the inactivated state (both P<0.001). All patients in the group reached the social urinary control standards at the first month of device activation. During a follow-up period of 2-50 months, 22 patients (88.0%) used the initial AUS device and all met social urinary control standards. The AUS device was replaced in 1 case. One patient died of cerebrovascular accident. One patient removed the device due to complications. The number of pads [M (Q1, Q3)] used in 25 patients before and after operation was 4.5 (3.0, 6.5) and 1 (0, 1) respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001). ICI-Q-SF score, I-QoL score, urinary frequency score and nocturia score of 25 patients were significantly improved after surgery (all P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications was 20.0% (5/25), including 2 cases of painless hematuria, 1 case of infection, 1 case of urethral erosion, and 1 case of dysuria. Except for one patient who experienced urethral erosion and had his sleeve removed, the remaining four patients regained social urination control with active support treatment, and no symptoms recurred until the last follow-up. Conclusion: The modified urethral separation method has no significant effect on urethral pressure in patients with SUI, and can increase the volume of peri-urethral tissue in the cuff, thereby reducing the risk of intraoperative urethral injury and the incidence of postoperative urethral erosion.