Social Security Administration Research Articles

Rule-based versus AI-driven benefits allocation: GDPR and AIA legal implications and challenges for automation in public social security administration

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the legal implications of the growing reliance on automated systems in public administrations, using the example of social security benefits administration. It specifically addresses the deployment of automated systems for decisions on benefits eligibility within the frameworks of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA). It compares how these two legal frameworks, each targeting different regulatory objects (personal data versus AI systems) and employing different protective measures, apply for two common system types: rule-based systems utilised for making fully automated decisions on eligibility, and machine learning AI systems utilised for assisting case administrators in their decision-making. It concludes on the combined impact that the GDPR and the AIA will have on each of these types of systems, as well as on differences in how these instruments determines the basic legality of utilising such systems within social security administration.

Men and Women of Australia: Administering Whitlam's Re‐Imagined Subject

This contribution examines and reflects on a less‐studied area of life during the Whitlam era: the machinery through which the government's expansion of legislated social security entitlements was administered. The government's record in this area warrants attention not only to gain insight into the everyday mechanics of social security administration in the Whitlam era, but also for what we might learn today from how those who administered that programme were pushed to comprehend the significance of the administrative realm as a site of politics, political action, and political relationships in its own right.

It takes (at least) two to tango: Investigating interactional dynamics between clients and caseworkers in public encounters

AbstractPublic encounters are an essential element in citizen–state interactions. Yet, we know very little about the interactional dynamics between clients and street‐level bureaucrats. By analyzing data from interviews and participatory observations of public encounters in a social security administration context, we propose a typology of public encounters based on clients' and employees' preparedness that affects the dynamics and outcomes of services. Encounters can either be characterized by “Conflict and Obstruction,” “Advocacy,” “Case Processing,” or “Agreement and Collaboration.” We conceptualize the relation between these types and how both clients and caseworkers transition between them. Additionally, the article's findings suggest that public encounters should not be observed as singular events. Rather, spillover effects between encounters and long‐term multi‐episode interactions with clients prove to be essential in understanding behavior on both sides through mutual learning.

The Effects of Increasing the Full Retirement Age from 66 to 67 on the Retirement Decision at the Early Retirement Age of 62

In the United States, the full retirement age increases in two-month increments each year until reaching 67 years of age in 2027 for individuals born from 1955 to 1960. The increase in the full retirement age is equivalent to a decline in the Social Security benefits for all new retirees. If the full retirement age is increased from 66 to 67 while the early retirement age remains at 62, then the monthly benefit reduction at age 62 would increase from 25% to 30%. Despite the reduction in Social Security benefits, a significant portion of newly retired workers claim their Social Security benefits as soon as they turn 62, which is the earliest age to claim the benefit. The Social Security Administration predicts that the reduction in Social Security benefits can encourage workers to delay their retirement and that the reduction can restore some financial balance to the Social Security system. Therefore, studying the effects of increasing the full retirement age from 66 to 67 on the retirement decision at 62 is essential for planning future social security reforms. This study conducts a Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression, using cross-sectional and time series data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2016 to 2021. The empirical results show that the probability of retirement for individuals at age 62 decreased from 2016 to 2021, indicating a trend of delaying retirement as their full retirement age rises. During the same period, the likelihood of men reporting being retired decreases by 35.56%, while for women, it drops by 16.79%. It implies that if male and female workers choose to exit the workforce solely based on the Social Security benefits, the increase in full retirement age appears to have a more significant impact on delaying retirement decisions for male workers than for female workers.

Determinant Factors of Gojek Drivers' Interest in Using Social Security Administrator Employment in Medan City

The existence of insurance is intended for every individual because every individual has the right to receive guarantees from risks that occur in the future, insurance programs are mandatory for every society. However, it is very unfortunate that there are still many informal workers such as Gojek drivers who do not have life insurance coverage. This research aims to determine the determinant factors of drivers' interest in using Social Security Administrator (BPJS) Employment. The variables used are income, price, information, and service variables which can influence interest in using BPJS Employment. The sample used was 100 respondents. For data processing, researchers are assisted by Smart-PLS. From the test results, the researcher saw that there was a variable influence of income, price and information on interest in using BPJS Employment and the service variable had no positive and significant influence on interest in using BPJS Employment.

325 The Economic Impact of Pediatric and Adolescent Gunshot Wound Mortality

INTRODUCTION: Gunshot wounds (GSW) are the leading cause of pediatric/adolescent mortality in the United States. The total economic impact of lost productivity has not been previously quantified. METHODS: The CDC WONDER database was utilized to document GSW fatalities of individuals 19 years and younger between 2001-2021. The weighted net present value (NPV) of potential future lost income for each child was calculated based on the Social Security Administration’s estimated NPV of lifetime earnings at age 20, using a 4% discount rate, and factoring in updated US census data on education status, graduation rates, and wage-gaps. Each year’s total lost income was adjusted to 2022 USD using the CPI-W. Sensitivity analysis tested the robustness of our model parameters’ variability on our model results. RESULTS: 64,503 total pediatric/adolescent GSW mortalities have occurred since 2001. Total estimated NPV income loss in 2022 USD is $58.78 Billion. This correlates with an estimated loss to Social Security of $7.29 Billion. Sensitivity analyses found that changes in salary had the highest potential impact on the final outcomes. Overall, the worst-case income scenario (-20% change in base salary) showed an estimated $47 Billion economic loss in 2022 USD. A similar analysis for total pediatric mortality due to neurological disease showed an economic loss of $18.86 Billion. CONCLUSIONS: The economic impact of income lost due to pediatric GSW fatalities between 2001-2021 is estimated to be $58.78 billion, with minimum value of $47 billion after sensitivity analysis. This estimate likely undervalues the total economic impact of pediatric gun violence since it is based on median salaries and excludes medical treatment, long-term disability/morbidity, multiplier effects, or future offspring productivity. The total cost to society of pediatric GSW mortality significantly exceeds all neurologic-related mortality and is too high for physicians and policymakers to ignore.

The relationship of health insurance ownership with the utilization of health services in coastal rural and urban communities (Case Study: Kapoiala Health Centre, Soropia and Nambo Health Centre) Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, 2023

Background: Health is a human right and every citizen has the right to receive health services. Therefore, the Indonesian government must guarantee that every resident gets quality health services through the implementation of national health insurance as a global commitment for every country to implement universal health coverage. In Indonesia, the number of Social Security Administrator participants reached 248.77 million people or the equivalent of 90.73% of the entire population of Indonesia which was recorded at 274.20 million people, while in Southeast Sulawesi the number of Social Security Administrator participants was 8,071,716 people. Method: The type of research used is descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional study approach, namely looking for the relationship between ownership of health insurance and utilization of rural and urban coastal community health services (case studies: Kapoiala Health Center, Soropia Health Center and Nambo Health Center) The number of samples in this research was 1,040 people consisting of 535 urban coastal respondents and 505 rural coastal respondents. The sampling techniques are purposive sampling and accidental sampling. The analysis used in this research is chi-square analysis. Results: The results of the study show that there is a significant relationship between ownership of health insurance and utilization of health services with a ρvalue (0.037) < 0.05 in the working areas of the Kapoiala Health Center, Soropia Health Center and Nambo Health Center, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between ownership of health insurance and utilization of rural and urban coastal community health services in the working areas of Kapoiala Health Center, Soropia Health Center and Nambo Health Center, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the acceleration of social security administrator membership to reach 100% UHC through regional government and central government schemes. social security administrator needs to increase socialization with various media that are more effective in increasing community participation in becoming social security administrator participants.

Identification of Pending Claim Factors at X Hospital City of Medan in 2021

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>An overview of Covid 19 claims in the city of Medan submitted for the period March 2020 to November 2021 amounted to IDR 5.046 trillion, of which IDR 4.767 trillion has been verified (94.71%) and IDR 1994 trillion is pending (33,868 cases). This research aims to identify pending claim factors at one of the Covid-19 referral hospitals in Medan City in 2021. The location that will be used in this research is the Murni Teguh Memorial National Health Insurance Billing Unit. Researchers conducted interviews with informants regarding Covid-19 claims and the sample used in this research was purposive sampling, namely a sample that was considered representative of the research data by meeting the criteria, namely inclusion and exclusion. Data analysis was carried out through several stages, namely data reduction, data display and verification. The results of the research are that the factors that cause delays in hospitals are the INACBG application update, communication between patients and the doctor in charge is less open regarding clinical complaints and travel history out of town or abroad, the number of human resources is insufficient compared to patients numbering up to thousands with an HR ratio of 1: 1685 patients and DPJP 1:96 patients, this was also experienced by several other hospitals as stated in the journal entitled Review of Inpatient Claim Dispute Settlement for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Patients at Ajibarang Regional Hospital in 2020 and officers had problems in implementing Covid-19 claims, namely changes in regulations up to 6 times in 3 years, so that it caused a lot of miscommunication with officers on duty within the scope of Covid-19 services, but this change in regulations was due to adapting to Covid-19 conditions</em><em>.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><strong><em> Covid-19, Identification, Pending, Social Security Administrator</em></strong>

Characteristics of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 and their hospital management

Objective: To determine the risk factors of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: This retrospective study used hospitalization records collected by the Indonesia Health Social Security Administrator Agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan-BPJS Kesehatan). A total of 38277 eligible patients with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. The dependent variable of the study was the discharge status (death or recovery) of COVID-19. Independent variables were history of morbidity and disease-related occurrence, type of room health facilities, length of stay and demographic variables (sex, age). The analyses use bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the dominating variable associated with all these variables. Results: Of the 38 277 inpatients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19, 31051 (81.1%) were discharged and 7226 (18.9%) died. Risk of death was positively associated with older age (aOR 5.74, 95% CI 4.20-7.87 for 19-64 years old; aOR 13.75, 95% CI 9.99-18.92 for 65 years above), male sex (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07-1.19), treated in ICU without ventilator (aOR 5.84, 95% CI 5.41-6.30) and had comorbid respiratory diseases (aOR 5.39, 95% CI 4.93-5.90), but negatively associated with hospital stay of 15 days or longer (aOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.36-0.43). Conclusions: COVID-19 related death during hospitalization was associated with duration and type of treatment, and existing medical condition among the inpatient individuals during COVID-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta. The findings of the study suggest importance of appropriate and timely medical intervention and care.

Pauline Bosma’s Tips on How to Be a Good Research Ally

Abstract My name is Pauline Bosma and in this article I share my lived experience as a researcher. I have worked on projects that support people with disabilities to recognize, respond to, and report abuse. I am now leading a research study with other self-advocates to interview LGBT adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities about their lives. I have also worked on projects with the Social Security Administration. I like doing research because it helps people. In this article, I also offer recommendations for other research teams who want to practice inclusive research.

Evaluation of National Health Insurance Program Policies by Ketapang District Health Social Security Administration Body

This research aims to evaluate the process of implementing the National Health Insurance program policy by the Ketapang District Health Social Security Administering Agency, based on a compliance perspective relating to compliance with implementing agents, implementation of policies and facilities and resources, and based on what happening Perspective, which is related to factors that influence implementation and short-term outcomes. The results of this research show that the Evaluation of the National Health Insurance program policy implementation process by the Ketapang District Health Social Security Administration Agency has yet to be implemented optimally. This can be seen from the following indicators: Compliance perspective, which includes compliance by policy implementing agents, has not been carried out objectively according to regulations and is not by standards and procedures established by policy. Policy implementationNational Health Insurance Program by the Ketapang District Health Social Security Administering Agency has not been able to improve the quality of health services in Ketapang Regency, the availability of health facilities and resources has not met the criteria for capitation payment norms, and there is a lack of health workers both in terms of quality and quality. Meanwhile, the What is Happening Perspective includes factors that influence the implementation of policies, namely the actors involved, clarity of policy objectives, program complexity, support from all units involved, and other factors such as human resources, which include the quality and quantity and weak authority and legitimacy of health workers and short-term results have not been achieved due to contact data on the online application of the Social Security Administering Agency for Health.

A Study on Predicting Installation Scale of Photovoltaic Panels and Hydrogen Fuel Storage Facilities to Achieve Net Zero Carbon Emissions Exploiting Idle Sites of Military Bases

In this study, the scale of renewable photovoltaic(PV) panels and hydrogen fuel storage facilities required to achieve “net zero carbon emissions” in military facilities were predicted based on actual electricity consumption. It was set up to expect the appropriate installation size of PV panel and hydrogen fuel storage facility for achieving carbon neutrality, limited to the electricity consumption in the public sector, including national defense and social security administration in Yeongcheon. The experimental results of this paper are largely composed of two parts. First, representative meteorological factors were considered to predict solar power generation in the Yeongcheon area, and solar power generation was estimated through a multiple regression model using deep learning techniques. Second, the size of solar power generation facilities and hydrogen storage facilities in military bases was estimated with the amount of solar power generation and electricity consumption. As a result of this analysis, it was calculated that a site of 155.76×104 m<sup>2</sup> for PV panels was needed and a facility capable of storing 27,657 kg of hydrogen gas was required. Through these results, it is meaningful to demonstrated the prospect that military units can lead the achievement of “carbon net zero 2050” by using PV panels and hydrogen fuel storage facilities on idle sites of military bases.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess All-Cause Mortality in the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Research on the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has consistently found disproportionately high mortality among ethnoracial minorities, but reports differ with respect to the magnitude of mortality disparities and reach different conclusions regarding which groups were most impacted. We suggest that these variations stem from differences in the temporal scope of the mortality data used and difficulties inherent in measuring race and ethnicity. To circumvent these issues, we link Social Security Administration death records for 2010 through 2021 to decennial census and American Community Survey race and ethnicity responses. We use these linked data to estimate excess all-cause mortality for age-, sex-, race-, and ethnicity-specific subgroups and examine ethnoracial variation in excess mortality across states and over the course of the pandemic's first year. Results show that non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives experienced the highest excess mortality of any ethnoracial group in the first year of the pandemic, followed by Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks. Spatiotemporal and age-specific ethnoracial disparities suggest that the socioeconomic determinants driving health disparities prior to the pandemic were amplified and expressed in new ways in the pandemic's first year to disproportionately concentrate excess mortality among racial and ethnic minorities.

Dust to Feed, Dust to Gray: The Effect of in Utero Exposure to the Dust Bowl on Old-Age Longevity.

Intensive agriculture and deep plowing caused topsoil erosion and dust storms during the 1930s, affecting agricultural income and land values for years. Given the growing literature on the relevance of in utero and early-life exposures, it is surprising that studies focusing on links between the Dust Bowl and later-life health have produced inconclusive and mixed results. We reevaluate this literature and study the long-term effects of in utero and early-life exposure to topsoil erosion caused by the 1930s Dust Bowl on old-age longevity. Specifically, using Social Security Administration death records linked with the full-count 1940 census, we conduct event studies with difference-in-differences designs to compare the longevity of individuals in high- versus low-topsoil-erosion counties before versus after 1930. We find intent-to-treat reductions in longevity of approximately 0.85 months for those born in high-erosion counties after 1930. We show that these effects are not an artifact of preexisting trends in longevity. Additional analyses suggest that the effects are more pronounced among children raised in farm households, females, and those whose mothers had lower education. We also provide suggestive evidence that reductions in adulthood income are a likely mechanism for the effects we document.

Size thresholds for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms warrant reconsideration

BackgroundThe historical size threshold for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is widely accepted to be 5.5 cm for men and 5.0 cm for women. However, contemporary AAA rupture risks may be lower than historical benchmarks, which has implications for when AAAs should be repaired. Our objective was to use contemporary AAA rupture rates to inform optimal size thresholds for AAA repair. MethodsWe used a Markov chain analysis to estimate life expectancy for patients with AAA. The primary outcome was AAA-related mortality. We estimated survival using Social Security Administration life tables and published contemporary AAA rupture estimates. For those undergoing repair, we modified survival estimates using data from the Vascular Quality Initiative and Medicare on complications, late rupture, and open conversion. We used this model to estimate the AAA repair size threshold that minimizes AAA-related mortality for 60-year-old average-health men and women. We performed a sensitivity analysis of poor-health patients and 70- and 80-year-old base cases. ResultsThe annual risk of all-cause mortality under surveillance for a 60-year-old woman presenting with a 5.0 cm AAA using repair thresholds of 5.5 cm, 6.0 cm, 6.5 cm, and 7.0 cm was 1.7%, 2.3%, 2.7%, and 2.8%, respectively. The corresponding risk for a man was 2.3%, 2.9%, 3.3%, and 3.4% for the same repair thresholds, respectively. For a 60-year-old average-health woman, an AAA repair size of 6.1 cm was the optimal threshold to minimize AAA-related mortality. Life expectancy varied by <2 months for repair at sizes from 5.7 cm to 7.1 cm. For a 60-year-old average-health man, an AAA repair size of 6.9 cm was the optimal threshold to minimize AAA-related mortality. Life expectancy varied by <2 months for repair at sizes from 6.0 cm to 7.4 cm. Women in poor health, at various age strata, had optimal AAA repair size thresholds that were >6.5 cm, whereas men in poor health, at all ages, had optimal repair size thresholds that were >8.0 cm. ConclusionsThe optimal threshold for AAA repair is more nuanced than a discrete size. Specifically, there appears to be a range of AAA sizes for which repair is reasonable to minmized AAA-related mortality. Notably, they all are greater than current guideline recommendations. These findings would suggest that contemporary AAA size thresholds for repair should be reconsidered.

Unequal before death: The effect of paternal education on children’s old-age mortality in the United States

A growing body of research documents the relevance of parental education as a marker of family socio-economic status for children’s later-life health outcomes. A strand of this literature evaluates how the early-life environment shapes mortality outcomes during infancy and childhood. However, the evidence on mortality during the life course and old age is limited. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing the association between paternal education and children’s old-age mortality. We use data from Social Security Administration death records over the years 1988–2005 linked to the United States 1940 Census. Applying a family(cousin)- fixed-effects model to account for shared environment, childhood exposures, and common endowments that may confound the long-term links, we find that having a father with a college or high-school education, compared with elementary/no education, is associated with a 4.6- or 2.6-month-higher age at death, respectively, for the child, conditional on them surviving to age 47.

Exploring Emerging Trends in Social Security Management – A Literature Review

This study explores the ever-changing field of social security administration, emphasizing the significance of adjusting to change and new trends. We follow the development of social security systems across time, noting significant turning points and placing them in the context of political, economic, and cultural contexts. Current issues, such as shifting demographics and the impact of technology, provide as a foundation for investigating new trends. Examining change-influencing elements including political ideology, economic stability, and globalization helps to show how intricately the social security paradigm is shaped. The difficulties experienced by current systems in adjusting to change are emphasized through an analysis of these difficulties, which include opposition, technological obstacles, and financial ramifications. A road map for negotiating the changing environment is provided by adaptation methods, which include regulatory frameworks, technology integration, and social and cultural sensitivity. This study advances a comprehensive knowledge of social security by integrating insights from other disciplines. It provides practitioners, scholars, and policymakers with insightful viewpoints to help shape the direction of inclusive and sustainable social security governance.

A Comparison of Annual Earnings Data in the Current Population Survey and in the Social Security Administration’s Detailed Earnings Record

A Comparison of Annual Earnings Data in the Current Population Survey and in the Social Security Administration’s Detailed Earnings Record

흔하지 않은 이름의 최고경영자와 기업의 연구개발 투자

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between CEO name uncommonness and R&amp;D intensity while focusing on CEO ownership and CEO tenure as moderators of the relationship.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach - This study collected data from various American databases such as national data on given names from Social Security Administration, COMPUSTAT, and Execucomp. The sample of this study includes 2,494 (firm-year) observations from U.S. firms between 2005-2011. This study conducts Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) regression analysis to test the hypotheses.&#x0D; Findings - First, we found CEO name uncommonness was positively related to R&amp;D intensity. In other words, CEOs with unusual names prefer being distinctive by increasing R&amp;D investments. Second, we examine the moderating roles of CEO characteristics (i.e., CEO ownership and tenure). The results show that CEO tenure strengthens the positive relationship between CEO name uncommonness and R&amp;D intensity.&#x0D; Research implications or Originality - First, this study extends the CEO characteristics and R&amp;D literature by investigating how CEO name uncommonness affects R&amp;D intensity. In addition, our study also supports the intitutionalization of CEO power arguments by showing that CEOs with unusual names are more likely to pursue distinctive strategies when they have longer tenure. For practical implications, our results allow the investors to better predict corporate future R&amp;D expenses. It suggests that ceteris paribus, CEOs with unusual names, vis-a-vis CEOs with common names, are more likely to increase R&amp;D expenses.

FAKTOR PENYEBAB KETIDAKTEPATAN KODE DIAGNOSA SEBAGAI SYARAT PENGAJUAN KLAIM PASIEN RAWAT INAP PESERTA BADAN PENYELENGGARA JAMINAN SOSIAL KESEHATAN DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM SURYA HUSADHA DENPASAR

Background: Writing a complete diagnosis can produce the right coding because the diagnosis is written in a complete, clear, specific, and consistent manner. Writing clear, complete, and consistent diagnoses can produce quality data (Hatta, 2008). Based on observations made for 1 month from 23 January to 23 February 2023, 39 claim files were returned by the Health Social Security Administering Body due to inaccuracies in the diagnosis code.. This was caused by the doctor's notes that were not clearly legible in 24 (61.5%) claim files and the use of abbreviations in patient diagnoses in 15 (38.5%) claim files, while the purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between doctor's notes that were not clearly legible and the use of abbreviations for patient diagnoses for inaccuracies in the diagnosis code as a condition for filing claims for inpatient patients participating in the Health Social Security Administration at Surya Husadha General Hospital. Methods: The design in this study used a quantitative analytic descriptive research design and porpusive sampling research type, and the sample in this study were all inpatient claim files returned by Health Social Security Administering Body claims for inaccuracies in the diagnosis code totaling 39 claim files. Doctor's notes were illegible in 24 (61.5%) claim files and the use of abbreviations in patient diagnoses in 15 (38.5%) claim files. Result: From the results of this study it was found that there was a relationship between illegible doctor's notes and inaccuracy of the diagnostic code with a p value of 0.001 &lt;0.05 and the use of abbreviations in patient diagnoses for inaccuracy of patient diagnosis codes with a p value of 0.003 &lt;0.05.