Social Security Administration Research Articles

APOSENTADORIA RURAL POR IDADE E OS MEIOS DE PROVAS NECESSÁRIAS PARA A CONCESSÃO DO BENEFÍCIO DIREITO PREVIDENCIÁRIO

This work addresses the analysis of the necessary requirements for granting the rural retirement benefit to rural workers, taking into account their difficulties and facilities for granting the benefit, after the various system updates until the benefit is granted. This sets out the approach method used in this article, which will be deductive where the general arguments will be analyzed. Its objective is to analyze and understand the various situations encountered and faced by special insured persons when applying for retirement, to list the difficulties in proving their rights, which in most cases occurs through proof of facts that are not registered, and to estimate the facilities established by the National Social Security Institute (INSS), which simplify the social security administrative process. Thus, to characterize the obstacles and difficulties during the process of granting retirement by age, promoting the verification of the essential elements that make up this set of means, the changes during the administrative social security process and in the legislation regarding rural retirement by rural age, as well as the difficulty in proving the exercise of rural activity, a burden that lies with you.

The Local Declines in Child SSI Applications and Awards During COVID

Child applications and awards for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) fell sharply at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cumulative applications from April to September 2020 were about 30% lower than applications over the same period in 2019 with substantial variation in rates of decline across local areas. In this article, we explore the factors correlated with the change in applications and awards across localities at the beginning of the pandemic. Our findings point to three particularly important factors influencing the magnitude of the change in applications and awards: (a) the restriction of in-person services in all Social Security Administration field offices in March 2020, (b) the pandemic’s disruptions to social and service networks through which people may learn about SSI, and (c) new economic stabilization policies, such as economic impact payments and supplemental unemployment insurance payments. These results highlight the substantial local variation in SSI participation. This variation is especially important in considering general issues around access to SSI, particularly for policies that aim to improve SSI access through outreach. Our findings underscore the importance of local networks in creating program awareness at local levels, and that they might be fruitful avenues for further outreach efforts.

When does annual geriatric hip fracture mortality revert to baseline?

BackgroundGeriatric hip fracture patients exhibit high mortality post-injury. It's unclear if and when mortality reverts to baseline. We therefore ask, When, if ever, does the mortality rate of geriatric hip fracture revert to the population-wide baseline rate? How does the mortality rate after geriatric hip fracture compare to the population norms? Understanding this timeline is crucial for assessing disease burden and guiding treatment plans.MethodsA cohort of 17,868 male patients aged 65–89 years treated for hip fracture within the VA healthcare system was studied. Patients were grouped by age at the time of fracture, and age-specific fractional survival was assessed annually for 10 years. For a comparison control group, a virtual cohort of 17,868 individuals, mirroring the age distribution of the patient group, was created and reduced over 10 cycles according to Social Security Administration expected mortality statistics.ResultsThe year-one mortality rate among fracture patients was 35.4%, compared to 6.3% in age-matched controls. By year ten, only 8.5% of the fracture patients remained alive, vs. 39.8% in the general population. The annual risk of dying for patients who survived past the first year was consistently in the range 19%–21% for all subsequent years.ConclusionHip fracture patients who survive the initial injury are still subject to annual mortality risk of approximately 20%, an elevation above population norms persisting for at least a decade. The data underscores the severity of geriatric hip fractures, and suggest that focusing one- or two-year survival rates may not fully capture the severity of the injury.

Life Expectancy in High-Grade Incidental Prostate Cancer Patients Versus Population-Based Controls According to Treatment Type.

To quantify the differences in 5-year overall survival (OS) between high-grade (Gleason sum 8-10) incidental prostate cancer (IPCa) patients and age-matched male population-based controls, according to treatment type: no active versus active treatment. We relied on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004-2015) to identify not actively treated and actively treated high-grade IPCa patients. For each case, we simulated an age-matched male control (Monte Carlo simulation), relying on Social Security Administration Life Tables (2004-2020) with 5 years of follow-up. Additionally, we relied on Kaplan-Meier plots to display OS for each treatment type. Multivariable Cox regression models were fitted to predict overall mortality (OM). Of 564 high-grade IPCa patients, 345 (61%) were not actively treated versus 219 (39%) were actively treated, either with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Median OS was 3 years for not actively treated high-grade IPCa patients, with OS difference at 5 years follow-up of 27% relative to their age-matched male population-based controls (37% vs. 64%). Median OS was 8 years for actively treated high-grade IPCa patients, with OS difference at 5 years follow-up of 6% relative to their age-matched male population-based controls (68% vs. 74%). In the multivariable Cox regression model, active treatment independently predicted lower OM (hazard ratio = 0.6; 95% confidence interval = 0.4-0.8; p < 0.001). Relative to Life Tables' derived age-matched male controls, not actively treated high-grade IPCa patients exhibit drastically worse OS than their actively treated counterparts. These observations may encourage clinicians to consider active treatment in newly diagnosed high-grade IPCa patients.

Black Women in Medical Education Publishing: Bibliometric and Testimonio Accounts Using Intersectionality Methodology.

Black women in academic medicine experience racial and gender discrimination, all while being tasked with improving a flawed system. Representation of Black women in medicine remains low, yet they bear the burden of fostering diversity and mentoring trainees, exacerbating their minority tax and emotional labor, and negatively impacting career progression. To complement qualitative accounts of Black women authors in the medical education literature with a quantitative account of their representation. We used statistical modeling to estimate the representation of Black women authors in medical education publishing as compared to other groups. An intersectional methodology employing bibliometric analysis and testimonio reflection. US-based authors of journal articles published in medical education journals between 2000 and 2020. Author race was determined using a probability-based algorithm incorporating US Census data, and author gender was ascribed using Social Security Administration records. We conducted two negative binomial generalized linear models by first and last author publications. Metadata for each article was retrieved from Web of Science and PubMed to include author names, country of institutional affiliation, and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Results were contextualized via the "testimonio" account of a Black woman author. Of 21,945 unique authors, Black women (and other racially minoritized groups) published far fewer first and last author papers than white women and men. In addition, major MeSH terms used by Black women authors reveal little overlap with highly ranked medical education topics. The testimonio further narrated struggles with belonging and racial identity. This study revealed that Black women are underrepresented in medical education publishing. We believe that dismantling oppressive structures in the publishing ecosystem and the field is imperative for achieving equity. Additionally, further experiential accounts are needed to contextualize this quantitative account and understand underrepresentation in medical education publishing.

Legal Protection for Workers on Job Loss Guarantee in the Tourism Sector

In Indonesia, labo u r social security is a right of workers, as exemplified by the provision of job loss insurance . In essence, social security is designed to ensure that workers retain a decent standard of living in the event of job loss. One of the most frequently demanded rights of workers is the right to social security. The Indonesian Social Security Administration Body (BPJS) programme comprises two distinct categories: social security for health and social security for employment . The following ques tion is posed: How is the job loss insurance programme in the tourism sector implemented at BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Cabang Bali Gianyar ? Furthermore, what form of legal protection is afforded to workers who lose their jobs in accordance with Indonesian Govern ment Regulation No. 37/2021 on the implementation of the Job Loss Insurance Program? Methodology: empirical research employing a soc iological approach. The findings indicate that the implementation of the job loss guarantee programme at BPJS Ketenagakerjaa n Gianyar is conducted in accordance with the submission of job loss insurance claims from workers who have been laid off. At PT CH B Villa, 26 workers who experienced layoffs were eligible to receive the benefits of job loss insurance , including 24 worker s (92%) who were entitled to receive them and two workers (8%) who were not. In conclusion, the implementation of the job loss insur ance programme at the Villa of PT CHB Gianyar has been effective in providing legal protection and benefits for laid off wo rkers. In the event that an employer violates the rights of a dismissed worker, the employer may be subject to administrative sancti ons in accordance with the provisions of Article 46 of Indonesi an Government Regulation No. 37/ 2021 concerning the implement ation of the job loss insurance . These sanctions may include written warnings to the employer and the cessation of certain public se rvices.

THE IMPACT OF DISCIPLINE, MOTIVATION AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT BPJS KETENAGAKERJAAN REGIONAL OFFICE OF SOUTH SUMATRA AND BANGKA BELITUNG ISLANDS : A REVIEW

This study aims to analyze the influence of work discipline, work motivation, and work environment on employee performance at the Social Security Administration Agency for Employment in the South Sumatra Regional Office. The SmartPLS method was used for analysis involving 110 respondents as the research sample. The research findings indicate that work discipline does not have a significant effect on employee performance (p = 0.838), while work motivation has been proven to significantly influence performance (p = 0.002). However, the work environment does not exhibit a significant impact on employee performance (p = 0.217). This study provides important insights into understanding the factors affecting employee performance in the Social Security Administration Agency, serving as a basis for companies to improve the work environment conditions and employee motivation. Moreover, it offers guidance for further studies concerning other variables that may affect employee performance in different work environments.

Opioid-related mortality after occupational injury in Washington State: accounting for preinjury opioid use

ObjectivesTo estimate the impact of occupational injury and illness on opioid-related mortality while accounting for confounding by preinjury opioid use.MethodsWe employed a retrospective cohort study design using Washington State workers’...

Universal Credit: administrative burdens of automated welfare

Abstract Since 2010, the UK government has transformed social security administration using digital technology and automated instruments to create and deliver a single working-age benefit known as Universal Credit (UC). Social policy scholars have given much attention to the key policy tenets of UC but engaged less with leading aspects of automated and digital delivery and their relationship to different forms of administrative burdens for UC recipients. This article addresses this empirical and conceptual gap by drawing on administrative burdens literature to analyse empirical data from forty-four interviews with UC recipients. We conclude by highlighting three costs: temporal, financial, and emotional. These costs illustrate the political dimensions of technical features of UC, as they affect accountability procedures and paths to legal entitlements that have bearings on certain claimants’ rights.

Implementing Linkage Quality Assessments in Large-Scale Privacy Preserving Infrastructure: Did we kill them a second time and why are there zombies?

The National Clinical Cohort Collaborative (N3C) uses privacy-preserving record linkage (PPRL) to formulate longitudinal patient histories and for de-duplication across disparate data including electronic health records, administrative claims, and mortality data. The N3C employs a linkage honest broker implementation model which separates the entity holding de-identified PPRL tokens, from the entity holding the substantive data payloads. As a result of this data governance structure, linkage quality assessments are necessarily distributed into 2 distinct processes: 1) Linkage Honest Broker receipt and processing of linkages, 2) Data Aggregation entity assembling data based on received linkage crosswalks. Data is released on a weekly basis. This presentation will focus on Step 2 for the Mortality data linkages where the downstream data linkage pipelines must assess linkage quality across several dimensions of quality, focused on plausibility. There are 4 types of mortality data spanning the electronic health record, government Social Security Administration death master files, third-party obituary data, and administrative claims. Each of these sources has different levels of authoritativeness and data latency, compounding the challenges of reconciling fact of death including accurate death reporting dates. To address these challenges, we implemented an automated linkage quality pipeline which generates reports that assess linkage plausibility across the various data types, classifying concordance and discordance between data sources including age, dates of death, surfacing plausible and non-plausible activities post-death. Sharing our real-world implementation will aid conference attendees in understanding how to plan for such activities when considering specific implementation models for privacy-preserving linkages.

The US Government Ponzi Scheme &amp; Impending Collapse of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid

The financial instability from unfunded liabilities threatens the long-term viability of Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, demanding urgent reforms. An alternative to Social Security’s tax-spend-borrow model is proposed: Mutual Funds managed independently of the Social Security Administration. Analysis shows that investing 15% of income in mutual funds over 50 years could yield a significantly higher retirement fund compared to Social Security, offering $14,000 monthly versus $1,400. This alternative would foster intergenerational wealth, unlike the current system, which resembles a Ponzi scheme and lacks genuine investment. Despite the Supreme Court’s rulings upholding the constitutionality of Social Security taxes, the broader issue of its constitutionality remains unresolved. The SCOTUS decision in Flemming vs. Nestor (1960) highlights that taxpayers are obligated to contribute to FICA without guaranteed benefits, raising concerns about the program’s fairness and alignment with constitutional principles. Urgent reform is essential to secure financial stability and align with the enumerated functions in the US Constitution: this should be discussed in every business college in our nation.

Effect of race/ethnicity on survival in surgically treated intermediate/high risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma.

It is unknown to what extent 10-year overall survival of radical nephrectomy treated intermediate/high-risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma patients differs from age- and sex-matched population-based controls, especially when race/ethnicity is considered (Caucasian vs. African American vs. Hispanic vs. Asian/Pacific Islander). We relied on the SEER database (2004-2018) to identify newly diagnosed radical nephrectomy treated intermediate/high risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma patients. For each case, we simulated an age- and sex-matched control relying on Social Security Administration Life Tables with 10 years of follow-up. We compared overall survival between renal carcinoma cases and population-based controls. Multivariable competing risks regression models tested for predictors of cancer-specific mortality versus other-cause mortality. Of 6877 radical nephrectomy treated intermediate/high risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma patients, 5050 (73%) were Caucasian versus 433 (6%) African American versus 1002 (15%) Hispanic versus 392 (6%) Asian/Pacific Islanders. At 10 years, overall survival difference between radical nephrectomy treated intermediate/high risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma patients versus population-based controls was greatest in African Americans (51% vs. 81%, Δ = 30%), followed by Hispanics (54% vs. 80%, Δ = 26%), Asian/Pacific Islanders (56% vs. 80%, Δ = 24%) and Caucasians (52% vs. 74%, Δ = 22%). In competing risks regression, only African Americans exhibited significantly higher other cause mortality (hazard ratio = 1.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.1 - 1.6; p = 0.01) than others. Relative to Life Tables' derived sex- and age-matched controls, radical nephrectomy treated intermediate/high-risk non-metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma patients exhibit worse overall survival, with worst overall survival recorded in African Americans of all race/ethnicity groups.

Gender gap in cardiothoracic surgery randomized controlled trial and post-hoc analysis of randomized controlled trial authorship from 2014 to 2020.

To estimate gender disparities among first and last authorships in cardiothoracic randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and association of gender with publications in high-impact journals. PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020 using R statistical software via the 'easyPubMed' package to retrieve pertinent data. The 'gender' package was utilized to determine gender using the United States Social Security Administration Baby Name Data. The percentage of female first and last authors were computed along with determining the uniqueness of the names. The association of gender and publication in high-impact peer-reviewed journals was delineated. Jonckheere's trend was computed. The database search retrieved a total of 4820 RCTs, of which gender was encoded for the first author in 3247 (67%) RCTs, among which 911 (28%) studies had women as first authors, with a similar trend across 7 years (P = 0.23). Gender was encoded for the last author of 3204 (66%) RCTs, of which 622 (19%) studies had women as last authors, with a similar trend across 7 years (P = 0.45). A total of 627 studies were published in high-impact-factor journals, among which 79 (16%) studies had female first authors and 67 (13%) studies had female last authors. There is an obvious gender disparity of first and last authors in cardiothoracic surgery-related RCTs, with a similar trend across 7 years. However, the post-hoc analysis did demonstrate a positive trend with an increase in the number of female first authors, demonstrating progress.

Improving Service Quality of A Private Hospital to Provide Satisfaction Of BPJS Participants

Health services are the most basic public services that must be carried out by the government to achieve a prosperous society. It is on this basis that the Government needs to improve the quality of public health with social security, namely the National Health Insurance (JKN), through the Health Social Security Administration Agency (BPJS). The focus of this research is how on the quality of health services provided by a private hospital to BPJS participants. This is a qualitative research with a case study approach. This study aims to answer the questions about the quality of service at hospital X in Bogor City for BPJS participants and what efforts should be made to provide satisfaction to BPJS participants. Data collection was carried out by observation, documentation, and semi-structured interviews with ten BPJS participants and an expert in the field of public policy. The results of this study indicate that the service quality of hospital X in Bogor City that consists of tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy still needs to be improved to provide satisfaction to BPJS health participants.

Survival of stage III non-seminoma testis cancer patients versus simulated controls, according to race/ethnicity.

It is unknown whether 5-year overall survival (OS) differs and to what extent between the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III non-seminoma testicular germ cell tumor (NS-TGCT) patients and simulated age-matched male population-based controls, according to race/ethnicity groups. We identified newly diagnosed (2004-2014) stage III NS-TGCT patients within the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database 2004-2019. For each case, we simulated an age-matched male control (Monte Carlo simulation), relying on Social Security Administration (SSA) Life Tables with 5 years of follow-up. We compared OS rates between stage III NS-TGCT patients and simulated age-matched male population-based controls, according to race/ethnicity groups (Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander and African American). Both, cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and other-cause mortality (OCM) were computed. Of 2054 stage III NS-TGCT patients, 60% were Caucasians versus 33% Hispanics versus 4% Asians/Pacific Islanders versus 3% African Americans. The 5-year OS difference between stage III NS-TGCT patients versus simulated age-matched male population-based controls was highest in Asians/Pacific Islanders (64 vs. 99%, Δ = 35%), followed by African Americans (66 vs. 97%, Δ = 31%), Hispanics (72 vs. 99%, Δ = 27%), and Caucasians (76 vs. 98%, Δ = 22%). The 5-year CSM rate was highest in Asians/Pacific Islanders (32%), followed by African Americans (26%), Hispanics (25%), and Caucasians (20%). The 5-year OCM rate was highest in African Americans (8%), followed by Caucasians (4%), Asians/Pacific Islanders (4%), and Hispanics (2%). Relative to SSA Life Tables, the highest 5-year OS disadvantage applied to stage III NS-TGCT Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity group, followed by African American, Hispanic and Caucasian, in that order.

An ‘interface first’ bureaucracy: Interface design, universal credit and the digital welfare state

AbstractThe front‐line of the welfare state is increasingly not a letter, phone call or face‐to‐face visit, but an online user‐interface. This ‘interface first’ bureaucracy is a fundamental reshaping of social security administration, but the design and operation of these interfaces is poorly understood. Drawing on interview data from senior civil servants, welfare benefits advisors and claimants on the UK's flagship Universal Credit working‐age benefit, this paper is a detailed analysis of the role played by interfaces in the modern welfare state. Providing examples from across the Universal Credit system, it sets out a five‐fold typology of user‐interface design elements in the social security context: (i) structuring data input, (ii) interaction architecture, (iii) operative controls, (iv) prompting and priming, and (v) integrations. The paper concludes by considering the implications of an ‘interface first’ welfare bureaucracy for future research.

Marketing Strategy Analysis in Increasing Participation Numbers in the Social Security Administration for Employment (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan) Tanjung Perak Branch Office Using SWOT Analysis Method

This study delves into the societal responsibility of nations for ensuring the well-being of their citizens through the implementation of social welfare systems, notably the social security program managed by the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS). The historical evolution of PT Jamsostek (Persero) underscores the development of social security programs in Indonesia, emphasizing the significance of safeguarding workers' economic and social interests. This research focuses on BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Tanjung Perak Branch, aiming to analyze its marketing strategies to augment membership through the SWOT analysis method. Employing a qualitative approach, the study employs interviews, observations, and documentation for data collection. The findings reveal strengths in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's extensive social security offerings, weaknesses in communicating with and raising awareness among informal workers, opportunities for enhancing worker welfare, and threats posed by declining membership due to competitive forces. Drawing on the SWOT analysis, the study suggests a conglomerate diversification strategy, wherein BPJS Ketenagakerjaan Tanjung Perak can introduce new programs to previously untapped segments, thus bolstering its membership base. The research enriches the understanding of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's marketing strategies and contributes insights for broadening its membership outreach.

A Research Note on Community Resilience Estimates: New U.S. Census Bureau Data With an Application to Excess Deaths From COVID-19

In this research note, we describe the results of the first validation study of the U.S. Census Bureau's new Community Resilience Estimates (CRE), which uses Census microdata to develop a tract-level vulnerability index for the United States. By employing administrative microdata to link Social Security Administration mortality records to CRE, we show that CRE quartiles provide more stable predictions of COVID-19 excess deaths than single demographic categorizations such as race or age, as well as other vulnerability measures including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Risk Index (NRI). We also use machine learning techniques to show that CRE provides more predictive power of COVID-19 excess deaths than standard socioeconomic predictors of vulnerability such as poverty and unemployment, as well as SVI and NRI. We find that a 10-percentage-point increase in a key CRE risk measure is associated with one additional death per neighborhood during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States. We conclude that, compared with alternative measures, CRE provides a more accurate predictor of community vulnerability to a disaster such as a pandemic.

Factor analysis influencing Mobile JKN user experience using sentiment analysis

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Social security administration for health or Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan), as a public legal entity, has a critical role in the health of the Indonesian population. BPJS Kesehatan introduced the Mobile national health insurance or &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;jaminan kesehatan nasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; (JKN) application to enhance its services, enabling Indonesians to access it directly. Nevertheless, the rating of the Mobile JKN application on the Google Play Store has shown a gradual decline over time. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the user experience of the Mobile JKN application, utilizing the review data obtained from the Google Play Store. Sentiment analysis using the Naïve Bayes (NB) classification model and support vector machine (SVM) combined with synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and slang word replacement. The results obtained an accuracy value of 93.33%, precision of 93.76%, recall of 93.33%, and F1-score of 93.43%. A further analysis was conducted using online service quality factors to obtain the main factors influencing the experience of Mobile JKN application users. The evaluation findings revealed that factors of security, ease of use, and timeliness are three fundamental aspects that should be given immediate attention by BPJS Kesehatan while improving the Mobile JKN application in the future.&lt;/span&gt;

Men and Women of Australia: Administering Whitlam's Re‐Imagined Subject

This contribution examines and reflects on a less‐studied area of life during the Whitlam era: the machinery through which the government's expansion of legislated social security entitlements was administered. The government's record in this area warrants attention not only to gain insight into the everyday mechanics of social security administration in the Whitlam era, but also for what we might learn today from how those who administered that programme were pushed to comprehend the significance of the administrative realm as a site of politics, political action, and political relationships in its own right.