Social Restrictions Policy Research Articles

Evaluation of The Effectiveness of Large-Scale Social Restriction Policies In Handling The Covid-19 Pandemic In West Java, Indonesia

The policy to stop the transmission of the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Indonesia has been established and is a reference for all regions in Indonesia, including West Java. This study aims to find out and describe the effectiveness of the PSBB policy in West Java, which is measured through the World Health Organization (WHO) standard criteria. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out using the documentation study technique and by conducting a forum group discussion. Data analysis using an interactive model adopted from Miles. The effectiveness of PSBB in West Java in the first period of 14 days has not been reached, thus requiring an additional period of validity to increase the level of success in achieving policy objectives. The epidemiology has been fluctuating on May 25, the Rt number was 1.48 then June 2-12 has shown a better number, which is 0.68. The effectiveness of the PSBB policy in West Java, which is measured through the World Health Organization (WHO) standard criteria has not been reached based on fluctuating epidemiology data, however there has been an increase in the occupancy of health facilities and laboratory testing capacity as part of the health care system.

The Role of Public Figures amidst Indonesia’s Early Social Restrictions Policy on Twitter (X): A Social Network Analysis

The Government of Indonesia implemented large-scale social restrictions (Indonesian: Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, abbreviated as PSBB) following the first confirmed cases of COVID-19. Due to social media role in information propagation, this decision quickly became a trending topic on Twitter. This study investigates the main actors and the dynamics of these discussions surrounding PSBB. Utilizing RStudio software, tweets containing the keyword „psbb“ and the hashtag #psbb were mined as of May 6, 2020. The data were analyzed and compared with research conducted during May 2020. Key findings include the significant role of the musician Fiersa Besari in shaping discussions about social restrictions, the emergence of seven major opinion leaders, and the prominence of online news outlets like detikcom and CNN Indonesia in the conversation. Additionally, the study highlights critical commentary from actors affiliated with the Democratic Faction of the Indonesian House of Representatives regarding the government‘s social restrictions policies. These findings provide insights into the network dynamics and public opinion on social restrictions during the early social restrictions policy in Indonesia.

Factors Affecting The Number Of Domestic Flights In Indonesia During Covid-19 Pandemic Using SARIMAX Method

Indonesia, which consists of thousands of large and small islands, relies heavily on-air transportation to support mobility between regions. As many as 80% of Indonesia's total air transportation passengers are domestic flight passengers. This shows how vital domestic flights are in Indonesia's air transportation system. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact that resulted in a decrease in the number of domestic flights in Indonesia. Therefore, an analysis is needed to determine the factors that affect the number of domestic flights in Indonesia. This study uses the SARIMAX method, a time series regression with the addition of seasonal factors and other variables or exogenous factors that significantly affect the model to improve the model's accuracy. Several exogenous variables are considered, including the number of operating civil aviation airports, positive daily cases of COVID-19, calendar effects during Eid al-Fitr and New Year's Day, and social restriction policies. The results showed that the number of operating airports one week before Eid al-Fitr, one week during Eid al-Fitr, one week before New Year, and Emergency PPKM significantly influenced the number of domestic flights. These variables offer pivotal insights into the influence of external factors on domestic flight patterns, exerting significant impacts on passenger travel behavior and subsequently influencing domestic flight volume. The integration of these variables in the SARIMAX model allows for a comprehensive analysis of the complex dynamics influencing domestic air travel in Indonesia. The best SARIMAX model obtained is SARIMAX (1,1,1)(4,1,1)7 with a MAPE value of 5.35% and a coefficient of determination is 97%.

Developing of Thesis Guidance Learning Media Using The Five Stage Model (MANTAP) in French Language Study Program

The COVID-19 pandemic has been proven to have a significant impact on changes in various aspects of human life, including education. One group that is specifically affected is final semester students who face challenges in the thesis preparation process due to the large-scale social restriction (PSBB) policy in Indonesia. With limited social interaction and face- to-face learning, the thesis guidance process becomes more complex, increasing the psychological and academic burden for students. including the thesis supervision process for French Language Students at Medan State University. As an alternative solution, research was carried out by examining the use of GitHub as a cloud storage medium and Telegram as a communication platform to speed up the thesis guidance process, where when students make corrective changes to the thesis files contained in Github, the lecturer will automatically get the information via notification on Telegram. This research uses the MANTAP model in system development, where the results of each stage will become input for the next stage so that the process of improving each other occurs. The test results of the real-time notification system show that the notification messages to lecturers and students are completely accurate, namely 100%, meaning that every change made to the thesis file on Github will be notified automatically by Telegram. Apart from that, from measuring the system response time with 2 scenarios, it was found that the average response time was very good based on QoS (Quality of Service) standards, namely 0.47 ms for scenario 1 and 0.82 ms for scenario 2, this difference is the average response time for scenario 1 and scenario 2 This occurs due to differences in internet speed for each collabator which has an impact on differences in response time obtained.

Lived experience, social support, and challenges to health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic among HIV key populations in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the lives, health, and social well-being of people globally including presenting special challenges in low to middle income countries for people living with HIV. This study investigates the pandemic experiences of the four key HIV-positive populations in Indonesia: men who have sex with men, transgender women, female sex workers, and people who use drugs. In-depth interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 22 key population members recruited through 9 nongovernment HIV agencies in Jakarta and Bali, Indonesia. Indonesia’s Large-scale Social Restrictions Policy mandating physical distancing and stay-at-home orders had been in effect for 7–10 months at the time of the interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using NVivo™ (R1.7) software. A grounded theory approach identified key concepts along with similarities, differences, and reoccurring patterns of COVID-19 lived experience among participants. Participants recounted the impact of both the pandemic and the Restriction Policy on their interpersonal, financial, medical, and psychosocial well-being. When in need, they turned to formal and informal sources of financial and social support plus their own resourcefulness. Along with other factors, HIV medication shortages, HIV and COVID-19 related stigma, and fear of acquiring COVID-19 negatively impacted their antiretroviral adherence and the use of health services. The results point to the latent consequences of government attempts to curb a pandemic through public health lockdowns and enforced policies of physical separation. Its findings reveal the importance of ensuring that public safety nets for HIV key populations are available to supplement more informal personal sources of needed support.

Social mobile sensing and problematic alcohol consumption: Insights from smartphone metadata

BackgroundAlcohol is often consumed in a social context. We aim to investigate whether social mobile sensing is associated with real-world social interactions and alcohol consumption. In addition, we investigate how social restriction policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced these associations. MethodsWe conducted a smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study for 7 days over a 213-day period from 8 August 2020 to 9 March 2021 in Germany, including both no-lockdown and lockdown stages. Participants used a smartphone application which passively collects data on social behavior (e.g., app usage, phone calls, SMS). Moreover, we assessed real-world social interactions and alcohol consumption via daily questionnaires. ResultsWe found that each one-hour increase in social media usage was associated with a 40.2% decrease in the average number of drinks consumed. Mediation analysis suggested that social media usage decreases alcohol intake through decreased real-world social interactions. Notably, we did not find that any significant influence of the lockdown stage on the association between social mobile sensing and alcohol intake. ConclusionsOur study suggests that people who use more social media drink less, likely due to reduced face-to-face social interactions. This highlights the potential of social mobile sensing as an objective measure of social activity and its implications for understanding alcohol consumption behavior.

Localization of Social Distancing Norm to Combat Covid -19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to explore the localization of social distancing norm in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic has spread globally, affecting many aspects of human life. WHO, as a world health authority, encourages the implementation of social distancing norm to prevent the spread of Covid-19. However, countries around the world use various strategies to implement social distancing, such as lockdowns or social restrictions. Using Finnemore and Sikkink's norm life cycle and Amithav Acharya's norm localization, this article finds that the internalization and localization of social distancing norm in Indonesia are carried out through four efforts: determining the Covid-19 pandemic as a national disaster, forming a task force for the acceleration of Covid-19 countermeasures, and establishing social restriction policies through the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM) policies and socializing new habits such as maintaining distance and using masks. The localization of the social distancing norm is influenced by the domestic situation and the local norm of helping each other which is implemented through various movements such as jaga tangga, 3N1, canthelan, etc.

Pengaruh Intervensi Pemerintah dalam Penanganan Covid-19 Terhadap Return Saham

Purpose – This research aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the influence of government intervention in handling Covid-19 on stock returns.Design/methodology/approach – This research was conducted on companies listed on the LQ45 index of the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2020-2021. The total number of observations was 43 companies obtained using the purposive sampling method. This research is quantitative using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The dependent variable in this research is stock returns. The independent variable used is government intervention consisting of social restriction policies, prevention and health policies, and economic support. Three control variables are also used, namely company size, profitability (ROA), and leverage (DER).Findings – The research results show that social restriction policies and economic support have a positive effect on stock returns, while prevention and health policies have a negative effect on stock returns.Originality/value – This research is initial research that provides evidence of the influence of government intervention in handling Covid-19 on stock returns in Indonesia by utilizing the OxCORT index.Research limitations/implications – The implication of this research is that investors can anticipate increases and decreases in company share prices by considering several indices related to government intervention. The coverage area used is only limited to Indonesia.

Physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background During the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Indonesian government implemented a large-scale, social restriction policy, including the closure of schools and recreational facilities, which potentially altered children’s physical activity and sleep patterns. Objective To analyze for a possible association between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 437 children aged 7-13 years using data collected online in April-August 2020, including children’s sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity levels, and sleep patterns. The translated Indonesian version of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated (CSHQ-A) were used to collect data. The data analyzed consisted of sociodemographic factors and physical activity levels, sociodemographic factors and sleep disturbances, and physical activity levels and sleep disturbances. Results Most children were physically inactive (60.87%) and experienced sleep disturbances (73.23%) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Female sex and physical inactivity were significantly associated. Male sex and sleep disturbances were significantly associated. Age 7 as the lowest age group was significantly associated with sleep disturbances. There was no significant association (P=0.248) between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances. Conclusion Most Indonesian primary school students were physically inactive and had sleep disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Female sex and physical inactivity were significantly associated, while male sex and sleep disturbances were significantly associated, age 7 (lower age group) and sleep disturbances were significantly associated. There was no significant association between physical activity levels and sleep disturbances in Indonesian primary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coping strategies and psychological distress among mothers during COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of social support.

The Indonesian government implemented a large-scale social restriction policy as part of the efforts to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. This policy impacted the population, including mothers, and caused considerable psychological distress. Individual efforts to cope (avoidant and approach coping strategies) and support from significant persons might help handle the distress experienced by mothers. The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effect of individual coping strategies on psychological distress and the moderating role of social support among Indonesian mothers. An online survey was administered from 20th to 25th April 2020 to 1534 Indonesian mothers (Mean age 37.12 years; SD 6.63). Brief COPE (28 items), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale/DASS (18 items), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support/MSPSS (12 items) were used to measure coping strategies, psychological distress, and social support, respectively. IBM SPSS 24 software was used to analyze the data. The result showed that moderate and high levels of social support moderated the relationship between approach coping strategies and psychological distress (B = .041, CI .007-.075). When the mother uses approach coping, her psychological distress will decrease further whenever she receives moderate and high level social support. Any level of social support moderated the relationship between avoidant coping and psychological distress (B = -.100, CI -.138-.061). When mother used avoidant coping, her social support at any level served as buffer to her psychological distress. It can be concluded that mothers need to prioritize implementing approach coping strategies to lower their distress. Those who practiced avoidant coping strategies needed social support from their significant persons to decrease their distress.

Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Pelatihan Hidroponik Di Kota Bogor

Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants without soil that is popular with Indonesian people. Its spread in Indonesia is supported by information openness via the internet and social media. Internet users reaching 77.2% have created a demand for hydroponic training. The urgency of training services is needed because hydroponic cultivation requires special skills. In the city of Bogor, there are business units that provide hydroponic training with limited face-to-face services which are very vulnerable to schedule limitations and social restriction policies by the government. The aim of this research is to formulate a strategy for developing a hydroponics training business in the city of Bogor. The approach uses qualitative methods with the Business Model Canvas framework to map digitalization adaptation and describe existing business models. Alternative strategies are formulated using SWOT analysis which combines internal strategic issues in the form of strengths and weaknesses with external strategic issues in the form of opportunities and threats. The formulated alternative strategy is implemented into the prototype canvas business model. Customer Response Index analysis is carried out to support SWOT analysis to obtain input based on responses from consumers. The research results found that digital adaptation was limited to business model marketing channels. Strength strategic issues lie in segmentation based on demand, service flexibility, and digital marketing adaptation. The weakness issue is dependence on one product and dependence on business partners. Strategic issues of opportunity are opportunities for product diversification, new partnerships, and conversion of training into digital products. The strategic threat issue is the opportunistic risk of business partners. The formulation of an alternative strategy recommends diversifying service products by adding services that are still in the hydroponics business line.

Abstract P223: Long Term Impact of COVID19 Pandemic on Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity Level in South American Adults: Results From the Lown Scholars PAFIT Network Online Survey

Background: While restriction measures helped to control the further transmission of the SARS-cov2 virus, they also produced undesirable repercussions on physical activity level (PAL) and, potentially, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, the extent to which CRF has returned to pre-pandemic levels in the current time has yet to be consistently evaluated, especially in South America. Objective: We aimed to assess changes in PAL and estimated CRF (eCRF) from before the COVID-19 pandemic until the current time using an online survey with validated questionnaires and identifying the determinants of the observed changes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to assess physical activity and sedentary time on a convenience sample of 1934 adults (68.7% women) from Argentina (n = 484), Brazil (n = 405), Chile (n = 279), Colombia (n = 343) and Uruguay (n = 423). We asked participants questions regarding their physical activity, body weight, socioeconomic status, education and cardiovascular risk factors before the start of the pandemic (Feb/Mar 2020) and at the time of the survey (Jul-Sep 2022). We calculated the eCRF before the pandemic and at the current time using a Brazilian equation including age, sex, body mass index, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, current smoking, physical inactivity, and diabetes. To adjust for age, we also calculated eCRF using only the current time age. Results: The participants reported a significant increase in the prevalence of self reported hypertension (12.9% to 16.5%), diabetes (6.8% to 9.8%), dyslipidemia (18.9% to 24%), and obesity (15.4% to 18.2%) comparing pre-COVID-19 period to the time of the survey. In contrast, they reported a significant decrease in PAL at work (median 936.5 to 864.6 METs/min/week; p < 0.032) and within active transportation domains (median 502.6 to 460.3 METs/min/week; p < 0.008). No significant changes were reported in leisure time physical activity. The median sedentary time on weekdays increased by 60 minutes (360 to 420; p < 0.001) post pandemic and eCRF was reduced (mean difference, -1.17 mL/min/kg; p < 0.001). When adjusted for age, the differences remained statistically significant. (-0.50; mL/min/kgmL/min/kg; p 0.001). Conclusion: Social restriction policies aimed at controlling pandemics may lead to reduction in physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness in the long term.

Factors Affecting Pork Consumer Demand During The Covid- 19 Pandemic in Medan City, North Sumatra Province

At the end of 2019, people in Medan City were shocked by the death of thousands of pigs in several districts in North Sumatera caused by African Swine Fever (ASF). In early March 2020, the government enacted the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy due to the Covid-19 pandemic. These conditions caused an economic contraction marked by the growth of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which fell sharply in the second quarter of 2020 against the second quarter of 2019 by 5.32% (y-on-y). This study aims to analyze the availability and price of pork and the factors that affect consumer demand for pork during the Covid-19 pandemic in Medan City. The research location consists of six traditional markets in Medan City that sell pork, namely Kanpung Lalang Market, Sunggal Market, Melati Market, Sambu Market, Sambas Market, and Sukaramai Market with purposive sampling method. There were 80 respondents. The data collection methods used were observation, interview, and literature study. The data processing and analysis method used is the Classical Assumption Test and Model Fit Test. The results showed that the total demand for pork before the Covid-19 pandemic was 98 kg while the demand for pork during the Covid-19 pandemic decreased to 40 kg. The decrease in demand for pork is due to the increase in pork prices caused by the outbreak of ASF disease in pigs in North Sumatra. However, the purchasing power of the people of Medan City decreased due to a decrease in income caused by Covid-19. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that during the Covid-19 pandemic there was a very drastic decrease in demand for pork with a percentage reaching more than 50%

ANALYSIS OF CARBONMONICIDE (CO) AIR QUALITY IN DKI JAKARTA DUE TO LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS (PSBB) POLICIES FIRST VOLUME USING CLOUD- BASED COMPUTING ON GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE

VThe corona virus first appeared in Wuhan, China and spread to Indonesia in 2020, causing the Indonesian government to implement Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) in several cities, one of which is DKI Jakarta. The government is implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) which aims to stop the spread of the corona virus. During the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) period, all community activities were mostly carried out at home, many public facilities were closed. With the implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy which limits community activities in DKI Jakarta, it turns out it also has an impact on the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) gas emissions in the air . This research uses a statistical analysis method for CO gas emissions from Sentinel-5P imagery which is extracted using cloud-based computing on Google Earth Engine. V isualization of the spatial distribution of CO gas emission content was carried out by interpolating CO data extracted using the kriging interpolation method. The results of the research show that in the first volume of the PSBB on April 10 - June 4 2020 , an unstable CO concentration pattern was seen and the average CO was obtained, namely, 0.03187 mol/m 2 . In the period a year after the first volume of PSBB 10 A April-4 June 2021, there was an increase in CO concentration by 10% to 0.0352 mol/m 2 , so this shows that the implementation of the first volume of PSBB in DKI Jakarta affected the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 OUTBREAKS ON INDONESIA’S AUTOMOTIVE AND PAPER INDUSTRY STOCK RETURN

This study was carried out to identify the effect of COVID-19, Large-Scale Social Restriction policies, market capitalization, and stock trading volume on the company's stock returns from 2 March 2020 to 30 December 2020. The subjects in this study are companies in the automotive and component industries as well as the pulp and paper industry which are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2020. This study uses 3 theories, namely the Signaling Theory, Efficient Market Hypothesis Theory, and Black Swan Theory. Panel data regression analysis was used in the study, using EViews 9 program and Microsoft Excel to process all data. Results show that growth of COVID-19 positive cases and market capitalization have a significant negative effect on the company's stock return. The other results show that the increasing of LSSR (Large-Scale Social Restriction) policies and stock trading volumes have an impact on increasing company’s stock returns, while the growth of death cases of COVID-19 has no impact on increasing or decreasing company’s stock returns.

A Typology of Family Functioning at The Beginning of The COVID-19 Pandemic

Family functioning affects the physical and psychological health of individuals in the family. The more effortlessly a family performs its various functions, the better the mental health of its members. The purpose of this research is to analyze family issues and explore the elements that influence family functioning following the implementation of the Large Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy. The research was conducted using an online survey method via Google form application. Data were collected from 18 provinces, with West Java having the highest percentage (54.8%), followed by DKI Jakarta (12.3%), Riau (7.1%), East Java (6.5%), and South Sumatra (6.0%). Data were processed using SPSS version 20, followed by descriptive and regression analysis. Based on the dimensions of family functioning, the results showed that more than 80 percent of the aspects of communication and affective responsiveness were in the low category. In comparison, more than 90 percent of responders rate their role and behavioral control as high. According to the functioning typology, as many as 64% of families have less functioning conditions, while 36% of families are still functioning well. According to the findings, the COVID-19 epidemic has also caused additional challenges for families, especially children (63.5%) and economic problems (49.5%). These findings are intended to provide useful information to the government and academia in strengthening family resilience during times of crisis.

DAMPAK COVID-19 TERHADAP PENDAPATAN USAHA PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA DI LAPANGAN GEDUNG OLAHRAGA SUDIANG KOTA MAKASSAR

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought many impacts in various fields of life in Indonesia, one of which is the economic sector. In the economic field, there is a decrease in income due to at least buying andbselling that is felt by all groups in society. Street vendors (PKL) who belong to the informal group alsobfeel the impact of this pandemic. Since the government issued the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy, this has made street vendors lose their buyers, which resulted in a decrease in income.The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of COVID-19 on street vendors (PKL) in the Sudiang Sports Building field, Makassar City so that they can survive in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and describe the strategies used during the pandemic.The research method used is qualitative. The results of this study are (1) the loss of buyers and customers because when the PSBB policy is implemented people prefer to stay at home and are reluctant to leave the house if it is not important. (2) This decrease in income is a follow-up impact when buyers are reduced because it will automatically reduce their income as well. (3) Street vendors make strategies sothat they can maintain their business and fulfill their daily needs

Strengthening The Awareness Of State Defense Of The Millennial Generation Through Defense Management Against Economic Threats After The Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic that hit globally at the end of 2019 had a significant impact on the Indonesian economy. The PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) policy enacted at that time caused various economic problems such as increasing commodity prices in the market and increasing unemployment due to layoffs (Termination of Employment) which occurred due to the declining economic growth rate. This research uses a qualitative approach that aims to identify how the economic impact of the post-Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and outline how appropriate state defense efforts for the millennial generation to face economic threats as non-military threats that affect national resilience. The results of this study confirm that the concept of state defense efforts must be implemented gradually and continuously in order to instill awareness of state defense in the younger generation. This approach can be done through various channels, both through formal and non-formal education. Promoting the concept of universal defense by involving all potential national resources is key in strengthening national character building. This is done by fostering awareness and state defense skills for every Indonesian citizen, so that they are ready to become part of the human resources that defend the country. Moreover, this approach also strengthens national identity that is rooted in personality and culture based on the values of Pancasila. Given the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Indonesia's economy, including rising prices of basic necessities, high unemployment rates, and declining investment, it is important that we raise state defense awareness and educate Millennials about their role in maintaining the country's resilience.

Unlocking the interaction of social restriction and social protection in Indonesia’s COVID-19 policy: future risk and adaptation

ABSTRACT The Indonesian government has issued hundreds of regulations and policies to deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These various policies and regulations assess how a government responds, mitigates, and prevents systemic crises in its country. These decisions- and policy-making processes are largely determined by the country’s unique socioeconomic and political landscape. This paper reviewed 875 regulations issued by the Indonesian government at the national level in 2020–2022 to determine which policies have the most direct social, economic, and health impact on the Indonesian population. We highlight social protection to explore the challenges and opportunities to respond future risk by taking benefit from progressive effort of the Indonesian government to protect all Indonesian populations with the priority of the most vulnerable groups. This paper aims to map out government policies and regulations in handling the pandemic and exploring the potential opportunities for adaptation to respond future risk. The study is based on expert group discussion and policy mapping. As one of the findings of the investigation, this paper discusses the interaction between large-scale and micro-scale social restriction and social protection policies, which are considered the foremost solutions for handling Indonesia’s more severe economic crisis and facing current and future risks, including climate change impact. While social protection is one of the massive strategies to relieve economic impact to the most affected group, effectiveness and success are still challenges concerning data. This paper also provides important notes regarding climate change adaptation and how the government must respond to future risks.

Analisis Probabilitas Kebangkrutan Bank Umum Swasta Nasional di Masa Pandemi

At the end of 2019, the world was shocked by the phenomenon of the Covid-19 virus which caused significant changes to the economies of all countries, including Indonesia, where to date 6 million cases have been recorded. The implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy implemented by the government has had an impact on the country's economic sector where many companies have closed down. This bankruptcy occurs due to financial distress, which is a condition where a company or individual cannot generate sufficient income or profit. Based on this phenomenon, researchers are interested in conducting research regarding the bankruptcy probability analysis of national private commercial banks listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. This research uses quantitative methods with secondary data obtained from company financial reports for 3 years, namely from before the 2019 to 2021 pandemic which will be processed using the Altman Z-Score and Zmijewski X-Score analysis methods.