Social Protection Floor Research Articles

Türk genel sağlık sigortası kapsamında sunulan sağlık hizmetlerinin sosyal koruma tabanları yaklaşımına göre finansman bakımından değerlendirilmesi

The Social Protection Floors Recommendation No. 202, adopted on 14 June 2012, was approved by tripartite consensus with the acceptance vote of 452 of the government, employee and employer representatives from 185 countries participating in the 101st Labour Conference of the ILO (Işık, 2012, s. 240; ILO, 2014, s. 1-4). Social Protection Floors established according to the Recommendation were designed by ILO as a three-tier structure. Accordingly, while the first tier includes basic income and health insurance, the second tier consists of premium social security guarantees and the third tier consists of voluntary social security guarantees. The aim of the Recommendation is to provide a roadmap for Member States to build up their social protection floors and to achieve universal social security standards, even at a minimum level. In this way, social protection can be provided to as many individuals as For the abstract text, select possible and social inequalities and extreme poverty can be prevented. In this context, one of the important factors in achieving the main objective expressed in the Recommendation.

Layiqli həyat hüquqları sferasında beynəlxalq əməkdaşlığın hüquqi tənzimlənməsi

Ensuring the right to a decent life, which is considered one of the basic human rights, is one of the main obligations of the world community and individual states in the modern era. It is for this reason that international organizations and developed countries are supporters of the process of promoting aid and establishing relations with developing or relatively low-income states. One of the most important issues in this promotion process is the availability of its contractual basis. Only after that, international organizations and individual states will be able to implement certain programs and action plans through the appropriate organizational mechanisms. The article examines the forms and directions of international cooperation implemented by the author in the direction of rights to a decent life, analyzes international acts containing this problem, and also puts forward certain proposals and recommendations. Also the author analyzed the implementation of international relations from the point of view of the minimum level of social protection and defended the idea of replacing the term "extraterritorial obligations" with the term "obligations of the third state". Keywords: the right to a decent life, adequate standards, the international act, Social protection floor, extraterritorial obligations, obligations of the third state, international relations, international cooperation, the Strategy of Three Pillars.

Minimum and Living Wages in Jordan and Tunisia

Countries around the world are working to develop social protection floors to help reduce poverty. Ensuring workers can earn adequate wages is an important component of social protection floors. In this paper, we explore who receives minimum, poverty, median, and living wages in Jordan, comparing 2010 and 2016, and in Tunisia in 2014. We demonstrate that while the majority of workers do earn at least minimum and poverty wages, only a minority of workers earn a living wage. The chances of earning minimum, poverty, median, and living wages depend on the characteristics of workplaces, specific work characteristics (especially job formality and skills required), and the demographic characteristics of workers. While results are consistent with wages reflecting, in part, workers’ productivity, they may also reflect rents, efficiency wages, and for minimum wages issues with enforceability and policy design. These findings highlight which workers are vulnerable to low earnings and where greater enforcement or redesign of minimum wage legislation might be needed.

The idea of a ‘social protection floor’ for South Africa Developing an approach for social justice and inclusion

The idea of a ‘social protection floor’ for South Africa Developing an approach for social justice and inclusion

Adjusting to a changing world while sticking to principles. International Labour Organization responses to the challenges facing social protection systems in the 21st century

Introduction: The paper analyses – basing itself on reports and other documents created by different parts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) – the process which led to the adoption of Social Protection Floor Recommendation No. 202 and the shift in focus of social policy advice towards basic protection and to the Global South countries. We look at the actions of different actors which shape the standard setting and policy stand of the organisation.Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of ILO social security standards, examining the evolution of principles, conventions, and the global dynamics that have shaped the organization's approach to social protection over time.Materials and methods: The methods include examining ILO documents, relevant subject literature, and the author's participant observations from over twenty-years of service in the ILO's Social Security Department, aiming to provide insights into the decision-making processes within the organization.Conclusion: We conclude that change was brought by: 1) shift in the membership of the ILO and of its decision-making bodies towards the increased presence and powers of representatives from countries of the Global South, 2) the shift in the global development community policy priorities towards poverty reduction, 3) emergence of experimental social assistance schemes in Global South countries, with designs often ignoring principles embedded in the ILO standards.The Social Protection Floor Recommendation complements previous standards in response to the challenges of widespread poverty and informality and spreading atypical forms of employment. It provides two directions of policy responses: 1) formalizing informal employment relationships and 2) expanding universal or targeted rights-based social assistance schemes.Assistance provided by ILO to member states focuses now more on building the non-contributory schemes and on identifying the fiscal space necessary to close the coverage gaps. Nowadays, the ILO must collaborate more than before with other development partners and the main challenge is to build among them awareness and acceptance of the principles of the ILO social security standards.

Universal Basic Income in Historical Perspective

This edited volume is one of the two outputs stemming from a workshop on the ‘Intellectual History of Universal Basic Income’ held in Cambridge in 2019. The other, by Malcolm Torry (2021), Basic Income: a history, I have already had the privilege to review for the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. Although Torry’s book provides broad coverage from a single perspective and is an excellent reference source, the Sloman et al. volume engages with a selection of in-depth historical discussions from a variety of perspectives, providing a stimulating intellectual rollercoaster. Debates about what constitutes, and what might justify, a Universal Basic Income (UBI) are deeply contested and have even been traced back—fancifully, perhaps—to ancient Athens (Standing, 2017). However, the focus in much, but not all, of the Sloman et al. volume is the 20th Century. While it is fascinating to trace intersecting genealogies of competing ideas and interpretations of UBI, to do so can be unhelpful, as the editors make clear in Chapter 1. What we are really talking about, they say, is ‘a family of ideas, linked by a set of common characteristics’ (p. 6). The various chapters engage with: differences in language and context relating to variants or derivatives of UBI; with the range of UBI’s individual and institutional advocates; the different ways in which proposals for UBI have been received in public debate; and the emergence of global networks that have extended debate beyond the global North and into the global South. The editors acknowledge that the book’s coverage does not extend to later developments in Latin America, Asia and the Pacific or such 21st Century developments as the International Labour Organization’s Social Protection Floor.

News from our societies: ICSW: A decade of global activities on social protection floors

News from our societies: ICSW: A decade of global activities on social protection floors

Making the Right to Social Security a Reality for All Workers.

The right to social security has strong anchoring in international human rights law and forms a critical component of international labour standards. While social security has sometimes been portrayed as inimical to economic dynamism, there is a much larger body of work that posits a positive relationship between social welfare and economic progress. The COVID-19 crisis has revealed stark gaps in social protection. Workers in the informal economy have been particularly hard hit, as they were excluded from formal work-related protections and were not eligible for social assistance that often targets the very poor and those outside the labour force. Social assistance schemes with flat-rate benefits can be an element of a rights-based national social protection system if their eligibility criteria, benefit levels and modalities are set out in the national legislation, to ensure transparency and accountability. However, social assistance schemes should be part of a broader social protection system, which usually combines tax-financed schemes and social insurance to guarantee a social protection floor and provide higher-level benefits in line with international social security principles. Inspired by a vision that seeks to formalize all economic units, especially micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and make the right to social protection a reality for workers in all types of employment, the paper points to a number of country examples that have extended social protection by combining contributory and non-contributory elements. This vision is particularly needed at a time when climate change adaptation, digital transition, and other drivers of transformative change call for the formalization of jobs and enterprises, while making it possible for states to mobilize the maximum available resources to build universal, comprehensive and adequate social protection systems that can facilitate inclusive transitions.

Social Protection Floor: A Socio Economic Development Policy

Recently the issue of social protection floor (SPF) has gained a strong momentum at International Labour Organisation (ILO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) meetings. A series of discussions are going on in ILO for a comprehensive instrument in the form of non-binding recommendation on social protection floor for providing basic social protection benefits for all. SPF is considered as a powerful instrument at national level for addressing the permanent human crisis. In this regard the present paper attempts to examine the concept of social protection floor and its significance. The paper is based on the secondary sources of data. For this purpose, the various research papers and publications of ILO, WHO and UNDP and, the reports published by the government and non-government agencies were considered. The paper attempts to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the relevance of a social protection floor in our country.

Promoting Sustainable Goals in Nigeria through the Kaleidoscope of the Social Protection Floor Initiative

Improving national social protection systems is a major task for all governments. This they can do through an effective implementation of the sustainable goals also called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The main purpose of social protection is to reduce poverty, economic shocks and vulnerability. This article examines the extent Nigeria has gone to in order to promote sustainable goals through the Social Protection Floor Initiative. The article also delves into the justiciability of socio-economic rights in Nigeria and in other jurisdictions like UK, India and South Africa which are commonwealth countries like Nigeria. It further recommends ways by which Nigeria can, through the Social Protection Floor Initiative, fulfil its obligations towards the attainment of the SDGs. A major conclusion of this article is that the Social Protection Floor Initiative is an important means for the government to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, and an important aspect of this is ensuring the enforcement of socio-economic rights. Without implementing the Social Protection Floor Initiative, the Sustainable Development Goals mantra will be restricted just to TVs in Nigerian homes without any corresponding impact on the masses.

The Resilience of Female Sex Workers in the Wake of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe

The paper interrogates the resilience of female sex workers in the wake of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe. The paper draws literature from global, regional and national perspectives using the resilience theory. Major findings reveal that the COVID-19 lockdown measures have disrupted the livelihoods of female sex workers. Hence, female sex workers have resorted to online sex work and some entrepreneurship. There has also been consistent breaching of the lockdown regulations in a bid to make ends meet. Therefore, the study concludes by recommending the need to extend social protection floors to this vulnerable group.

COVID-19 and disconnected youth: Lessons and opportunities from OECD countries.

This paper highlights how the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has amplified economic instability and health risks for disconnected youth and young adults (YYA). We offer a brief review of governmental policy responses in four OECD countries and how they may impact the disconnect YYA within those countries. Literature was reviewed utilizing Cochrane Library, ERIC, PsychINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science to outline existing inequities among disconnected YYA and COVID-19 economic and health impacts. Government responses to COVID-19 from four OECD countries were reviewed. Using the social protection model, we highlighted significant policy changes and developments that influence the protection of vulnerable populations and evaluated the potential effect of long-term economic dislocations prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Disconnected YYA suffered significant financial and health burdens with no social protection floor in place. Lessons learned prior to and during the pandemic indicate that initiatives aimed at improving health and well-being among vulnerable YYA and their communities must be adequately funded, flexible, and comprehensive. Attempts to connect or reconnect YYA who were disconnected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic will require a re-envisioning of policy. Globally, governments must invest in social safety net programs that focus on supporting those most at-risk. A concentrated focus on job creation, education and training, and paid work experience, investments in early childhood care and education, housing, health and mental health care is necessary to not only offset the pandemic's effects but also support thriving in the future for YYA.

ՍՈՑԻԱԼԱԿԱՆ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԻՆՍՏԻՏՈՒՏԸ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՈՒՄ/INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA/ИНСТИТУТ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ АРМЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the content of the concept of "social protection", which is characterized as a human right, as a set of policies and programs, and also as a multi-level risks management system. The fact is argued that social protection as a fundamental human right belongs to everyone and provides over the life cycle. Consequently, social protection legislation should be based on the concept of “social security for all” and should create a national social protection floor. Taking into account the crisis in the country following the events of 2020, the problems associated with ensuring security and the post-crisis socio-economic recovery of Artsakh and Armenia, as well as the uncertainty in connection with the coronavirus, it is proposed to form a synergistic and effective social protection system, develop political and legislative strategies, and also create a strong institutional and legal framework for the social protection system.

Social Protection for Socioeconomically Vulnerable Women of Pakistan- During Covid-19 and Beyond

Ensuring United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are met collectively for the protection of women, requires a broadening of discussion and efforts from reproductive health to investigate ethical challenges facing women during COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to discuss issues of ethics, equity, and rights for the health access of socioeconomically vulnerable women of Pakistan. Deriving from two feminist approaches to ethics-power and care, we analyse four different areas which are contributing to women becoming further disadvantaged, including (i) state and health sector response, (ii) income loss and worsening poverty, (iii) patriarchy and decision-making, and (iv) neglect of health issues not pertaining to infectious disease. We conclude with recommendations to form a triadic partnership between the health sector, government and the economy to provide women with a social protection floor to improve health outcomes.

De la red al piso de protección social: la trayectoria de la política social en los organismos multilaterales

From the mid-1990s to the present, the dominant development model shifted from the Washington Consensus to the Post Washington Consensus. This shift encouraged a shift in the global social policy paradigm, from the Social Safety Net to the Social Protection Floor. The objective of this article is to analyse the political process of transformation of global social policy promoted by multilateral organizations. Based on a qualitative methodology, centred on documentary analysis, it is proposed that each paradigm of social policy is linked to the postulates of the current development model. While in the 1990s the World Bank promoted the Social Safety Net, understood as focused and exceptional social policies in the face of optimism in market solutions; following the 2008 financial crisis, and inspired by the experience of conditional cash transfers in Latin America, the ILO promotes the Social Protection Floor, which includes a broader, quasi-universal and rights-based approach to social policy.

Focusing on policy coherence to achieve UHC: The social protection floor approach

Focusing on policy coherence to achieve UHC: The social protection floor approach

La red de protección social en México: ¿Hacia una seguridad social incluyente?

The technical dimension of economic growth (i. e. deficit of growth in productivity), and its value association with well-being, have determined that the political intervention of decision-makers (i. e. economists, political scientists, opinion formers) place economic growth at the top of the public agenda. This research has as its main objective to demonstrate that the creation of a Social Protection Network in Mexico to guarantee access to health and ensure an inclusive security under the Social Protection Floor of the International Labour Organization (ILO), far from achieving a more democratic redistribution of social protection expenditure, is part of the microeconomic reforms which, according to conventional economic theory, ensure a trend in the economy towards full employment.

LET US WALK THE TALK: THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION – THE CASE FOR A NEW INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

This paper focuses on the actions of the ILO towards Global South, with Brazil as a focal point. As the International Labour Organization has changed its paradigm during one hundred years of existence, the policies toward Global The human right to social security entered into international law in the middle of the last century. In 2012 the International Labour Conference took the latest step towards the concretisation of this right when it adopted its recommendation No. 202 (R202) concerning national fl oors of social protection. Shortly thereafter, in 2015, the global community of nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) which contain a comprehensive social protection agenda. Together, these two instruments set clear global objectives of social protection accessible to all people. It is argued here that the ILO or the UN have to take the next step and transform “soft” instruments of recommendation and goals into “hard” ones and develop a new convention on universal access to at least fl oor of social protection to a create true safeguard for the right to social security and make it more diffi cult to reverse achieved social progress.

Social protection floors as an investment in the future

The Covid-19 pandemic has pushed millions of people below the poverty line, mainly because there is often a lack of well-functioning social protection systems. In many countries, new social assistance programs have been introduced or existing programs have been expanded in response to the pandemic. In many cases, however, these measures are not sufficient to mitigate the social consequences of Covid-19. Above all, they are usually too short-term in nature to ensure long-term protection also against future crises. This paper presents the political and international legal framework in which the debate on the extension and, in particular, the financing of universal social protection takes place.

Social protection floors as an investment in the future

The Covid-19 pandemic has pushed millions of people below the poverty line, mainly because there is often a lack of well-functioning social protection systems. In many countries, new social assistance programs have been introduced or existing programs have been expanded in response to the pandemic. In many cases, however, these measures are not sufficient to mitigate the social consequences of Covid-19. Above all, they are usually too short-term in nature to ensure long-term protection also against future crises. This paper presents the political and international legal framework in which the debate on the extension and, in particular, the financing of universal social protection takes place.