Social Peer Research Articles

A Model Analysis of the Effect of Self-Efficacy, Authoritative Parenting, and Peer Social Support on Academic Stress in Full-Day Senior High School Students

This study investigated the influence of self-efficacy, authoritative parenting, and peer social support on academic stress in full-day senior high school students. The population of this study were all twelfth-grade students from Senior High School X in Lampung, with a total of 330 students. This study involved 140 twelfth-grade students as the participants were selected using a cluster random sampling technique. This study employed an academic stress scale, self-efficacy scale, authoritative parenting scale, and peer social support scale. The data was analyzed by evaluating the outer and inner models. The study employed the Structural Equation Model (SEM) for data analysis using the Smart Partial Least Square 3.3.0 application. The findings of this study include the development of a model of the influence of self-efficacy, authoritative parenting, and peer social support on academic stress that is consistent with empirical data, the absence of an effect of self-efficacy on academic stress, a very significant negative influence between authoritative parenting and academic stress, and a very significant negative influence between peer social support and academic stress. The theoretical model developed in this study is a fit model, which can be used as a valid model reference when addressing academic stress.

The multifaceted ownership change of foreign subsidiaries: The diverse responses to different types of negative performance feedback

AbstractResearch SummaryBy integrating performance feedback theory and ownership management literature, we examine how parent multinational companies (MNCs) evaluate their foreign subsidiaries' poor performance against various aspirations and make multifaceted ownership change decisions. Our results show that social aspirations matter more than historical aspirations in ownership change decisions. When a focal subsidiary is underperforming relative to industry peers or overseas subsidiary peers, its parent MNC tends to change its ownership of foreign subsidiaries and by a high degree. However, regarding the direction of ownership change, a foreign subsidiary with performance below industry peers tends to experience an ownership decrease, whereas the opposite is true when a subsidiary's performance is below overseas subsidiary peers. Overall, we extend existing theories that downplay the role of aspirations in ownership changes.Managerial SummaryEffective ownership management in foreign subsidiaries is key to sustaining the global operations of MNCs. An important task for parent managers is to make sense of the poor performance of their foreign subsidiaries against various aspirations and respond in terms of ownership change decisions. We find that managers are more sensitive when their foreign subsidiary's performance is below its social peers than below its past performance. Specifically, parent managers tend to change ownership to a large extent when their foreign subsidiary is poorly performed compared with its industry peers as an external benchmark or overseas subsidiary peers as an internal benchmark. Moreover, parent managers tend to reduce ownership when the subsidiary's performance is below industry peers, while are more likely to increase ownership when the performance is below its overseas subsidiary peers.

Quality of Social Relationships with Parents and Peers in Adolescents Born Extremely Preterm.

Adolescents born extremely preterm (EPT, gestational age [GA] <28 weeks) are at higher risk for problems in peer socialization than those born full-term (FT, GA >36 weeks). This study was designed to examine the possibility that adolescents born EPT may also have difficulty in transitioning from parents to peers for socialization, a process referred to as "social reorienting." A secondary aim was to investigate associations of social reorienting with other neurodevelopmental characteristics. The Network of Relationships Inventory, Relationship Quality Version was administered to 24 adolescents (ages 11-16 years) born EPT and 29 born FT to obtain self-ratings of closeness and discord with parents and peers. Measures of other neurodevelopmental characteristics included tests of cognitive and social skills, adolescent self-ratings of adjustment and victimization, and parent ratings of youth behavior and adaptive skills. Mixed model analyses controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and race were conducted to examine group differences in measures of relationship quality and their associations with other neurodevelopmental characteristics. The EPT group had higher ratings of closeness with parents than the FT group. For adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, those born EPT had lower closeness with peers. Higher closeness with parents was associated with lower test scores. Lower closeness and more discord with peers were associated with more behavior problems. Findings suggest that adolescents born EPT have difficulties in social reorientation toward peers and identify factors related to these difficulties. Results imply a need for interventions to improve peer socialization in youth born EPT.

Men. Male-biased sex ratios and masculinity norms: evidence from Australia's colonial past.

We document the historical roots and contemporary consequences of masculinity norms-beliefs about the proper conduct of men. We exploit a natural experiment in which convict transportation in the and centuries created a variegated spatial pattern of sex ratios across Australia. We show that in areas with heavily male-biased convict populations, relatively more men volunteered for World War I about a century later. Even at present these areas remain characterized by more violence, higher rates of male suicide and other forms of preventable male mortality, and more male-stereotypical occupational segregation. Moreover, in these historically male-biased areas, more Australians recently voted against same-sex marriage and boys-but not girls-are more likely to be bullied in school. We interpret these results as manifestations of masculinity norms that emerged due to intense local male-male competition. Once established, masculinity norms persisted over time through family socialization as well as peer socialization in schools. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10887-023-09223-x.

Warding off the Evil Eye: Peer Envy in Rawls’s Just Society

Abstract This article critically analyzes Rawls’s attitude toward envy. In A Theory of Justice, Rawls is predominantly concerned with the threat that class envy poses to political stability. Yet he also briefly discusses the kind of envy that individuals experience toward their social peers, which he calls particular envy, and which I refer to as peer envy. He quickly concludes, however, that particular envy would not present a serious risk to the stability of his just society. In this article, I contest this claim by arguing that the principles that structure Rawls’s ideal society are likely to exacerbate particular envy to a politically risky extent. Section 1 reconstructs his account of envy, giving special attention to his belief that competition kindles envy between peers. Section 2 then examines the way in which Rawls often endorses rivalry within the body politic. I argue that the society governed by justice as fairness is, on account of this rivalry, likely to generate a politically problematic degree of particular envy. In Section 3, I invoke ancient Greece as an example of a society that was, as a result of its intense competitiveness, often imperiled by dangerously elevated levels of peer envy. I then survey the key institutional mechanisms by which the ancient Greeks sought to manage this hazardous emotion. It turns out, however, that most of these mechanisms would be unavailable to Rawls insofar as they starkly contravene his principles of justice. I conclude that if Rawlsians wish to establish a society that fosters rivalry, they would do well to reflect on the means by which peer envy can be effectively harnessed.

Childhood language skills as predictors of social, adaptive and behavior outcomes of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundChildren with autism, including those without intellectual disability (ASD-ID), experience poor social and adaptive development in adolescence. Although language difficulties are commonly identified in children ASD-ID, there has been little empirical research that has analyzed the influence of these difficulties in social, adaptive and behavioural outcomes in adolescence. Methods and procedureStructural and pragmatic language of 45 children with ASD-ID were assessed at childhood (aged 7–11) through The Children Communication Checklist (CCC-2) completed by parents. More than four-years later, in the follow-up, prosocial behaviour and peer relationships, daily living and socialization skills and behavioural difficulties were evaluated. ResultsMultiple regression analysis exploring the relationships between structural and pragmatic language and the different developmental outcomes, showed that pragmatic language significantly predicted all three domains, especially stereotyped language and use of context. However, structural language (semantics in particular) only accounted for a significant proportion in the variance in prosocial behaviour and socialization skills. Conclusions and implicationsTaken together, these findings indicate that structural language and, particularly pragmatic language, are relevant predictors of ASD social and behavioural outcomes in adolescence. Therefore, a detailed language assessment might be an important target of ASD diagnostic practice for improving the development of children with ASD-ID.

Correlates of Risky Sexual Behaviours of Adolescents in Rivers State: A Study of Peer Pressure and Social Media Influences

Background: This study investigated the correlates of risky sexual behaviours of adolescents in Rivers State. Six objectives with corresponding research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised of all 93,076 in- School Senior Secondary School adolescents in Rivers State. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select a sample of 880 from six LGAs in the three senatorial zones of the State. The instrument for data collection was a validated self-structured questionnaire with reliability coefficients of 0.852 for peer pressure and 0.733 for media using Cronbach alpha. Data collected was analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), percentages were used to answer research questions, and binary logistic regression was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. Results and Discussions: The result of the study showed 14.6% prevalence of sexual behaviours. Also, the findings revealed that 73.2% did not used condoms at sexual debut, 7.3% had sexual intercourse with more than one person, 2.6% had paid sexual intercourse, 2.2% have had sexual intercourse with sex worker and 11.3% have had oral sex. Conclusions: The result of the study established a significant relationship between peer pressure and sexual behaviours (p &lt; 0.05) and result revealed a significant association between social media influence and sexual behaviours (p &lt;0.05). The study recommended that sexual health education be taught early right from the home by parents/ guardians and in school by teachers and school health officers with emphasis on the identified correlates peer pressure and media influence. Parents should not purchase high tech android phones for their children and should monitor what they do with phones provided.

Peer Connectedness and Social Technology Use During COVID-19 Lockdown.

During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, adolescents relied on social technology for social connection. Although some research suggests small, negative effects for quantity of social technology use on adolescent mental health, the quality of the interaction may be more important. We conducted a daily diary study in a risk-enriched sample of girls under COVID-19 lockdown to investigate associations between daily social technology use, peer closeness, and emotional health. For 10 days, 93 girls (ages 12-17) completed an online daily diary (88% compliance) assessing positive affect, symptoms of anxiety and depression, peer closeness, and daily time texting, video-chatting and using social media. Multilevel fixed effects models with Bayesian estimation were conducted. At the within-person level, more daily time texting or video-chatting with peers was associated with feeling closer to peers that day, which was associated with more positive affect and fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms that day. At the between-person level, more time video-chatting with peers across the 10 days was indirectly associated with higher average positive affect during lockdown and less depression seven-months later, via higher mean closeness with peers. Social media use was not associated with emotional health at the within- or between-person levels. Messaging and video-chatting technologies are important tools for maintaining peer connectedness during social isolation, with beneficial effects on emotional health.

Network analysis links adolescent depression with childhood, peer, and family risk environment factors

BackgroundAdolescent mental health is influenced by various adverse environmental conditions. However, it remains unclear how these factors jointly affect adolescent depression. This study aimed to use network analysis to assess the associations between different environmental factors and depressive symptoms in adolescents and to identify key pathways between them. MethodsThis study included 610 adolescents with depression from inpatient and outpatient units recruited between March 2020 and November 2021. The mean age was 14.86 ± 1.96, with no significant difference between males (n = 155, 15.10 ± 2.19) and females (n = 455, 14.78 ± 1.88). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Children's Depression Inventory, and individual risk environment factors included childhood trauma, social peer and family risk factors. Network features, including network centrality, stability, and bridge centrality, were investigated. ResultsAnhedonia and self-esteem were found to be more central in depressive symptoms. Insult experiences from the social peer and emotional abuse experience from childhood were more central environmental factors. Childhood trauma experiences were more related to adolescent depressive symptoms compared to family and peer factors. Bridge analyses identified emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect as the main bridges linking environment risk to depressive symptoms. LimitationsThis was a cross-sectionally designed study, which limited its ability to examine longitudinal dynamic interactions between environmental factors and adolescent depressive symptoms. ConclusionsOur findings suggested that childhood trauma experiences might have greater psychological impacts on adolescent depression than family and social peer environments, and should be considered as crucial targets for preventing severe depressive moods.

Afrocentric beauty: The proliferation of ‘Texturist’ and ‘Colorist’ beliefs among young women in Kenya

The beauty ideals of a Eurocentric nature have been promulgated among African communities for decades dating back to the colonial era. The beauty ideal posits lighter or brown skin tone as prettier and straight hair as attractive. The study aimed to identify ways in which families and peers have perpetuated this common beauty ideal within the home and school settings and how these have influenced how young women view themselves. There were 20 young women of different skin tones ranging from light, medium (brown) to dark participated in two focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was used whereby three main themes (familial influence, peer socialization and self-perceptions) and four sub-themes were identified (general opinion, teasing, family disassociation and preferential vs. unfair treatment). Findings revealed that family member and peers knowingly and unknowingly augmented ‘colorist’ and ‘texturist’ beliefs by ridiculing both dark-skinned and light-skinned women. Most of them treated dark skinned people unfairly. The research findings suggested that future research should investigate how body features represent attractiveness within the African communities.

The Relationship Between Peer Social Support and Student Academic Resilience

Academic resilience is a form of student resilience in stressful conditions, a way to rise from adversity, adapt, and how to solve problems to face various existing academic demands. One of the factors that influence academic resilience is social support. This study was conducted to examine the significant relationship between peer social support and student academic resilience. This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive correlational approach with a sample of 176 students taken using the Proportional Random Sampling technique. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between peer social support and student academic resilience of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang. Thus, the higher the peer social support, the higher the student academic resilience of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang. Vice versa, the lower the peer social support, the lower the student academic resilience of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang.

A novel approach to frontline health worker support: a case study in increasing social power among private, fee-for-service birthing attendants in rural Bangladesh

BackgroundExpanding the health workforce to increase the availability of skilled birth attendants (SBAs) presents an opportunity to expand the power and well-being of frontline health workers. The role of the SBA holds enormous potential to transform the relationship between women, birthing caregivers, and the broader health care delivery system. This paper will present a novel approach to the community-based skilled birth attendant (SBA) role, the Skilled Health Entrepreneur (SHE) program implemented in rural Sylhet District, Bangladesh.Case presentationThe SHE model developed a public–private approach to developing and supporting a cadre of SBAs. The program focused on economic empowerment, skills building, and formal linkage to the health system for self-employed SBAs among women residents. The SHEs comprise a cadre of frontline health workers in remote, underserved areas with a stable strategy to earn adequate income and are likely to remain in practice in the area. The program design included capacity-building for the SHEs covering traditional techno-managerial training and supervision in programmatic skills and for developing their entrepreneurial skills, professional confidence, and individual decision-making. The program supported women from the community who were social peers of their clients and long-term residents of the community in becoming recognized, respected health workers linked to the public system and securing their livelihood while improving quality and access to maternal health services. This paper will describe the SHE program's design elements to enhance SHE empowerment in the context of discourse on social power and FLHWs.ConclusionThe SHE model successfully established a private SBA cadre that improved birth outcomes and enhanced their social power and technical skills in challenging settings through the mainstream health system. Strengthening the agency, voice, and well-being of the SHEs has transformative potential. Designing SBA interventions that increase their power in their social context could expand their economic independence and reinforce positive gender and power norms in the community, addressing long-standing issues of poor remuneration, overburdened workloads, and poor retention. Witnessing the introduction of peer or near-peer women with well-respected, well-compensated roles among their neighbors can significantly expand the effectiveness of frontline health workers and offer a model for other women in their own lives.

The Effect of a Peer Social Support Network Intervention on Self-management of the Elderly With Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Participation in peer social groups could be used in health promotion programs for the elderly. The current study investigates the effectiveness of participation in a peer social support network intervention on the self-management of the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-pos-ttest design with a control group conducted in 2019. Two health centers were selected as research settings from a single district in Qom Province, Iran. From each center, 46 subjects were randomly selected. Subjects in the intervention group participated in a peer social support network for 3 months (12 sessions), and the control group received only usual care. The outcome variable was self-management. The components of this variable include the level of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), diabetes distress (measured with Diabetes Distress Scale), awareness (measured with Davoodi’s knowledge of diabetes questionnaire), attitude (measured with diabetes attitude scale [DAS-3]), self-efficacy (measured with diabetes empowerment scale, [DES-28]), weight and blood pressure. Subjects were evaluated at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test, Chi-Square, and Fisher test in SPSS software, version 22. The significance level was set at less than 0.5. Results: The change in mean HbA1C of the intervention and control groups at baseline and 6-month follow-up was -0.7 and 0.1, respectively, which was significant (P≤0.0001). Moreover, the difference in changes in the mean values of diabetes distress (P=0.008), self-efficacy (P≤0.0001), and attitude (P≤0.0001) were significant. No significant changes were found in knowledge, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The formation of social support groups may help control blood sugar in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Seemingly, social groups can mainly impact through psychological factors such as distress control, attitude improvement, and self-efficacy enhancement.

Peer socialization of male adolescents in digital games: Achievement, competition, and harassment

Abstract Socialization theories suggest that, due to social change and technological transformation, peers and media have become important institutions of socialization for young people. Assuming that male adolescents use digital games for processes of peer self-socialization, this article investigates the values they mediate in digital games and how these values are related to their practice (with a focus on harassment) in digital games. Applying a qualitative research design, 36 male adolescents who frequently play various (multiplayer) online games were interviewed about their values and practices when gaming. The results show that the young gamers share individualistic values promoting performance, competition, and achievement, which seem to facilitate practices of online harassment. We conclude that, in their gaming practices, male adolescents mediate and reproduce neoliberal values as increasingly shared by society. Regarding their practices of harassment, however, they seem to use digital games as a moratorium that lets them break free from societal restrictions.

Peer socialization in an oral preschool classroom

Informed by the perspectives of Language Socialization and the Social Model of Childhood Disability, and using the method of Conversation Analysis, I investigate the communicative practices that facilitate peer socialization processes in an oral classroom for deaf or hard-of-hearing preschoolers. Analyses show how children's interactions serve as mechanisms for socialization into norms and behaviors similar to what we see in general preschool settings, as well as those that are specific to their oral classroom. The children's varying communication skills and competencies enable different abilities and methods for peer teaching, illustrating the ever-shifting roles of socializing ‘experts’ and ‘novices.’ Additionally, the children orient to recipient design in peer interaction, further demonstrating how they actively work to socialize each other. Data is drawn from 9 h of video-recordings in one oral classroom in California.

Assessing Psychological Resilience and Distress Among Graduate Health Profession Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Resilience, a person's ability to adapt to adverse events, is associated with positive outcomes, especially in the field of healthcare. Research into the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may help to understand and combat the long-term mental health burden for trainees in health care. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on health profession students' educational experiences, determine the association between their self-reported resilience and psychological distress and assess group differences between students from different graduate health profession programs in an academic medical center. Graduate health profession students completed a 44-question online survey and the 10-item Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) during the COVID-19 pandemic period between January-March 2021. We used descriptive statistics, independent samples t test, Related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test, Pearson correlations test and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data. Majority of respondents reported that COVID-19 had a negative impact on their education and caused a reduction in educational opportunities (76.6% and 73% respectively). Majority also reported feeling burned out, lonely/isolated, or frustrated by COVID-19 restrictions (70.0%, 67.4%, and 61.8% respectively). Students reported increased use of both avoidant and adaptive coping strategies during the pandemic. Higher resilience scores were associated with higher self-reported stress, fewer burnout symptoms, and better overall well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected students in graduate health profession programs. Instructional quality, educational opportunities, institutional trust, peer socialization, and personal health and wellbeing were perceived to be negatively impacted. Students may require additional support and resources from their training programs to mitigate these concerns. Future studies should evaluate the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among pandemic-era graduate health profession students.

Glazbene preferencije, funkcije glazbe i osobine ličnosti adolescenata

Music plays a significant developmental role in the life of adolescents and has different functions in the life of an individual. Listening to music is one of the most important activities of adolescents, while their music preferences reflect their values, conflicts, and developmental problems they are faced with in everyday life. It is important to understand how adolescents use and experience music on a daily basis and what factors impact their use of music. The power of preference for a specific kind of music depends on the degree to which that type of music fulfills certain functions because the level of functionality and the power of music preference are correlated. While identity formation, peer socialization, and social perception remain important functions of music throughout one's life, they are especially important in the period of adolescence. To understand better the strong links between music preferences and the functions of music in an individual's life, it is important to include the personality factor that provides practical and relevant information about what makes us who we are. Music education can influence the music preferences of young people because listening to music is an important activity in their leisure time. The paper presents theoretical models of music preferences, characteristics of music, contexts of listening to music, correlation between music preferences and personality traits, as well as the functions of music that are most relevant in the life of adolescents.

Self-esteem of acute leukemic children undergoing chemotherapy

Background Acute leukemia is a major malignancy in children. Multiagent chemotherapy protocols are the main treatment option for acute leukemia. Still chemotherapy has a significant effect on children's well-being, improving the physical, psychological, and social status of children, and also, it has a remarkable effect on self-image and self-esteem. Aim The aim was to assess self-esteem of acute leukemic children undergoing chemotherapy. Patients and methods A descriptive exploratory research design was used. The study was conducted at two pediatric oncology outpatient clinics at Tanta Cancer Center and National Cancer Institute at Cairo University. A purposive sample of 80 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia was recruited. Their ages were between 10 and 16 years old. A structured interview questionnaire and Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were used, and IRB approval was obtained from the National Cancer Institute for performing this study. Results The age of half of the children (50%) ranged between 14 and 16 years, with mean±SD age of 13.21±1.62 years. Overall, 61.3% were males. Less than half of the children (47.5%) received intravenous chemotherapy, whereas 46.2% of the children had both oral and intravenous chemotherapy. More than half of the children (62.5%) had low self-esteem regarding general self, whereas the vast majority of children (90%) had low self-esteem regarding their social self-peers. All children had low self-esteem toward their home parents, whereas the highest percent (98.8%) of children had low self-esteem regarding their school academic. The vast majority children (98.8%) had low self-esteem regarding the lie scale. All dimensions of self-esteem were significantly correlated with total score of self-esteem. Conclusion Children with acute leukemia undergoing chemotherapy had low self-esteem regarding general self, home parents, school academic, and social peers. Self-esteem was negatively affected among school age and adolescent children with acute leukemia who underwent chemotherapy. Regarding the lie domain, most children always told the truth. Recommendations Training programs should be designed and constructed for nurses in how to assess self-esteem for children with acute leukemia. Empowerment program should be directed to children with acute leukemia and their caregivers to improve their self-esteem.

The Role of Family in Managing Adolescent Peer Pressure and Social Challenges

The Role of Family in Managing Adolescent Peer Pressure and Social Challenges

同伴依恋、孤独感和社交网络使用的关系研究

同伴依恋、孤独感和社交网络使用的关系研究