Social Manifestations Research Articles

Sociolinguistics and psychopathology: The auditory hallucinations of bilinguals

Auditory hallucinations experienced by bilingual individuals and responses to such internal stimuli demonstrate the relationship between social context and individual manifestation of psychopathology. The hallucinations of twelve de‐institutionalised schizophrenics are reported in this paper. Particular attention is directed to the relationships between the manifest content of the hallucination, the language of hallucination, and the sociocultural identifications of the subjects. The role of language and language behaviour in psychopathology is a potentially rich source of data for the sociolinguist and psycholinguist alike, and bilingual individuals offer a unique opportunity to study the role of language and cognition in psychopathology. Increased knowledge of linguistic patterning in such situations will result in improved therapeutic programmes based on a better understanding of the impact of cultural, social and linguistic factors in the precipitation and manifestation of mental illness.

De Nieuwe Part-Time Opleiding Tot Leraar Mvt

In the Netherlands, one of the ways of getting a teaching qualification is via a variety of evening courses, named LO, MO-A and -B, which were meant originally for career-minded primary-school teachers· This part-time curriculum takes the student at least 3+2+4=9 years, and will bring him a third, second or first degree of qualification. The third degree enables him to teach in the lower secondary schools (LBO, MAVO), the second degree in the lower grades of the higher secondary schools, the first degree, equivalent to the qualification obtainable at universities, in all the forms of secondary schools. The programmes in these courses, some of which are as much as a hundred years old, had a reputation of solid traditionalism. In the early seventies new institutes for teacher training (NLO-institutes) were created, which allow the student in full-time courses to get a second and third degree in two different subjects. These institutes were based on a new educational philosophy and were more oriented towards the teaching profession than the traditional part-time courses. In 1978, the minister of Education allowed the old MO-institutes to renew themselves in order to become up-to-date training institutes. This article describes the operation that this decision implied-The restructuring of the LO-MO-A had to take place according to the so-called Y-model. After a first preparatory year the student passes a preparatory exam which has a diagnostic function, both for him and the Institute. After two years of study the student has to choose between two options: the general education option and the teacher training option. In the modern language field the general option leeds to careers in which a thorough knowledge of a specific foreign language and foreign-language culture is required, such as in journalism or in industry. The article, however, limits itself to the teaching option for modern languages. If one compares the new situation with the old one, one finds the following more or less fundamental differences: - Whereas vast differences could be observed in the nature of the curricula for the respective languages in the old situation, the objectives for the new curricula were defined along the same lines which allows for a maximum of comparability. - In the new situation the student gets a third degree after three years, and a second degree after one more year· - Great importance is attached to oral and written skills, much less to grammar and translation. - Unlike the situation of old, every element in the curriculum should be legitimized to a large extent by its relevance to teaching. - Foreign language culture is taught with an emphasis on today's political, social and cultural manifestations. - The most profound break with the past is that 25 per cent of the curriculum is devoted to general didactics and language pedagogy.

Clermont-de-Lodeve, 1633-1789: Fluctuations in the Prosperity Languedocian Cloth-Making Town

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Clermont-de-Lodeve, a Languedocian cloth-making town, experienced two major cycles in its development. In the seventeenth century unprecedented prosperity was followed by deep and prolonged depression, and in the eighteenth a rapid, if irregular, industrial expansion was interrupted by a major crisis and followed by a painful and protracted decline. The purpose of this book is to describe the economic and social manifestations of these cycles as precisely as the sources permit, focussing in particular on the varying characteristics of Clermont's elite.

Militarism in Nazi Thought and in the American New Religious Right

Richard V. Pierard's essay on Protestant Support for the Political Right in Weimar Germany and Post-Watergate America provides historians and political scientists with a conceptual frame work with which to analyze similarities and differences concerning religious support for the growth of the radical right in two historical periods in two different countries with intriguing parallels in politi cal experience.1 However, Pierard is correct in warning scholars about the pitfalls of comparative history, and he rightly cautions against pushing the analogy between Weimar Germany and recent American history too far. Moreover, this writer agrees that if and when comes to the United States, it will be a homemade variety in numerous ways dissimilar to that which held sway in many parts of the world in the 1930s and 1940s. It may not be the friendly fascism suggested by Pierard and political scientist Ber tram Gross, but it certainly will be as American as apple pie and professional football in its political and social manifestations.2

Agnatic and uterine relations among the Fante: male/female dualism

INTRODUCTIONOne of the outstanding features of Akan social organisation emphasised by ethnographers since Rattray's monograph on the Asante (1923: Chap. 2 esp.) is the interlacement of fundamental matriliny with prominent patrilineal traits. With particular reference to the Fante, on whom this paper is based, Christensen (1954: 5, 107) claims, on some wrong premiss though, that his study of 'the role and importance of the paternal line' leads him to conclude that ‘the Fanti manifest a system of double descent’. My own fieldwork (1966-70) on the Fante asafo – the most distinct social manifestation of their patrilineal tendency– indeed confirms the fact that the Fante still lay strong stress on agnatic descent groups, which in Asante and other Akan sub-groups have become more or less ‘obsolete’ (Fortes 1950: 265f, Busia 1954: 207, with reference to ntoro). This notwithstanding, the combination of patrilineal and matrilineal principles of reckoning descent remains a fundamental attribute of Akan culture as a whole. That is to say, the so-called Fante peculiarity is in fact only a slight variation of a general Akan type.

THE AUTONOMY OF VALUES PROBLEM: AN ANALYSIS

In Sociology, the term ‘value’ has come to denote shared cultural standards related to objects of need, attitude or desire. Sociologists have generally confined their attention to values as empirical variables in social life whose scientific importance is not so much dependent upon their validity and ‘correctness’ as upon the fact that they are believed to be true and correct by those who hold them. For the scientific observer, values only have relevance if there is an observable relationship between the actions of subjects (individuals, groups, etc.) and the objects of their concern. Therefore, it is the holding of values and its social manifestations which is, arguably, the primary concern of the sociologist. The question of their derivation and possible ‘ontic status’ has been left largely to the uncertain ministrations of the philosophers. The possible objective validity of values tends to be regarded as a problem which falls outside the realm of science, but the insistence that social science remains value‐free, has raised the question as to what extent such freedom is really possible, and to what extent extrinsic values must always intrude.

An Early Manifestation of Differential Behavior toward Children of the Same and Opposite Sex

Summary Three- to five-year-old children (N = 134) approached each other in two experiments investigating age, sex, and dyadic sex composition differences in a social manifestation of the awareness of the sex of self and of others. Children of both sexes and at all ages both stopped and oriented their bodies farther away from opposite-sex peers than from same-sex peers, regardless of age-status or familiarity. A nonverbal technique, which is readily reproducible and experimentally manipulatable, is presented which measures an aspect of early awareness of one's own sex and that of others in an obviously meaningful interpersonal context.

SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH SETTINGS

The distinctiveness of social work in health settings is that people served are clients rather than patients; that the focus of work is on the social effects of illness, not illness; that problem formulation and intervention rests on clear understanding of social cause, social manifestation, and social intervention as group phenomena.

Déterminants sociaux de la fertilité des sols // Post-scriptum: fertilité agronomique et fertilité économique

Die Sozialen Bedingungen der Bodenfruchtbarkeit // Post-scriptum — Agronomische und ökonomische Fruchtbarkeit . Der Fortschritt der landwirtschaftlichen und genetischen Techniken hat zu einer wesentlichen Verminderung der ökologischen Zwänge gefiihrt, die das Pflanzenwachstum belasten. Eine sich ändernde regionale Spezialisierung begleitete diesen Fortschritt ; in dem Ausmasse, in dem sich die Landwirtschaft von natürlichen Zwängen befreite, erzeugte die Entwicklung sozialer Zwänge neue Spezialisierungsformen. So war der nach Produkten ungleiche technische Fortschritt von Phänomenen der Differenzierung der Anbau- und Zuchtsysteme nach den Betriebsgrössen begleitet. Die weniger mechanisierten Kleinbetriebe beschränken sich auf Viehzucht, während der Getreideanbau hauptsächlich Sache von Grossbetrieben ist. Die regionale Spezialisierung, die sich so herausbildet, spiegelt weniger ôkologische Fakten wider, als die Art, in der das Wirtschafts- und Sozialsystem zum Aus-druck kommt. Diese Trennung von Vieh - und Pflanzen - zucht hat die Bodenfruchtbarkeit verändert. Das Stroh fehlt in den spezialisierten Viehzuchtgebieten, während in den grossen Anbaugebieten kaum noch Tiere sind ; das Verscharren des Stallmistes hat aufgehört, ein allgemeines Mittel der Humu- serneuerung zu sein. Während diese Praxis in den Viehzuchtgebieten mit weiten Weiden und Wiesen weiterhin zur Aufrechterhaltung des Humusgrades beiträgt, erreicht man dièses Resultat in den grossen Anbaugebieten durch Verscharrung von Stroh, Blättern, Rüben, Pflanzendünger, Kompost, usw. In der Humuserneuerung, die sich bisher hauptsächlich ausserhalb von Austauschbeziehungen abspielte, war die Selbstversorgung der Regelfall, das Getreidestroh spielte dabei die Hauptrole. Sind die Projekte der Vermarktung des Strohs fur den landwirtschaftlichen Gebrauch (Viehfütterung) oder den industriellen Gebrauch (als Energiequelle) keine Gefahr fur die Bodenfruchtbarkeit und das Gleichgewicht der nationalen Humusbilanz ? Da die Anhäufung von Humus ein sehr langsamer Prozess ist, steht sie notwendigerweise in Widerspruch zu einer wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Entwicklung, die kurzfristige Lösungen anstrebt. Heute vermehren sich in Frankreich die Zeichen dieses Widerspruchs in armen Böden, aber auch in solchen, die als reich gelten. (Picard und Soissonnais Plateaus z.B.) Diese Zeichen sind gerade in jenen Ländern sichtbar, die die Kolonialherrschaft kannten und wo organische Materie im Tagebau abgebaut wurde. Post-scriptum — Agronomische und ökonomische Fruchtbarkeit. Der Pachtzins, den ein Bauer dem Besitzer einer landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche fur deren Bearbeitung zahlen muss, trägt dazu bei, gewisse Kulturen und Vieharten fur die Zucht aufzuzwingen, um die Zahlungen sicherzustellen. In dem Ausmasse, in dem die Bodenfruchtbarkeit gleichzeitig Ursache und Folge der Kultur- und Zuchtsysterne ist, trägt die Bodenrente, von der der Pachtzins nur der sozial sichtbarste Ausdrucht ist, tendenziell zur Bestimmung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit, von der sie wiederum abhängt, bei. Die Frage nach der Beziehung zwischen Bodenrente und Bodenfruchtbarkeit läuft auf die Frage nach den Beziehungen zu den Kultur- und Zuchtsystemen, und so zu den Sozialsystem, das diese hervobringt, hinaus. Die wirtschaftliche Analyse dieser Beziehungen kann von einer Theorie der langfristigen Wirtschaftsentwicklung des Sozialsystems geleistet werden. Da es sich hier um das kapitalistiche System handelt, muss man notwendigerweise überprüfen, ob die Schriften von Marx jene theoretischen Instrumente beinhalten, die zur Lösung dieses Problems führen.

Religion d'attestation et créativité communautaire. L'immigration italienne au Rio Grande do Sul (1875-1914) . / Attesting Religion and Group Creativity. The Italian Emigration to Rio Grande do Sul (1875-1914)

When the social and cultural behaviour of Italian immigrants and their descendants to the Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) is studied, two features become immediately evident. On the one hand, the preservation of the original languages, customs and traditions, and on the other hand the total absence of an Italian national conscience. Finding themselves transplanted to a world which lacked the cultural symbols or references which would have allowed them to relate their memories, the immigrant's major concern was to re-establish the cultural elements of the Italian villages, particularly on the basis of religious values. The Catholic Church with its rites and feast-days was for many years the only social manifestation of the Italian colonies in this area. After examining religion as a psychological prop, the birth of the spontaneous communities of worship, the construction of the churches and the choice and role of the "lay priests", the A. concludes by emphasizing the analogy existing between the major aspects of the Italian colonization at the Rio Grande do Sul and those contained in the dossier of the Afro-Brazilian religions, studied by Roger Bastide.

SOME COMMENTS ON COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE

If you are ever asked to be a discussant, I’ll tell you how you d o it. You go off and gather your own thoughts; then you hope that somebody says something that will make one of those thoughts relevant to the occasion. It will turn out that some of the things I’ll have to say now will be relevant to what you’ve already heard, but that’s just my good luck. How can we best understand the notion of linguistic competence in order to account for linguistic performance? In collecting my thoughts about competence and performance, I began with a strong suspicion that these words mean different things to different people, and that much of the disagreement that this distinction has inspired in recent years could be understood if we thought in terms of people who believed they were talking about the same thing but really weren’t. So, as a first step, I began listing alternative uses of the terms “competence” and “performance.” Without even trying very hard, 1 got up to eight different versions of the distinction. I will review them for you briefly. Two of them, 1 believe, are historically established. At the time Chomsky formulated his version, and cast it in terms of competence and performance, these were precedents that he could (and in fact did) cite. The principle precedent was a linguistic one. Sometime before 1910 de Saussure had distinguished between langueandparole, i.e., language and acts of speaking, in terms of a distinction between a social norm and individual manifestations of that norm. His purpose was to give primacy to the study of language as a way to unify a diverse range of physical, social, and psychological facts. I’ve always wondered to what extent de Saussure was influenced by the sociological distinction, current in Paris in those days, between collective representation and individual representation. But I don’t know any historian of science who has dug into that. Another precedent that existed was what I would call a rognifive version. Lashley, as early as 1929, and Tolman many times through the 1930s, distinguished knowledge and performance in terms of what an organism had learned versus what he might be motivated to d o with his knowledge on any particular occasion. That is, a rat could have learned where the food bin was and, in some sense of the word “know,” could know where the food bin was, but not go there if he wasn’t hungry. 1 think their purpose was to deepen some rather superficial behavioristic theories that were popular in their day by introducing theoretical variables that could not be directly observed in the behavior but, perhaps, could be abstracted or inferred from it. Chomsky’s inspiration was largely from Saussure, but he was aware of the cognitive distinction as well, and I think he tried to subsume them both in his own view of the matter. 1 would call Chomsky’s view a rafionalistic view of the distinction. This distinction was initially developed in our chapters in the Handbook of Mathematical Psychology ( 1963). In those chapters Chomsky distinguished between competence and performance, between the language that a person knows and the speech acts that a language user performs. This was done in terms roughly analogous to the distinction between, say, an axiom system and various realizations of such a system.

Genetics and the development of social attitudes.

WHATEVER the current norms might be with regard to public opinion about various issues, and whatever factors contribute to their change with time, attitudes are far from uniform. Eysenck1 has shown how responses to a public opinion questionnaire could be resolved into two main factors: ‘radicalism’ (R) against ‘conservatism’ and ‘toughmindedness’ (T) against ‘tendermindedness’. Individual differences in opinion are, to some degree, the social manifestation of individual differences in personality. Significant covariation has been detected between various measures of extraversion (E) and T. Wilson2 has suggested personality correlates of R. Such relationships, together with available evidence for the genetic determination of personality differences (see, for example, ref. 3), justify a more penetrating analysis of the extent to which variation in opinion and personality share a common genetic basis.

The reception of Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation.

The reception of Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation.

Sociology and Literary Studies II. Romance and Reality in Maggie

We all well know that American Studies offers a particularly fascinating and complex example of the difficulties and challenges involved in an interdisciplinary and area studies approach. There may, indeed, be an element of chance in the fact that this touches so sharply on the links that can be established between literature and other studies (literature and sociology, literature and history): the chance that literature was somehow in there from the beginning, in the early days of the subject, and has still held its place in the area-studies map. So, when Henry Nash Smith asked us once if American Studies could develop a method, he looked for his answer in the intervening ground between literary criticism and sociology; and though he found it hard to arrive at his desired method, he suggested that it would lie in some form of cultural anthropology. The divisions between the various disciplines–above all, the varying roles they allowed to consciousness in their interpretation of society and culture–seemed to him to pose profound problems. So, he said, a new method would have to come piecemeal, through a kind of principled opportunism; but he did assume that we could want to turn to works of literature, and the complex interactions between a writer and his environment that constitute a whole literary career, as an important centre of the study, a significant expression of the culture. The problems in fact are large, since in liberal-democratic society literature performs some of the most complex contours of art that have ever existed. But that very fact is part of the interest of the problem and, while Professor Smith's approach raises certain difficulties, on some of which the first part of the present argument turns, I am happy to take the issue raised–that literature can be seen as a social manifestation, that as a creative manifestation it does uniquely reveal central aspects of a culture–as a very important one.

Behaviour Problems Amongst Children With Cerebral Palsy.

author has attempted to provide an overview of etiology, as well as emotional and social manifestations of cerebral palsy, within the scope of 90 pages. As an introduction or first glance into the problems of cerebral palsy, the book provides quick, concise, but often oversimplified information. More often, the author appears to have been acquainted with case histories of children who required rehabilitation in a combined hospital and school program, rather than outpatient services for patients living at home in the community. As a handbook for use by teachers, counselors, etc, it is a beginning look into the multiple problems which can and should be evaluated and explored. Many of the chapters are direct and to the point. In discussing The Handicap as a Cause of the Problem, Miss Oswin lists frustration, fears, speech defects, hearing losses, fatigue, inability to play, distractability, and perception disorders, plus a few

The Caricature of Love: A Discussion of Social, Psychiatric and Literary Manifestations of Pathologic Sexuality.

The Caricature of Love: A Discussion of Social, Psychiatric and Literary Manifestations of Pathologic Sexuality.

The French Tradition of African Research

African research has a long tradition in France, its origin deriving from the colonial responsibilities acquired in Africa South of the Sahara. Originally the work was done by men with no scientific training who, during long sojourns in the area, tried to collect all possible information on Negro societies and cultures. Thus it was administrators (Delafosse, Tauxier, Labouret, etc.), Army men (Desplagnes, Le Hérissé, etc.), and missionaries (R. P. Trilles, etc.) who wrote the first monographs and outlined the first systematic studies. Their scientific endeavor was at first oriented toward general research. They wanted to cover all phenomena from basic ecology and material culture to social data, cultural manifestations, and mental outlook. Such listing of social and cultural items in West and Central Africa did not entirely exclude an interest in synthesis: the essays on linguistic and ethnic classification by Delafosse, the linguistic studies of Gaden and Labouret, the research on religious systems by R. P. Trilles, etc. The Bibliographie de l'Afrique Occidentale Franćaise by E. Joucla (1937), which lists more than 9,500 titles, and the Bibliographie de l'Afrique Equatoriale Française of G. Bruel (1914), including more than 7,000 titles, indicate the very considerable results obtained through the research of non-specialists working as isolated individuals. The publications of the "Comité d'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Française," created in 1916, consist of numerous useful works written by this first generation of French Africanists.

The Effects of Population Density upon Growth Reproduction, and Survival of Hyalella azteca

T -HE problems of the biotic relationships of like organisms have attracted much interest. Naturalists have reported with enthusiasm noteworthy aggregations, sexual behavior, and social manifestations. This work continues but with a more critical attitude. The less obvious mass relations, seen only by resultant effects, led to a dichotomy of interest, which in the future and to some extent at present (Park, 1939) will coalesce. One approach is that of the study of the whole population, its growth, maintenance, and decline or evolution (Chapman, 1928; Wright, 1931; Gause, 1934; Bodenheimer, 1938). The other is the study of physiological or behavioristic effects of population density upon the constituent organisms (Allee, 1931, 1934, 1938). The physiological aspect is considered in the present study,' which attempts a demonstration of the effects of increasing the density of the population upon three fundamental processes: growth, reproduction, and survival. As an assay animal the common freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca Saussure2 (H. knickerbockeri Bate), Orchestiidae, was chosen. In the use of an aquatic arthropod the study is unique among researches comparable in nature to those of Pearl and of others to be cited later. The conditions of the experiments were variable, but equal volumes of food and water were used in all, irrespective of numbers of animals present. The following brief review of the literature is necessarily closely confined to the question studied and deals with recent studies on arthropods. The references given in the first paragraph include summaries of results on population studies of other forms. Earlier work by the same or different authors may be found by consultation of the literature referred to below. Growth.-Body size (Warren, 1900oo) and rate of development (Banta, 1937) were retarded in Cladocera by crowding or its concomitant factors. Metamorphosis in the beetle Tribolium confusum was delayed, and body weight was reduced (Park, 1938) in relation to the density of the population and more directly to the degree of conditioning of the medium. On the other hand, evidence is present for an augmentative effect of increasing numbers of organisms. Development is accelerated in Periplaneta orientalis after the ninth instar, and the effect is apparent even in a density as low as 2 animals. However, the longest and heaviest animals were found among the isolated individuals, an effect attributed to increased disturbance by collision in higher densities (Landowski, 1938). Meal worms (Tenebrio molitor) raised 50 together in 60 cc. of meal consistently weighed more than did isolated larvae; even 150 animals in a similar volume maintained a higher weight than that of isolated ones until the sixtieth day (Michal, 1931). This was

The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organisation and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880.

The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organisation and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880.

The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and Its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880. Solon Justus Buck

<i>The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization and Its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880</i>. Solon Justus Buck