Social Status Research Articles

Commercialization of Hip-Hop Culture and the Evolution of Youth Consumption Patterns from Symbols of Rebellion to Fashion Trends

This paper explores the commercialization of hip-hop culture and its profound influence on fashion and youth consumption patterns. Originally a symbol of rebellion and a voice for marginalized communities, hip-hop has evolved into a mainstream cultural force, reshaping global fashion trends. The transition from underground streetwear to luxury fashion is analyzed through key moments in hip-hop’s history, including collaborations with major brands like Adidas, Nike, and Gucci. The rise of streetwear brands such as Supreme, Off-White, and Yeezy exemplifies how hip-hop’s commercial success has transformed it into a powerful influence on youth identity and social status. However, this commercialization presents a double-edged sword, raising concerns about the loss of authenticity and cultural roots. The paper examines how social media and digital platforms have amplified hip-hop’s reach and discusses the ongoing tension between its original rebellious spirit and its role as a commercial enterprise. The study also highlights the global impact of hip-hop on consumption behaviors, focusing on the rise of exclusive product drops and the commodification of streetwear.

Dialek Sosial Masyarakat Bugis-Makassar Kelurahan Minasa Upa Kecamatan Rappocini Kota Makassar

Language and society are very closely related, this relationship includes age and social status which mutually influence language, voice color and accent for each language speaker. Sociolect (from the words social and dialect) or social dialect is a language variation associated with a particular social group. Sociolect occurs in various groups of society according to social class, age and occupation. Language differences between upper class and lower class society, teenagers and old people, doctors and lawyers, are examples of social dialect. This research aims to describe the use of sociolectic language variations in communication between the Bugis-Makassar community, Minasa Upa Village, Rappocini District, Makassar City. The data in this research are all everyday language utterances in communication that are identified as using sociolect. Meanwhile, the data source used is the Bugis-Makassar community who live in Minasa Upa Village, Rappocini District, Makassar City. Data collection techniques include; observation techniques, recording techniques and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique is carried out in an interpretative descriptive manner, namely data that has been collected on a device, listened to and recorded, then identified and analyzed in depth by sorting and selecting information according to the research focus, namely the various forms of sociolect in communication among the Bugis-Makassar community. Based on the results of the research, the researchers found 16 data on sociolectic language variations, especially conversations in terms of age level, nobility level, and education level, with details of 8 data variations of colloquial language, 2 data variations of slang language, and 6 data variations of vulgar language.

Analysis of consumer behavior of tourism products

The research of the tourism phenomenon reveals that its main characteristic is the orientation towards consumption. One of the purposes of such research is to identify the characteristics of the consumer’s behavior, which is particularly important for determining the type and frequency of accessing tourist products and services by consumers, the formation of the tourist offer, the evaluation of the level of utility of the consumption of tourist products and services. The purpose of the present study was to identify the characteristics of consumer behavior in the tourist services market according to several factors. As the main research method, the online survey method was used in which 100 respondents participated. The questionnaire included questions aimed at identifying the following aspects: age category, social status, household size, income, frequency of accessing tourist services, type of tourist products accessed, national affiliation of the tourist products accessed and the level of utility recorded.

TYPES AND FEATURES OF PRONOUNS IN THE KOREAN LANGUAGE

This article aims to highlight the pronouns of the Korean language and their distinctive features. In Korean, pronouns are used to indicate clarity and to indicate a person. The uniqueness of this language is that the use of pronouns varies depending on the social status and the level of respect in the sentence. The article also provides information about the grammatical functions of Korean pronouns, their place in a sentence and changes in content. This article serves as a useful resource for Korean language learners on how to use pronouns correctly and effectively.

Clinicopathological, molecular, and prognostic features of colorectal carcinomas with KRAS c.34G>T (p.G12C) mutation.

Evidence indicates that combinations of anti-EGFR antibodies and KRAS p.G12C (c.34G>T) inhibitors can be an effective treatment strategy for advanced colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that KRAS c.34G>T (p.G12C)-mutated colorectal carcinoma might be a distinct tumor subtype. We utilized a prospective cohort incident tumor biobank (including 1347 colorectal carcinomas) and detected KRAS c.34G>T (p.G12C) mutation in 43 cases (3.2%) and other KRAS mutations (in codon 12, 13, 61, or 146) in 467 cases (35%). The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-low prevalence was similarly higher in KRAS c.34G>T mutants (52%) and other KRAS mutants (49%) than in KRAS-wild-type tumors (31%). KRAS c.34G>T mutants showed higher CIMP-high prevalence (14%) and lower CIMP-negative prevalence (33%) compared with other KRAS mutants (6% and 45%, respectively; p = 0.0036). Similar to other KRAS mutants, KRAS c.34G>T-mutated tumors were associated with cecal location, non-microsatellite instability (MSI)-high status, BRAF wild type, and PIK3CA mutation when compared with KRAS-wild-type tumors. Compared with BRAF-mutated tumors, KRAS c.34G>T mutants showed more frequent LINE-1 hypomethylation, a biomarker for early-onset colorectal carcinoma. KRAS c.34G>T mutants were not associated with other features, including the tumor tissue abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. animalis), pks+ Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, or (enterotoxigenic) Bacteroides fragilis. Among 1122 BRAF-wild-type colorectal carcinomas, compared with KRAS-wild-type tumors, multivariable-adjusted colorectal cancer-specific mortality hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.82 (1.05-3.17) in KRAS c.34G>T (p.G12C)-mutated tumors (p = 0.035) and 1.57 (1.22-2.02) in other KRAS-mutated tumors (p = 0.0004). Our study provides novel evidence for clinical and tumor characteristics of KRAS c.34G>T (p.G12C)-mutated colorectal carcinoma.

Investigating the Status of Social Support in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Southeast Iran

Abstract Objective: Social support plays a crucial role in modifying health-related behaviors aimed at controlling chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. This research investigates the social support status of patients with type 2 diabetes in Kerman, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach and investigated 184 patients referred to the diabetes clinic. The participants were selected through systematic sampling, and data were collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, were calculated. Multivariate linear regression was employed to analyze the data, which were entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 statistical software. Results: The findings indicate that social support was most prominent in the area of nutrition, whereas it was least prominent in the area of exercise. Gender was found to have a statistically significant relationship with both nutritional status and drug consumption dimensions, as women demonstrated lower average scores in these areas compared to men. Moreover, gender and education were observed to impact the dimension of general care. However, none of the demographic characteristics analyzed showed a statistically significant relationship with exercise and physical activity. Conclusion: It is crucial to give ample attention to supporting and empowering patients’ families and social groups. Furthermore, adding psychological dimensions to social support could be beneficial. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions that target specific areas of support, such as exercise and general care, and take into account the differences between men and women.

EP.17B.03 Impact of Social Economic Status on Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

EP.17B.03 Impact of Social Economic Status on Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Enhancing Patient Response to Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs): Insights from a Leading Dutch University Hospital

Engaging patients with Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) is a widely recognized and pressing challenge, yet our understanding of how to achieve this is limited. This study investigated strategies implemented by a Dutch university hospital aimed at enhancing response rates among outpatients from nearly 70 subdepartments. Response rates improved, but remained below desired levels. To deepen understanding and inform future strategies, we identified patient and consultation characteristics associated with response behavior. We investigated strategies and their underlying rationales through document analysis of internal hospital documentation (2020-2023) using the COM-B model. We exploited electronic health record data to identify patient and consultation characteristics associated with PROMs completion, estimating a multivariate logistic regression model (n= 46,468 outpatient consultations). Thirteen strategies targeted outpatients' capability, opportunity, and motivation to complete PROMs. In 2023, PROMs were completed in over half (56%) of the 46,468 unique consultations for which a PROM was sent. Challenges persisted in establishing effective feedback mechanisms and accommodating non-Dutch speaking patients. The multivariate analysis showed significantly higher response among patients of high or middle socioeconomic status and those with an in-person consultation, i.e. not using telehealth. Women, patients attending a follow-up visit, or those having their consultation on a Friday were slightly less likely to complete PROMs. Response rates to PROMs improved but remained below desired levels, despite multiple strategies. Hospitals may benefit from effective patient feedback on PROMs and tailoring strategies to engage specific patient groups. These approaches can enhance successful implementation and promote equity in VBHC.

Area-level socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in China: a nationwide cohort study based on the ChinaHEART project

Socioeconomic status is a key social determinant of health. Compared with individual-level socioeconomic status, the association between area-level socioeconomic status and mortality has not been well investigated in China. We aimed to assess associations between area-level socioeconomic status and all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in China, as well as the interplay of area-level and individual-level socioeconomic status on mortality. In this nationwide cohort study, residents aged 35-75 years from 453 districts and counties were included in the China Health Evaluation and Risk Reduction Through Nationwide Teamwork (ChinaHEART) Study. The composite value of area-level socioeconomic status was generated from national census data and categorised into tertiles. Mortality rates and their 95% CIs were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method. Cox frailty models were fitted to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for area-level socioeconomic status with the risk of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and their disparities across different population. We also assessed the roles of multiple individual factors as potential mediators. Between December, 2015, and December, 2022, 1 119 027 participants were included, for whom the mean age was 56·1 (SD 9·9) years and 672 385 (60·1%) were female. 24 426 (5·24 [95% CI 5·18-5·31] per 1000 person-years) deaths occurred during the median 4·5-year follow-up. Compared with high area-level socioeconomic status, low area-level socioeconomic status was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause (hazard ratio 1·11, 95% CI 1·07-1·16), cardiovascular disease (1·38, 1·29-1·48), and respiratory disease (1·44, 1·22-1·71) mortality. The stronger associations were observed in people older than 60 years, females, and participants with lower individual-level socioeconomic status. The individual-level socioeconomic, behavioural, and metabolic factors mediated 39·5% of the association between area-level socioeconomic status and mortality, of which individual-level socioeconomic status made the largest contribution. There are substantial area-level socioeconomic status-related inequalities in mortality in China. Individual-level socioeconomic, behavioural, and metabolic factors had mediating effects. Actions to improve area-level circumstances and individual factors are needed to improve health equity. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Science, the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding, the Ministry of Finance of China, and the National Health Commission of China. For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Visual rehabilitation of a case of keratoglobus with ICL

This case report presents the management of a 21-year-old male with high myopic status and keratoglobus seeking refractive surgery. The patient exhibited severe myopia, poor vision, and diffuse corneal thinning with steepening in both eyes. Preoperative evaluations included corneal topography, anterior chamber depth, and pachymetry measurements. A surgical plan involving toric implantable collamer lenses (ICLs) was devised. Subsequent eye surgeries, with appropriate adjustments, resulted in improved visual acuity. This case underscores the challenges of ICL surgery in keratoglobus, the importance of meticulous preoperative assessment, and the need for individualized surgical approaches.

Impact Of Road Connectivity On Daily Livelihood Sustainability Of Commuters In Sandeshkhali-I CD Block, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Background: The study area has different infrastructural deficiencies with compare to other regions. The natural constraints for communication, Poverty, Infrastructural deficiency, Rurality, and Transportation barriers are the main problems in this region. This study has tried to determine the different road connectivity and their impacts on daily sustainable livelihoods among the commuters of Sandeshkhali-I CD block in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: The study has used the Primary and Secondary data to fulfill the objectives. To execute the objectives, road networks are differentiated to measure the road connectivity indices (Alpha, Beta and Gamma Index) from different Gram Panchayats (GPs) to find out the road network condition in this rural deltaic region of the Indian Sundarban. Using the Random sampling to collect the primary data through questionnaire from commuters at different busiest places in the study area. Based on different selected livelihood components, the daily livelihood sustainability index has been evaluated. To find out the relationship the road connectivity Indices (R.C.I.) and daily livelihood sustainability index (D.L.S.I.) are correlated with the help of Karl Person ‘r’ value. Results: The highest values of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Indices are 0.34, 1.89 and 0.65 with respect to Metalled and Unmetalled roads. The daily livelihood sustainability index value has been found 54.33 and 17.54 as the highest and lowest respectively. The positive and negative values are present in the correlation between R.C.I. and D.L.S.I. Conclusion: From the outcome, most of the GPs are under the low and very low livelihood sustainability category whereas, the rest of the GPs have medium to high livelihood sustainability status as per selected class. The study concluded that the development needs to be accounted for because of intra-regional imbalance among the road connectivity as well as daily livelihood sustainability that has already existed in this area

Associations between health literacy proficiencies and health-related quality of life and GP visits among young people in Norway: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Despite globally increased attention from policymakers and being recognised as a critical determinant of health, health literacy (HL) research in young people (YP) remains limited. This study aims to describe HL in YP across person factors and explore the associations between HL and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the number of visits to general practitioners (GP visits). Cross-sectional study. Population-based data collection applying country representative strata in Norway. 890 participants aged 16-25 years. Rasch modelling and Wright's method were used to identify statistically distinct levels of HL proficiency. Multiple linear regression and negative binomial regression models were applied to explore the associations between HL and HRQoL, and between HL and GP visits, respectively. Among YP, HL was statistically significantly associated with HRQoL and the number of GP visits, when adjusting for age, gender, education, self-perceived social status and financial deprivation. For every logit increase in HL, the number of GP visits decreased by 22%. Four statistically distinct levels of HL proficiency were identified for the 12-item HLS19-YP12 scale, started from a cut-point of 23, 30, 37 and 44 out of 48. Relatedly, 70% of respondents were observed at or below level 2 (30-36 points), indicating a varying lack of central skills. The span from lowest (1) to highest (4) HL level was associated with a decrease of 2.1 GP visits per year and an increase of .12 on the EQ-5D index. This study provides new empirical insights into the impact of HL in YP. Identified cut-points for the HLS19-YP12 may contribute to simplifying the process of adapting information and communication for various HL skills. The study also suggests the need for more efforts in HL policy and structural intervention development to enhance YP health and well-being.

Predictors of symptom change in the mental health of refugees and asylum seekers (MEHIRA) study examining the effects of a stepped and collaborative care model – A multicentered rater-blinded randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPredictors of symptom improvement are an essential starting point for tailoring psychological treatments to each individual and, in turn, increasing treatment efficacy overall. However, such research regarding refugees/asylum seekers from Arabic-/Farsi-speaking countries is lacking. The current study aimed to characterize predictors for symptom improvement in the Mental Health in Refugees and Asylum Seekers (MEHIRA) study, one of the most extensive multicentered controlled trials on a nationwide stepped and collaborative care model compared to routine German mental health care. MethodsVariables characterizing symptom change were chosen using backward elimination and inserted into logistic regression models for two depression endpoints, namely the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). ResultsSix variables were found to be at least marginally significantly associated with symptom decrease in both outcomes: baseline depressive symptom load, comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder, identifying as a refugee, years of schooling, physical health, and post-migration social status difference. Additionally, psychological health and resilience were marginally significant for one of the models. LimitationsSome predictor constructs - such as social support - were not adequately measured to replicate previous findings. Additionally, the study was underpowered for symptom change prediction of individual treatments beyond the group intervention. ConclusionsThese outcomes indicate that trauma-related elements as well as content on refugee identity and post-migration social status changes should be included in depression interventions for refugees. Further, recommendations for future outcome prediction studies are made.

Correctional Programs in Reform and Rehabilitation Centers in the Southern Governorates of Palestine and Their Impact on the Level of Psychological and Social Adjustment from the Perspective of Recidivist Inmates

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation programs on the psychological and social adaptation of recidivists in Palestine which was achieved by examining the level of implementation of rehabilitation programs and the psychological and social adaptation in different correction and rehabilitation centres. Methods: A systematic research design was adopted to achieve the goal of objective normative inquiry. Data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive analysis and linear regression. This encompassed measuring correctional program effectiveness and psychological-social compatibility among 237 recidivist inmates in the southern governorates, chosen through simple random sampling. Results: The results of the study showed a high level of application of the correctional programs used from the point of view of the inmates of recidivism for crime, according to the relative weight of 73.6%. and social, by 12.3%, as well as a significant effect of the variable of age and the variable of educational level as extraneous variables on the relationship between the correctional programs scale and the psychological and social adjustment scale Psychological and social. Conclusions: The study concluded the presence of a high level of implementation of rehabilitation programs as perceived by recidivists, while also indicating a low level of psychological and social compatibility among recidivists. The study further concluded a significant impact of rehabilitation programs on psychological and social compatibility, as well as the influence of age and educational level. However, the study found no significant impact of social status and the duration of punishment.

Digital Health Literacy Predictors and COVID-19 Online Information-Seeking Behaviors Among University Students from Romania

In addition to the infectious disease, the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an infodemic that worsened the outbreak. Increased digital health literacy (DHL) skills and information-seeking behaviors are crucial for accessing, understanding, and evaluating online health information, especially during a pandemic, where misinformation imposes immediate health consequences. This study explores the predictors of DHL among Romanian students and their information-seeking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected through a cross-sectional study design over 3 months (December 2020–February 2021) and a self-reported web-based questionnaire from 1,381 university students from Romania assessing DHL and information-seeking behaviors. We used descriptive statistics, Cronbach Alpha coefficients, and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions to explore DHL’s predictors in the Romanian sample. Results showed that overall, the study sample had high levels of DHL. However, almost half of the respondents reported having problems assessing whether the information searched related to coronavirus is reliable or not, and 95% shared someone else’s private information online. Age, subjective social status, gender, and chronic diseases were identified as predictors for DHL. Students’ DHL skills need to be strengthened using tailored educational programs and interventions emphasizing the quality, accuracy, and timely provision of online information on official public health platforms. Additional actions include fostering collaborations between educational institutions and public health authorities, alongside developing smartphone applications for real-time guidance on health topics. It is of the utmost importance to address the spread of the infodemic through different strategies, to combat misinformation among university students.

Social status of oyster mushroom enterprisers in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra

Social status of oyster mushroom enterprisers in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra

Shifting Boundaries of Marketing Management in E-Commerce: A Study through TAM (Technology Acceptance Model)

This research tries to investigate the adoption of information technology and its constituents by the customers while making decisions to buy any product from the market utilising TAM. Many political and business related changes are being made in the context of marketing management. In the past 20 years, every domain of management has seen a transformation. Text explosion and information, information, technology and advancement in transport and communication revolutionised every domain of management marketing management which was regarded as the cost for the management is now regarded and recognised at the strategic level. The marketing managers are now enjoying high status in the corporate world. Traditionally, the field of marketing management was dependent on mass media and broadcast media, but with the advent of social media and the access of Internet to almost more than 50% of the consumers in every industry has transformed the field of marketing management. This change was recognised by many authors and researchers around the globe and there is a need to research from customers perspective that how easily consumers are adopting technology in decision making, For the assessment Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was utilised. The data was collected from (n=138) marketing managers, the data was analysed by the use of SPSS 22.0 for descriptive analysis and for regression analysis and structural modelling method was applied. The finding suggest the technology acceptance model is highly applicable to marketing activities and some of its constituents rank high when it comes to make a decision to buy any product by the customer. However Attitude of using does not have any direct impact on Intention to use. Keywords: Marketing Managers, Status of Marketing managers, SEM, Lisrel 9.0., information technology, marketing activities.

Context dependent preferences in prestige bias learning about vaccination in rural Namibian pastoralists.

Extensive work in the social sciences suggests that vaccination decisions are subject to incentives, biases, and social learning processes, including prestige bias transmission. High status figures, like doctors and public health officials, can be effective messengers for vaccination information and uptake under certain conditions. In communities where there is significant medical mistrust and less interaction with markets and formal medical systems, prestige bias social learning may operate through different channels. Here, we examine the role of prestige bias on vaccine decisions in two ethnic groups (Himba and Herero) with varying levels of market integration and experiences with formal healthcare systems. Participants completed a ranking task, comparing the influence of four prestigious individuals on vaccine decisions and a survey on medical mistrust. Using Plackett-Luce models, we compare the influence of location, ethnic affiliation, and other covariates on rankings. A multi-level model compared the influence of those within and outside one's ethnic group, as well as specialist (doctor/healer) and generalist (chief/governor) prestige figures. Results indicate changes in the rank of prestigious individuals across the rural-urban gradient. Our results demonstrate significant variability in prestige-biased social learning about vaccine decision making. Medical mistrust did not impact rankings. Contrary to previous work, we find that whether a prestigious individual is locally prominent is more important than their expertise in the relevant domain (health and healing). These findings emphasize the need for more context-specific studies of prestige bias, which can improve our understanding of healthcare decision-making and guide public health messaging across diverse contexts.

Social problems of senior citizens as a subject area of scientific research

In the context of rapid social, economic and technological changes, the relevance of research into the social problems of the elderly is increasing, as they face numerous challenges that require deep scientific understanding and the development of adequate solutions. The main goal of the research is to analyze and systematize social problems faced by the elderly, as well as to determine the most effective approaches to solving them. To achieve this goal, an integrated approach was used, including analysis of scientific literature, classification of approaches and formulation of practical recommendations. As a result, key areas of research were defined, main trends and strategies for solving the problems of the elderly population were identified. The article examines five research approaches: a biological-sociological one, which connects the physiological and social aspects of aging; a social-dynamic one, emphasizing the influence of changing social conditions; an integration-digital one, studying the impact of technology on the lives of the elderly; a social-status one, considering the relationship between social status and quality of life; and active-adaptive one, emphasizing the active participation and adaptation of the elderly in society. These approaches present diverse perspectives and strategies for improving the lives of senior citizens. The study highlights the need for regularly updating scientific data and methods to develop effective programs and policies that help improve the quality of life of the elderly and their active participation in public life.

Risk groups of HIV infection among the population of the Omsk region

The peculiarities of the course of the epidemic process of HIV infection, including the formation of certain risk groups by gender, age and social status, are relevant, as they allow the development of specific preventive measures. The aim is to identify risk groups for HIV infection among the population of the Omsk region in 1996–2023. Data from the main statistical reporting forms, the Federal Register of Persons Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and the results of epidemiological investigations were used for the analysis. The analysis made it possible to establish the main trends in the development of the epidemic process of HIV infection in the Omsk region. The general trend of decreasing morbidity has been revealed, which coincides with that in the Russian Federation, primarily due to the large volume of preventive measures carried out. Changes in the characteristics of the risk groups of infection have been established — the contingents of injecting drug users and men who have sex with men, prevailing at an early stage of the epidemic, have been replaced by persons who became sexually infected from individuals of the opposite sex. At the same time, the proportion of infected women approached that of men. This entailed the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV infection. The introduction of mandatory screening for HIV infection markers in pregnant women and the implementation of antiretroviral prophylaxis has reduced the number of cases of perinatal infection of newborns to a minimum. An increase in the share of the rural population in the total structure of newly diagnosed people with HIV infection may indicate both lower awareness of this problem and shortcomings in the provision of medical care, its lower accessibility compared to the urban population. The prevalence in the structure of HIV-infected people who are not engaged in work indicates that the most socially unprotected contingents are involved in the epidemic process, as a rule, they are not ready to take care of their own health and the health of others, often leading an antisocial lifestyle. Thus, HIV infection in the Omsk region remains one of the priority epidemiological problems requiring the formation of an integrated approach to its solution. The conducted research made it possible to identify the main risk groups for HIV infection, in relation to which targeted preventive strategies should be applied.