Social Inequality In Brazil Research Articles

Public health systems in Brazil and Portugal: challenges and opportunities in health promotion and access

The Brazilian and Portuguese healthcare systems differ in structure, financing and accessibility. They are similar in terms of decentralization of services, coexistence of public and private health providers and universality and comprehensiveness. The Unified Health System is financed by the federal, state, and municipal governments and is free for everyone. Given the territorial size and economic and social inequality in Brazil, the quality of care can vary greatly, with disparities in access to healthcare between its regions. In Portugal, the National Health Service offers universal and largely free tax-funded coverage and provides comprehensive care, but long waiting times can be a problem. Both systems face challenges such as an aging population and budget constraints. This study pointed out that in addition to appropriate financing and the reorganization of models, academic knowledge can assist in improvement actions and public policies.

Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) coverage, nutritional status of older adults and its relationship with social inequalities in Brazil, 2008-2019: an ecological time-series study.

to analyze the temporal trend of Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional - SISVAN) coverage and the nutritional status of older adults, and its correlation with indicators of social inequality in Brazil between 2008-2019. this was an ecological study using records from SISVAN, related to the population aged 60 years and older; the temporal trend of coverage and the correlation between indicators of social inequality and increment rate of nutritional status were analyzed; slope index of inequality and concentration index were used to measure absolute and relative inequalities. 11,587,933 records were identified; national coverage increased from 0.1% (2008) to 2.9% (2019), with a statistically significant upward trend; a moderate inverse correlation with an annual increment rate of overweight between human development index and gross domestic product per capita, was found. there was an increasing trend in SISVAN coverage; the increase in overweight was associated with social inequality.

A sobrevivência dos que não puderam “ficar em casa”: Resistência comunitária e precariedades ao redor do “novo normal” em favelas do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic deepened social inequalities in Brazil’s favelas. Among certain social groups, the need to keep moving to ensure survival meant greater exposure to the risks of the disease. While kinetic elites enjoyed the privilege of remaining immobile and protected, less privileged urban groups were forced to continue in movement despite the risks created by the pandemic. In this study we qualify social analyses around the so-called “new normal” based on ethnographic research conducted in urban peripheries. Empirically based on the cases of the favelas Santa Marta and Vila Vintém, we examine conditioning factors that differentiate the effects of the pandemic among favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Our intent is to demonstrate the differential effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in territories where the city’s most impoverished population lacks the socioeconomic conditions to “stay home”. We indicate two general aspects: first, the pandemic deepened and re-signified pre-existing social problems; second, the shortage of public policies and complex requalifications of precariousness stimulated the development of various community-based actions to mitigate the risks of infection in these territories.

Cobertura do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN), estado nutricional de idosos e sua relação com desigualdades sociais no Brasil, 2008-2019: estudo ecológico de série temporal

Abstract Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional - SISVAN) coverage and the nutritional status of older adults, and its correlation with indicators of social inequality in Brazil between 2008-2019. Methods: this was an ecological study using records from SISVAN, related to the population aged 60 years and older; the temporal trend of coverage and the correlation between indicators of social inequality and increment rate of nutritional status were analyzed; slope index of inequality and concentration index were used to measure absolute and relative inequalities. Results: 11,587,933 records were identified; national coverage increased from 0.1% (2008) to 2.9% (2019), with a statistically significant upward trend; a moderate inverse correlation with an annual increment rate of overweight between human development index and gross domestic product per capita, was found. Conclusion: there was an increasing trend in SISVAN coverage; the increase in overweight was associated with social inequality.

Cross-sectional analysis of students and school workers reveals a high number of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections during school reopening in Brazilian cities

Brazil experienced one of the most prolonged periods of school closures, and reopening could have exposed students to high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the infection status of students and school workers at the time of the reopening of schools located in Brazilian cities is unknown. Here we evaluated viral carriage by RT-PCR and seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM and IgG) by immunochromatography in 2259 individuals (1139 students and 1120 school workers) from 28 schools in 28 Brazilian cities. We collected the samples within 30 days after public schools reopened and before the start of vaccination campaigns. Most students (n = 421) and school workers (n = 446) had active (qRT-PCR + IgM− IgG− or qRT-PCR + IgM + IgG−/+) SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regression analysis indicated a strong association between the infection status of students and school workers. Furthermore, while 45% (n = 515) of the students and 37% (n = 415) of the school workers were neither antigen nor antibody positive in laboratory tests, 16% of the participants (169 students and 193 school workers) were oligosymptomatic, including those reinfected. These individuals presented mild symptoms such as headache, sore throat, and cough. Notably, most of the individuals were asymptomatic (83.9%). These results indicate that many SARS-CoV-2 infections in Brazilian cities during school reopening were asymptomatic. Thus, our study highlights the need to promote a coordinated public health effort to guarantee a safe educational environment while avoiding exacerbating pre-existent social inequalities in Brazil, reducing social, mental, and economic losses for students, school workers, and their families.

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES AND YOUTH

The struggle against social inequalities in Brazil has been the center of analysis in several areas of knowledge. Scholars, public managers, researchers, and public policymakers strive to diagnose and implement measures to reduce inequalities in the Brazilian context. Among the multiple forms of manifestation of such inequalities, the social markers of gender, race, and social class are the most investigated. However, color or race occupies a central space in most of the debates given the process of the socio-historical constitution of Brazil. In this debate, besides the aspects that are related to the Brazilian development process characteristics, whose dynamics have produced erasures and silencing throughout the country's history, black youth are among those included. As a consequence, the partial inclusion of the black, brown, or indigenous populations in this process has translated into higher levels of economic and social vulnerability, with greater incidence in some communities. The present reflection analyzes the impact of the social racial marker among the black Brazilian youth. The bibliographical-investigative methodological procedure is used.

O Auxílio Emergencial enquanto Medida Paliativa frente às Desigualdades Sociais no Brasil

Emergency Aid was constituted as a social protection measure structured in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to reinforcecharacteristics linked to the form of care and understanding of poverty in the national territory. The research carried out aimed to demonstrate the structuring of Emergency Aid as a measure adopted by the State, in order to highlight its palliative character in the face of social inequalities in Brazil. The article proposes to problematize how the AE perpetuates the reproduction of social protection measures that do not affect the resolution of the causes of poverty. The methodology is supported by a qualitative approach, with an exploratory focus, using bibliographic and documentary research. The results show that poverty is perceived by the State as income discrepancy between subjects, which mischaracterizes its multidimensional aspects. The initiatives adopted are focused and palliative actions with short-term applicability, since, immediately, they show little effectiveness in meeting the demands of the population.

O CONTEXTO DO ENSINO REMOTO EMERGENCIAL: INCERTEZAS SOBRE AAPRENDIZAGEM COM SIGNIFICADO SOCIAL

This article reflects on the effectiveness of Remote Emergency Education in the current year Continuum 2020/2021 in terms of providing opportunities for learning with social meaning (one of the principles defended by Paulo Freire) for students in state public schools in Bahia. Therefore, the focus of this study is to identify how the teaching process in state schools in Bahia is being planned and implemented during the pandemic period of 2021, to verify which resources and pedagogical strategies are being adopted to favor learning with social meaning for them( as) students. As well as discussing whether the education offered promotes emancipatory and critical training for students to act in society as advocated by Paulo Freire. The methodology is based on the literature review of the theoretical references of Freire (1996; 1987), for the documental analysis of the studied legislation about this form of school education qualified as Emergency Remote Teaching. The results of this study point to the uncertainty about the effectiveness of teaching that favors learning with social meaning aiming at the emancipation of students, children, youth, adults, men and women students of basic education, since the glaring economic and social inequalities in Brazil and in Bahia they compromise the full access of the subjects to this form of educational offer.

The representation of quilombolas in Torto arado, by Itamar Vieira Junior (2019): structural racism through the female perspective

Analysis of Torto arado (2019), by Itamar Vieira Junior with attention to the point of view of narration, since the narrators of the novel, three quilombola women, reveal in the work the marks left by slavery in Brazil, which consequently helps in the understanding of structural and institutional racism in Brazilian society. As a result, it appears that the novel expresses the relationship between the slavery past and the current portrait of blacks, quilombola communities and social inequality in Brazil.

“Places you shouldn't go to”: (Im)mobility, violence and democracy in Brazil and South Africa

Pursuing the broader political effects of the relationship between violence, mobility, and inequality, the article describes some of the grounded political-economies (re)producing social inequalities in Brazil and South Africa, and a discontinuous experience of the urban space. This fragmented spatial experience is produced by the simultaneous operation of a discursive apparatus projecting a split ideal of “city”, and grounded social mechanics, in the intersection of values and power relations. In Johannesburg, South Africa, we’ve described the creation of Maboneng, a “urban development project”, to highlight the role of social mobility and growing class aspirations as powerful political vehicles for neoliberal markets reissuing old apartheid socio-spatial divisions. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we’ve explored the relationship between the State and its margins to understand the production of the milícia as a violent anti-modern capitalist venture, aiming to control the circulation of people, capital and political support in the city.

SARS-COV-2 pandemic: the food insecurity and social inequalities in Brazil

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the most severe global public health crisis in the last century. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China in December 2019, and since then, it has been quickly spreading around the world. After Europe and North America, the virus has arrived in Latin America. Among the developing countries, Brazil has been the most affected by the pandemic causalities, which is a concern, since social and economic disparities may favor its severity. In an attempt to reduce virus transmission, public health measures have been implemented by the states, despite the lack of assistance from the Brazilian federal government. Implementing social distancing and hygiene measures have not been possible, mainly due to the unfavorable social conditions of economically vulnerable people. Thus, the pandemic is exposing the evidence of social inequalities in the country, which in turn deepens the public health crisis. Here, we discuss evidence from relevant topics that are influencing the course of the pandemic in Brazil, including food insecurity, social aspects and public health political issues. The pandemic has exposed the need for maintaining and improving the social care and food security of vulnerable groups as well as the harm of ignoring them. Thus, more effective mitigation measures must be thought and applied in Brazil to improve the handling of this pandemic and the next ones.

Medical education in Brazil: public health as a didactic-pedagogical structure

Abstract Medical education in Brazil has a Flexnerian structure whose guidelines were instituted in the Americas in the early twentieth century, which led the academic to settle in the office and in the hospital with a focus on the biological processes of the health-disease process. However, since the 1970s, increasing social inequality in Brazil has led to marked poverty with a lack of access to basic health care for most of the Brazilian population. The 1988 Federal Constitution treats health as a democratic process where the social issue is fundamental to the development of the nation. The Italian health movement, guided by social studies by Giovanni Berlinguer, inspired the Brazilian Health Reform Movement. In this regard, the hospital-centered view began to be questioned. Wide critical-reflexive movements were being built in society and in the academy, looking for improvements in the population's quality of life. Issues related to promotion, treatment and prevention, both in medical training and in management and assistance, were gradually being incorporated into medical education. But it was in the national medical education change project that the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN), launched in 2014, culminated. The medical course at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul - Chapecó campus (UFFS-Ch), in the state of Santa Catarina, was created in 2015, fully complies with the new guidelines and is supported by the Public Health. This orientation is guided by the political, economic and social development of the Country within a civilizing process that is based on the social and environmental determinants of health, with respect to the relations of society in its history and in its territory. In this way, medical training at UFFS has a vision of the health-disease process that transcends the individual and addresses the community, with a proposal to transform society based on democracy and social justice. Key messages To present a counterpoint between the Brazilian Health Reform and its inspiring one, an Italian, in the search to overcome social inequality, through a civilizing process based on Democracy and Health. To present a medical course based on the transformation of medical education with a structure in Public Health in order to provide a reduction in social inequality in Brazil.

Apresentação - Dossiê Ensino de História, História das Mulheres e Desigualdades Sociais no Brasil

O dossiê Ensino de história, história das mulheres e desigualdades sociais no Brasil é um convite a um presente e um futuro feministas. A obra conta com um conjunto de ações concretas, propositivas e imediatas dos ensinos de história dentro do campo da história das mulheres e dos estudos de gênero. De norte a sul, de oeste a leste do Brasil, o dossiê em tela recebeu artigos que são atravessados pelas discussões acerca dos marcadores sociais de gênero, de classe e de raça.

Concentração espacial da produção e desigualdades sociais

O objeto de análise deste artigo é a relação entre concentração espacial da produção e desigualdade social no Brasil, fenômeno multidimensional que antecede o trabalho assalariado, mas que recebe maior atenção no avanço do processo de urbanização. A hipótese aqui defendida é de que, se dotados de infraestrutura logística e educacional em condições semelhantes às do centro dinâmico da economia nacional, os estados periféricos apresentariam densidade econômica e capacidade de arrecadação fiscal semelhantes à dos estados mais ricos, com impactos sobre renda per capita, IDHM e outros indicadores socioeconômicos. Em 2014, os estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste concentravam mais de 71,35% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), acomodando 56,29% da população, enquanto o Nordeste, com participação de 13,93% no PIB, acomodava 27,69% da população. A análise setorial de renda e faturamento bruto das empresas revela o abismo entre Norte/Nordeste e Sul/Sudeste, assegurando a manutenção das desigualdades sociais entre os dois blocos.

Leave policies and social inequality in Brazil

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between leave policies and social inequalities. It seeks to analyze the historical course of maternity and paternity leave legislation in Brazil, and also provides quantitative evidence that access to leave is impacted by social stratification, revealing different inequalities.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate access to leave policies, this study uses data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua Anual de 2017 (Annual National Continuous Household Sampling Survey of 2017), conducted by IBGE/Brazil.FindingsThe results point out the existence of inequalities in the conceptions of leave policies in Brazil, and lead to quantitative confirmation that access to leave is stratified and permeated by inequalities of gender, class, race and age.Social implicationsBy pointing out the social inequalities resulting from the contributory scheme of maternity and paternity leave, the results of this paper may generate debate on the transformation of leave into a universal right of citizens and impact public policy agenda in the future.Originality/valueThis is the first Brazilian study to analyze the relationship between leave policy and social inequality through quantitative data, showing the existence of social stratification of gender, class, race and age concerning the employed population’s access to maternity and paternity leave.

The Exponential Growth of Social Inequality in Brazil among the SARS-Covid Pandemic19

The Exponential Growth of Social Inequality in Brazil among the SARS-Covid Pandemic19

Racial vulnerability and individual barriers for Brazilian women seeking first care following abortion.

Social inequalities in Brazil are reflected in women's search for abortion care, when they face individual, social, and structural barriers and are exposed to situations of vulnerability. Black women are the most heavily exposed to these barriers, from the search for the service to the care itself. The study aimed to analyze factors related to individual barriers in the search for first post-abortion care according to race/color. The study was conducted in Salvador (Bahia State), Recife, (Pernambuco State) and São Luís (Maranhão State), Brazil, with 2,640 patients admitted to public hospitals. Logistic regression was performed to analyze differences according to race/color (white, brown, and black), with "no individual barriers in the search for first care" as the reference category in the dependent variable. Of the women interviewed, 35.7% were black, 53.3% brown, and 11% white. Black women had less schooling, fewer children, and reported more induced abortions (31.1%) and more second-trimester abortions (15.4%). Black women reported more individual barriers in the search for first care (32% vs. 28% in brown women and 20.3% in whites), such as fear of being mistreated and lack of money for transportation. Regression analysis confirmed the association between black and brown race/color and individual barriers in the search for post-abortion care, even after adjusting for all the selected variables. The results confirmed the situation of vulnerability for black women and brown women in Brazil. Racial discrimination in health services and abortion-related stigma can act simultaneously, delaying women's access to health services, a limitation that can further complicate their post-abortion condition.

Revisitando a dignidade da pessoa humana em tempos de desconstrução de direitos sociais fundamentais (educação e trabalho): contributo de Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola

Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola desenvolveu a ideia de que o homem pode ascender na cadeia das criaturas pelo exercício de suas capacidades intelectuais o que seria a garantia de dignidade da existência humana na vida terrestre, contribuindo para a compreensão da dignidade da pessoa humana nos pactos internacionais, bem como na Constituição brasileira de 1988. O respeito à dignidade da pessoa humana permite a concretização dos direitos fundamentais sociais dos cidadãos, mas, na atualidade brasileira, tem-se visível afronta à sua fundamentalidade, em especial na área da educação e do trabalho. Houve a aprovação da ‘reforma’ trabalhista (Lei nº 13.467/2017) que esgarçou o sistema juslaboral de proteção e a adoção na educação superior pública da figura do docente voluntário. Tais situações promovem profundo retrocesso social no Estado Democrático de Direito mediante a desconstrução de direitos sociais fundamentais dos cidadãos brasileiros

Malnutrition in all its forms and social inequalities in Brazil.

To describe malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by income, education and race/ethnicity in the Brazilian population. Cross-sectional study. Brazil. Children aged <5 years (n 14 580), adolescents aged 11-19 years (n 31 892) and adults aged 20-49 years (n 84 660). Among children, prevalence of excess weight, wasting and stunting was 16·9, 2·8 and 6·0 %, respectively. Differences related to income, education and race/ethnicity were verified, except for prevalence of wasting by education level. Girls and boys presented 18·4 and 20·5 % of excess weight, 2·8 and 3·7 % of underweight and 5·5 and 7·3 % of stunting, respectively. Prevalence of excess weight was lower among poorer, lower-educated (only for boys) and white adolescents, while stunting was lower among higher-income, higher-educated and white adolescents. Over three-quarters of women and almost half of men presented excess weight. Among adults, 3·9 % of women and 1·7 % of men were underweight, and 5·7 % of women and 0·2 % of men presented short stature. Prevalence of excess weight for women was higher among lower education and black, while for men it was higher among higher income and education and white. Short stature was more prevalent among black and mixed-race, low-educated and low-income women. Underweight prevalence was higher among low-educated, black and mixed-race women. In Brazil, the prevalence of excess weight was at least threefold higher than that of undernutrition for children and adolescents and at least sevenfold higher for adults. Social inequalities were observed in the distribution of malnutrition across the lifespan and by gender.

O fenômeno do superendividamento do consumidor no contexto de desigualdade social no Brasil

O presente artigo, pelo método dedutivo, por meio de pesquisa teórico- bibliográfica nacional e estrangeira, objetiva compreender as principais causas e consequências do superendividamento dentro do contexto de desigualdade social no Brasil, de modo a compreender que o mesmo não incorre em um problema unicamente da classe baixa, mas de toda a sociedade. Nesse sentido, objetiva-se também a compreensão dos aspectos comportamentais dos indivíduos e o afastamento da responsabilidade exclusiva do ente sobre a condição de superendividamento. Em conclusão, o trabalho propõe alterativas, como o aprimoramento dos deveres informacionais do fornecedor, o controle da oferta do crédito e a promoção de educação financeira ao consumidor.