Social Fund Research Articles

Description of the criteria governing the areas of overlap between the competence of KRUS and ZUS in respect of farmers who are subject to social insurance

The Social Insurance Institution (PL: Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych, ZUS) and the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (PL: Kasa Rolniczego Ubezpieczenia Społecznego, KRUS) are among the constituent parts of the social security system in Poland. In principle, both institutions function in such a way that there is no overlap between the areas of their competence, but there are certain forms of professional activity which, when carried out by an insured farmer or his/her household member, result in an overlap between the social insurance titles. These include in particular a non-agricultural business activity, an agency contract, a contract of mandate or other contract for the provision of services to which the provisions on the mandate apply and serving on a supervisory board. The main aim of the article is to analyse the ways to deal with and mechanisms which govern cases when the competence of KRUS and ZUS overlaps for certain farmers subject to social insurance and to present the normative acts containing regulations in this area. Keywords: serving on a supervisory board, non-agricultural business activity, social insurance, agency contract, contract of mandate

Transformation Of The Role Of Technology In The Collection And Distribution Of Social Funds

Digitalization of zakat and waqf is an innovation that has great potential to encourage the empowerment of the people. Through literature analysis and case studies, this research explores the role of zakat and waqf in Islam, the development of their digitalization in Indonesia, and how this innovation helps in the process of empowering the Ummah. This study aims to examine the transformation of the role of technology in the collection and distribution of social funds, especially related to the digitalization of zakat and waqf in Indonesia. The formulation of this research problem is focused on how digital technology has changed the way zakat and waqf are collected and distributed, as well as its impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of this process. The method used is descriptive analysis, where data and information are collected through relevant literature studies, as well as observations of the implementation and current practices of digitalizing zakat and waqf in Indonesia. Although there are challenges, such as the need to increase digital literacy and transparency, digitalization can be an essential force in maximizing the distribution and effectiveness of zakat and waqf. Solutions and steps that can be taken to overcome these challenges are also discussed. Therefore, collaboration between the government, financial institutions and zakat and waqf management organizations is essential in realizing the full potential of this digitalization.

Collaboration has a remarkable impact to resilience of people working in disability services

Background: In the shadow of COVID-19-pandemic the shortage of social services’ and health care workers resilience of workers is an important paradigm to consider. Occupational wellbeing consists of many factors like work community, collaboration, solidarity, occupational health care, flexibility, salary, and different compensations. Collaboration and good possibilities to influence in work allow better occupational wellbeing and resilience.
 For e.g., housing services for persons with disabilities, collaboration may be one thing which can affect the whole community. COVID-19-pandemic’s lockdown measures combined with shortage of employees, collaboration with different partners may be a key factor that supports surviving and resilience of clients and workers. The study is part of “Building the future based on experiences during COVID-19” -project funded by the European Social Fund.
 Aim: The aim of the research was to find out how respondents feel the coronavirus epidemic has affected work, the workplace, and the work community and what new practices have been introduced in the workplace in areas such as the way services are organized. The survey and interviews examined the changes in the everyday lives of people with disabilities as observed by the workers and managers. Also of interest are the measures and methods adopted in the services to prevent coronavirus infections and communication between customers and workers during the coronavirus epidemic.
 Methods: Study methods used are survey for people working in services for the persons with disabilities and thematic interviews for managers working in service housing, or group housing for persons with disabilities. The survey results were analyzed by descriptive, quantitative analyze and interviews were analyzed by thematic, qualitative analyze. 
 Results: Collaboration is an valuable asset of workplaces. The resilience and wellbeing among/of workers, customers, managers and the whole community can be supported by emphasizing collaboration culture in organizations. E.g. customers may get better access to COVID-19 testing or different daytime activities in a lockdown situation. Workers and managers can benefit e. g. colleagues’ collective aid. Without collaboration the situation may be that organization, workers, managers, and customers have been on their own in COVID-19 era.
 Conclusions: Collaboration is valuable to customers, workers, and managers. In paradigm of collaboration there is inequality between customers, workers, and managers. The amount of collaboration between different organizations may vary. Further research is needed for tackling problems such as inequality and shortage of social services and health care workers and people working in services for the persons with disabilities. One solution may be collaboration with e.g. social and health care sector, third sector and local vocational schools. Research which considers workers and managers own opinion, voice and institutional problems may also be one part of solution because it gives different views to the problem. 
 Keywords: Workers, managers, disability services, persons with disabilities, Finland, COVID-19

Legal Forms for Social Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article analyzes the first steps taken in Kazakhstan to create a legal and organizational framework for social entrepreneurship. The expediency to distinguish a specific type of legal entities (along with commercial and non-commercial legal entities) in the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and to regulate special organizational and legal forms for conducting social entrepreneurship, is substantiated. The absence (at least in most cases) of traditionally understood financial investment relations in the establishment and financing of the activities of social entrepreneurship entities is stressed out. The need for the State to declare (as its political task) its focus on formation of a social and solidarity economy in Kazakhstan as a special sector of the national economy, together with the obligatory development of constitutional foundations to ensure the common good, recognition and observance of public interest, is emphasized. The objective needs to create an effective system of social finance to support and develop social economy in Kazakhstan is emphasized.

Social fund and infant mortality: Evidence from an anti-poverty policy in Northeast Brazil.

This paper evaluates the effects of a social fund that meets the needs of the poor in Northeast Brazil, the Fundos Estaduais de Combate e Erradicação da Pobreza (FECEP). The program could have improved infant health by reducing poverty and improving access to health care, sanitation, food, and housing. Using a difference-in-differences approach robust to heterogeneous treatment effects, we confirm that the program has effectively reduced poverty in treated areas. Furthermore, we document that this poverty reduction is associated with a significant decline in infant mortality. These findings provide consistent evidence that targeted public investments can improve living conditions in vulnerable regions.

Реформирование пенсионной системы через привлечение к механизмам ее обеспечения плательщиков налога на профессиональный доход

The article considers the necessity of involving professional income tax payers in the provision of the country’s pension system in order to reduce its dependence on subsidies from the budget. This topic is new and little studied in modern science of the Russian Federation, which requires a more careful and diverse consideration of the sources of replenishment of the professional income tax. In the course of the study the authors disclose the conceptual apparatus of the topic, characterize the state of the pension system of Russia, analyze the trends of changes in its key indicators. The authors describe the situation of deficit of the pension payments fund due to the imbalance in the number of working citizens and pensioners, as well as due to the retention of some potential tax funds in the “shadow” sector of the economy. The attempts of the state to reverse the situa-tion by legalizing the work of the self-employed and replenishing their tax contributions to the pension pay-ments fund are noted. The authors’ proposals will help release additional funds allocated as subsidies to the Social Fund of Russia for more effective territorial development of the country.

Viability of Cash Waqf-Linked Ṣukūk in Malaysia

Purpose ‒ This research explores cash waqf-linked sukuk (CWLS) and ascertains its viability in Malaysia under relevant legal and regulatory framework of waqf and sukuk. This is with view to implementation of CWLS in Malaysia by Islamic social and commercial finance institutions. Design/Methodology/Approach ‒ The research adopts a qualitative methodology and uses content analysis in synthesising relevant data to determine viability and prospect of CWLS in Malaysia. Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted, and data obtained therefrom was analysed alongside published literature on CWLS in identifying issues in applicable waqf and sukuk legal and regulatory framework that pertain to CWLS viability. Findings ‒ The combination of cash waqf with sukuk is potentially an impactful financing mechanism for mobilising funds that links charity with productive and income generating economic activities. CWLS facilitates development of alternative social financing instrument that expedite social welfare and economic revival in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic as Indonesia demonstrates. However, Malaysia’s waqf legal and regulatory framework have established a decentralised system of waqf administration that will rather downscale the structure and operations of CWLS in the country. Hence the research proposes a reform of the framework to enable establishing a more capable and viable CWLS structure for a digital, retail and institutional investors. Originality/Value ‒ This research discovers hindrance to the prospect of CWLS in the legal, Shariah and regulatory dynamics of waqf and sukuk in Malaysia which previous studies overlooked. This research provides an in-depth understanding of challenges to CWLS’ implementation in Malaysia with invaluable insight for regulators, policy makers, practitioners and researchers, thereby contributing to practical knowledge in the area.

Marketing Mix Strategy in Waqf Online Fundraising Platform: An Importance-Performance Analysis

As an Islamic social finance practice, waqf has a considerable potential to develop community following maqashid sharia and SDGs. At IPB University, one of few universities with authority as a nazir, the implementation of waqf from ‘civa to civa’ on campus has huge benefits for the development of their surrounding without having to rely on government funding. This study, using Islamic Economics students as its respondent, tries to formulate a marketing strategy for waqf online fundraising platform employing an Importance Performance Analysis. Results show that there is still a noticeable gap between the potential and realized the value of waqf in this platform and demography, indicating that the performance has yet to reach the select value from respondents. Three attributes of the marketing mix in IPB’s online waqf platform that needed the most attention: social media promotion, mass media promotion, and integration with other fundraising platforms.

Productive Zakat As An Alternative Islamic Social Financial Instrument In Community Economic Empowerment Reflection Of The Covid-19 Era

The Muslim population that has great potential in giving zakat is Indonesia. One of the functions of zakat is as a social fund that can be used to overcome social problems such as poverty that occurs in society. Of course, an appropriate formulation is needed to utilize zakat assets to overcome these social problems. Among the efforts is to build a paradigm that the use of zakat must be productive, educational, and economical so that in the end, zakat recipients (mustah}iq) will leave the mustahiq zone and will automatically enter the mandatory zakat zone (muzak). Productive zakat is giving zakat that can make recipients produce something continuously through the zakat assets they have received. This program can not only help underprivileged people. However, it can also enable people who have been economically deprived and have always been zakat recipients to change their position to become muzakki. This research describes productive zakat and its empowerment in Indonesia. Apart from that, we also found that productive zakat is very powerful in playing its role as one of the sharia financial instruments in Indonesia in empowering and alleviating poverty through the philanthropic institutions that support it.

Fairness Principles in Islamic Social Funds: An Analysis of Zakat and Wakaf Management in Indonesia

This study explores the implementation of the fairness principle in the management of Islamic social funds through zakat and wakaf in Indonesia, guided by existing legal frameworks and theoretical sources. Employing a legal approach, it critically examines and evaluates various laws related to the management of Islamic social funds in Indonesia. The research method utilized is a normative legal study focusing on theoretical examination and analysis of relevant legal documents and regulations. The findings reveal that the management of zakat and wakaf in Indonesia reflects the Fairness Principle, aiming to ensure just and equitable distribution and utilization of Islamic social funds. Such just management has significantly positive impacts on economic empowerment and societal welfare in Indonesia, enhancing education access, social infrastructure strengthening, productive business development, and empowerment of vulnerable groups, thus reducing poverty and social inequality. Collaboration between Islamic social fund institutions, government, and society is crucial to ensuring effective and sustainable utilization in enhancing Indonesia's overall economic welfare and societal well-being.Highlights:
 
 Implementation of the fairness principle in managing Islamic social funds (zakat and wakaf) ensures equitable distribution and utilization.
 Management significantly impacts economic empowerment and societal welfare in Indonesia.
 Strong collaboration between institutions, government, and society is key to effective and sustainable utilization of zakat and wakaf.
 
 Keywords: Zakat, Wakaf, Fairness Principle, Economic Empowerment, Welfare Enhancement

Research trends in the field of Islamic social finance: a bibliometric analysis from 1914 to 2022

Purpose This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis of Islamic social finance (ISF) by addressing gaps in the existing research, exploring the current trends of publications and determining possible future research directions in this field. Design/methodology/approach Relevant bibliometric data of published research during 1914–2022 was extracted from the Scopus database and 1,355 studies were considered for the analysis. Biblioshiny app from RStudio, VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel were the tools used for analysis. Findings The identified current research streams are management and distribution of ISF funds especially zakat through fintech; governance and accountability of ISF institutions; Islamic microfinance for poverty alleviation and financial inclusion; ISF for promoting sustainable development and achieving United Nations sustainable development goals; waqf endowments and cash waqf; and Islamic charities. The identified themes for future research directions are Islamic fintech, integration of ISF, sustainable development, economic recovery, social entrepreneurship, sustainable ISF ecosystem and supporting refugees. Practical implications It provides extensive and up-to-date literature on the current trends in ISF and future research themes which can be useful for researchers, professionals and policymakers in the field. Social implications The findings of this research contribute to the solutions to socio-economic challenges and support sustainable development through ISF. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is one of the first attempt to provide a pervasive bibliometric review on ISF by including various aspects of ISF and extending the study period to more than 100 years.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DRIVING SCHOOLS IN THE LATVIAN ECONOMY AND THEIR FINANCING POSSIBILITIES

The demand for training for various categories of vehicles has been constant over several years. However, there is still a need for more professionals in the labor market for cargo and passenger carriers. Therefore, to ensure qualified employees in the transport sector, the availability of driving schools in all regions of Latvia, high-quality training, and adequate service prices, which would correspond to the capabilities of different households, are essential. Small and new driving schools, to win the market segment by competing with the leading driving schools in Latvia, must think about the quality of the offered services, compliance with customer requirements, and plan financing options - own or borrowed capital. The novelty of the research: the author investigated the importance of driving schools in the economy and their financing possibilities using European Social Fund projects.

Peran Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Dalam Mengembangkan Bisnis Mikro dan Kecil di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic microfinance institutions in developing micro and small businesses in Indonesia through the distribution of funds based on sharia principles. The method used is a literature review to identify how Islamic financing schemes, such as mudharabah and musyarakah, contribute to increasing access to capital for small business actors. The results of the study show that Islamic microfinance institutions provide more inclusive and fair financing and business assistance and management of social funds such as zakat, infaq, and sedekah. This supports the growth of micro and small businesses and improves the community's economic welfare. However, several challenges remain, such as low Islamic financial literacy and limited capital. Therefore, this study recommends the need for innovation in Islamic financial technology and increased public education to expand the reach and effectiveness of Islamic financial services for micro and small businesses.

Zakat Management in Indonesia: A Qualitative Analysis using N-Vivo

This study attempts to map research related to zakat management in Indonesia published by Scopus indexed journals from 2006 to 2023. NVivo 12 Plus was used to conduct thematic review and frequency was used to evaluate 145 publications in scientific literature. The results found that there is a fluctuating number of publications from year to year related to zakat management research in Indonesia which indicates that this topic is an interesting topic and should continue to be developed. In addition, various focuses of discussion and cluster analysis that describe the research path in zakat management research in Indonesia include Social Justice and Zakat Management in Indonesia, Social Finance and Zakat Management in Indonesia, Effective Zakat Management in Indonesia, and Financial Institutions and Zakat Management in Indonesia. This research can be used as a starting point for experts to build a graphic visualization of zakat management research patterns in Indonesia in published scientific research.

Organizational aspects of the sanatorium-resort treatment of victims at work: Using the example of Kuzbass

BACKGROUND: The problem of studying the organizational aspects in the medical and social rehabilitation of people of working age who suffer from industrial injuries and occupational diseases requires special consideration, since in modern conditions, the sociopolitical and socioeconomic cost of restoring labor losses is associated with the persistent loss of ability to work among qualified workers. One of the priority areas in the medical and social rehabilitation of victims is sanatorium-resort treatment.
 AIMS: To evaluate the organization of providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the official form of statistical observation of the activity of federal institutions of medical and social expertise № 7-sobes for 2022 in Kuzbass. The following methods were used: statistical analysis and content analysis of normative and methodological documents.
 RESULTS: According to the state form of statistical monitoring of the activities of federal institutions of medical and social examination № 7-social security for 2022 in Kuzbass, nearly all rehabilitation programs for victims contain medical rehabilitation measures — 24,452 (99.4%). Since the rehabilitation programs for victims include specific types, forms, and volumes of necessary rehabilitation measures that are optimal for the patients aimed at restoring and compensating for impaired body functions and restoring and compensating for the patient’s ability to carry out professional, household, and social activities, a typical list of services and measures of medical rehabilitation includes: medicines, 23,180 (94.3%); spa treatment, 21,127 (86.9%); and provision of medical products, 14,573 (61.8%). The most popular services for the medical rehabilitation of victims are sanatorium and resort services.
 CONCLUSIONS: The organizational algorithm for providing sanatorium-resort treatment to victims at work begins with the selection of organizations that provide sanatorium-resort treatment services. The selection is made by the regional branches of the fund on a competitive basis in accordance with the current legislation in the field of public procurement. The main organizational mechanism is implemented within the framework of interdepartmental interaction between three departments: healthcare (medical organizations), federal institutions of the medical and social expertise, and territorial departments of the Social Fund of Russia.

On the organization of interdepartmental interaction of institutions of medico-social expertise and rehabilitation of disabled people in the region (on the example of the Perm territory)

BACKGROUND: Currently, a rehabilitation system for people with disabilities is actively developing at the federal and regional levels. Institutions of medical and social expertise occupy an important place in it, developing an individual program of rehabilitation or habilitation (IPRН) and evaluating the results of its implementation.
 AIM: Assess the need of persons recognized as disabled for rehabilitation measures, analyze the organization of interdepartmental interaction of institutions for medical and social examination and rehabilitation of disabled people at the regional level.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the needs of persons recognized as disabled for rehabilitation measures within the framework of IPRH for five years (2018–2022) was carried out according to the Federal state information system “Uniform automated vertically integrated information and analytical system on conducting medico-social examination” of Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise in Perm Territory, forms Federal State Statistical Observation № 7-Sobes “Information on the medical and social examination of persons aged 18 years and older”, № 7-D (Sobes) “Information on the medical and social examination of children under the age of 18”. The indicators of the effectiveness of rehabilitation based on the results of re-examination at the ITU bureau were studied, and an analysis of organizational technologies of interdepartmental interaction on issues of rehabilitation or habilitation of disabled people in the region was given. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Office Excel 2010.
 RESULTS: The analysis showed that, against the backdrop of a high need for medical rehabilitation, in the region there were higher indicators of the need for disabled people in social rehabilitation measures, technical means of rehabilitation, and information on adaptive physical education and sports compared to the Russian average. An assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of rehabilitation measures shows that in 2022 it was almost possible to achieve the level of indicators of 2019 (“pre-Covid”) for both children and adults. As part of interdepartmental interaction, specialists from the main bureau and executive authorities, branches of the Social Fund of Russia, the Center for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Disabled People, and public organizations quickly resolve problematic issues, conduct training seminars and conferences, and organize interdisciplinary research.
 CONCLUSION: The study made it possible to identify regional features of the structure of the need of persons with disabilities for rehabilitation or habilitation measures, as well as to analyze organizational approaches and technologies of interdepartmental interaction between the Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise and institutions subject to rehabilitation.

The Use of Social Media in Improving Investment Literacy in Islamic Mutual Funds

Reksadana Syariah are a forum for raising public funds which are managed by a legal entity called an Investment Manager, to then be invested in securities such as: stocks, bonds and money market instruments in accordance with the provisions and principles of Islamic sharia, including a portfolio of fund placements. in Islamic financial instruments such as Islamic stocks and sukuk. Islamic mutual funds can only invest in financial securities that are in accordance with sharia rules and principles, and of course they are still bound by investment restrictions set by the OJK. Securities that are classified as sharia are included in the List of Sharia Securities issued by OJK. Reksadana Syariah are still bound by Islamic Sharia rules which are based on the Koran. Reksadana Syariah have a supervisor called the Sharia supervisory board whose job is to supervise, provide advice, give consideration to the use of social funds, as well as education, promotion and product development. The community itself is not very familiar with what exactly Reksadana Syariah are and the rules contained therein. In this journal it can be seen how Reksadana Syariah are managed in accordance with existing rules.

Application of civil law norms on compensation for losses and unjust enrichment in the protection of violated rights in the field of compulsory pension insurance

The article is devoted to the problems of protecting the rights of subjects of compulsory pension insurance. The grounds and procedure for compensation by the policyholder, as well as by the insured person (pensioner) for the amounts of real damage caused to the bodies of the Social Fund of the Russian Federation, in the form of overpaid insurance coverage, are analyzed. The relevance of the provisions of Chapter 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on unjust enrichment when resolving such disputes by courts is also noted, which is permissible due to the direct instructions of the law on insurance pensions. Unlike the insurer, the right of the insured person (pensioner) to compensation for losses is not legally established. However, the provisions of Article 15, Art. 393 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are in demand when collecting the amounts of an unassigned (unreceived) old-age insurance pension as lost profits from the policyholder or insurer. The need to apply civil legislation is due to the specific nature of the declarative nature of the right to old-age insurance. At the same time, this places the burden on the plaintiff to prove the completeness of the grounds for implementing this measure of legal liability, which reduces the effectiveness of the protection of pension rights. The article formulates proposals for improving the legal regulation of the purpose of insurance coverage for compulsory pension insurance.

Developing Green Waqf Model for Environmental Issues

The discussion on strengthening environmental issues for sustainable development is summarized in SDGs goal fifteen. On the other hand, waqf is an Islamic social fund instrument that has a sustainable nature and has relevance to SDGs, so it has the potential to be developed in its role in maintaining a more sustainable environment. This research seeks to look at waqf models that are relevant to the SDGs by prioritizing waqf models that can be implemented in Indonesia in line with SDGs goal 15 from the Maqasid al-Shariah perspective. Furthermore, this research proposes a model for realizing the 15th SDG goal, namely the preservation of terrestrial ecosystems based on waqf through a modified Green Waqf scheme

COMPARISON OF SHARIA BUSINESS LAW OPINIONS ON FINE SANCTIONS FOR LATE PAYMENT OF INSTALLMENTS IN SHARIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Islamic Financial Institutions are financial institutions whose operations are based on Sharia principles or Islamic legal rules in the financial transactions that are carried out. Closely to conventional financial institutions, fines for late payment of installments by customers are also applied by Islamic financial institutions whose legality refers to the DSN-MUI fatwa on sanctions against capable customers who delay payments. The issue of fines eventually creates problems and debates on its legality and relevance to sharia principles. This research aimed to compare sharia business law opinions on issues of fines for late installment payments at Islamic financial institutions. The research method employed was normative legal research with a comparative approach. The research results revealed the difference of opinions on the existence and legal status of these fines in Islamic financial institutions. Leastwise, there are two legal opinions: (1) it is permissible on condition that fines are only given to capable customers who delay payments (under specific criteria, not absolute permissibility) and that fines must be designated as social funds. Meanwhile, (2) disapproving opinion to assume that this fine is similar to usury; hence, it is forbidden.